2. Physical pharmacy:-
 Deals with Physical and Chemical properties of matter
MATTER:- Collection of Molecules
 States Of Matter:-
1.Solid
2.Liquid
3.Gases
 Factors Determining State Of Matter :-
1.Intensity of intermolecular forces
2.Pressure
3.Temperature

3. Gaseous state
 Intermolecular forces of Attractions are weak
1. Ideal Gas Equation PV = nRT
2. Kinetic Molecular Theory E = 3/2 RT
3.Grahams Law Of Diffusion µ = √3p/ d
4.Vanderwal’s Equation For Real gases (P + a/V²) (V-b) = RT
5.Dalton’s Law Of Partial pressure P = P1 + P2 + P3 ………….

4. Applications of Gases:
1.Anesthetic Gases – Cyclopropane, Nitrous oxide
2.Sterilization Gases – Ethylene Oxide
3.Fuel Gases – Useful for Sealing of Ampoules
Ex: Propane and Butane.
4.Gases in chemical Process – Hydrogen and Chlorine gases are used in
5.Hydrogenation and Chlorination Reactions.
6.Refrigeration Gases – Freon 12, Ammonia and Propane.
7.Compressed gas – Nitrogen, Nitrous Oxide. (Used in product such as
8.Dental creams, hair preparations etc...)
9.Liquefied gases - Dispense the medicament as a fine mist or Foam.
Ex: Propellant 114

5. Liquid State
 Methods Of Acheving liqueFaction :
1. Faradays Method
2. Lindes Method
3. Claude’s Method
Characteristics Properties of Liquid:
Dielectric Constant
Solubility Parameter
Viscosity
Dipole Moment
Refractive Index
Surface Tension
Optical activity
Applications:
Clove Oil - Antiseptic
Water, Glycerin - Vehicles for Elixir, Syrup
Chloroform, Petroleum - Solvent for Extraction of Drugs
HydroCarbons - Refrigerants

6. Solid State
It contains of ions, atoms & molecules which are held in fixed position
and closely packed.
Classification
1.Based on nature of bonds (Metallic,Ionic,Molecular)
2. Based on structure (Crystalline,Non Crystalline)
3. Based on physical properties (Isotropic,AnIsotropic)
Applications:
•Drug & Excipients are employed as Crystals.
•Formulations in this state-easy for packaging & transportation.
•Several dosage forms.
•More stable.

7. Crystalline Solids
Crystallinity is co-ordination of matter resulting from orderly cohesive three-
dimensional arrangement. This is also called as Crystal lattice.
Crystal habit description of outer appearance of a Crystal.
Various forms of crystal:
1. Cubic - Sodium chloride
2. Tetragonal - potassium dehydrogenate phosphate urea
3. Hexagonal - Ice, Thymol
4. Orthorhombic - Barium sulphate
Based on Crystal habit:
1. Plate - Naphthalene
2. Tabular - Tolbutamide
3. Equant - Sodium chloride
4.Cloumnar - Fluoro cortisone acetate
Crystal habit influences the following
Plate like crystals are easy to inject then that of needle like
Flow properties and ease of compression

8. Polymorphism
It is the ability of a compound to crystallize as more than one distinct crystalline
species with different internal lattices
Ex:- chloramphenicol palmitate - A,B,C forms
Phenobarbitone - form I, form II, form III
Applications:-
Enhanced solubility
Improved dissolution
Enhanced absorption
Manufacture of dosage forms
 The polymorphic transitions can be presented by additives such as hydrocolloids
and surface active agents which will poison the crystal lattice.

9. Liquid Crystal
These have the properties of both solids and liquids
They have liquid properties such as mobility and rotation and solid
properties such as birefringence
The two main type crystals are
• Smectic [ soap or grease like]
• Nematic [Thread like]
Nematic

10. Change In The State Of Matter:
Latent Heat
Vapour pressure
Vapour pressure- temperature Phase Diagrams:-
The phase diagrams help in selecting experimental conditions for transformations.
Applications:
•It is used in design and administration of Aerosol Products.
•It is employed in distillation and purification methods.
•It is used for freeze drying of pharmaceutical purpose and for evaporation in
concentrating drugs.

11. Sub limitation – critical point:-
B A
o
c
•In case of water, the temperature and pressure for triple point are 0.0098ºc and 610.25pa
•Application
Freeze drying is used for manufacture of dosage forms involving biological, vacancies,sera
and several antibiotics.

12. Eutectic Mixtures(Eutectic Easy melting):
 Substances such as menthol, Thymol, camphor etc when mixed in
particular proportion tend to liquefy due to reduction in their respective
melting points.
This phenomenon is mainly used
in pharmaceutical practice to
improve dissolution behavior
of drugs.
For ex: Aspirin-acetaminophen
Acetaminophen-propyphenazone
Griseofulvin-succinic acid