Slides for presentation on “The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future” at the Data Power conference at the University of Sheffield, 22nd June 2015.
6. It aims to inform emerging genres of democratic
intervention around data infrastructures and public
information systems as socio-technical assemblages.
11. 1. Unpacking different historical threads
which contribute to contemporary ideals and
practises of open data.
2. Tracing current constellations of different
actors, concerns and political projects
associated with open data on digital media.
3. Rethinking politics of public information -
looking beyond disclosure to emerging forms
of interventions into data infrastructures.
32. Open data is not a free-floating, ahistorical
concept, but a malleable idea whose meaning is
continually reconfigured in response to shifting
conceptions and practices of governance and
democracy in different contexts.
33. Open data as a reflection of different
visions, ideals, norms and practises.
34. Studying open data as a way to explore
“organising mythologies” of Western modernity.
35. Evolving constellations of ideas and practises
associated with citizenship, democracy,
communication, participation, knowledge,
technology, innovation, information, markets,
economics, governance and science.
40. Open Government Advocates in Sebastopol, California
(December 2007)
Government
data shall be considered
open if it is made public in a
way that complies with the
following principles…
!
41. President Obama’s Open Government Initiative
(January 2009)
My Administration is
committed to creating an
unprecedented level of
openness in Government.
42. Prime Minister David Cameron’s “Transparency Revolution”
(May 2010)
I want our government to be
one of the most open and
transparent in the world.
43. Open Government Partnership
(September 2011)
We embrace principles of
transparency and open
government with a view toward
achieving greater prosperity, well-
being, and human dignity in our own
countries and in an increasingly
interconnected world.
44. G8 Open Data Charter
(June 2013)
Open data sit at the heart
of a global movement to create
more accountable, efficient,
responsive, and effective governments
and businesses, and to spur
economic growth.
45. UN “Data Revolution”
(August 2014)
Data are the lifeblood of
decision-making and the raw
material for accountability.
47. Gray, J. (2014), “Towards a Genealogy of Open Data”.!
Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=260582
48. Raymond Geuss
Giving a ‘genealogy’ is
for Nietzsche the exact
reverse of what we might call
‘tracing a pedigree’.
49. A pedigree A genealogy
1. Aims towards the positive valorization
of some item
Does not aim to be legitimising (and may
be taken as de-legitimising)
2. Singular origin
Multiple, contested, diverse threads of
development
3. Origin is an actual source of value
Threads of development will likely not be
a source of value
4. Unbroken line of succession from
origin to present
Unlikely to be a single unbroken line of
succession from multiple threads of
development to the present
5. Series of steps that preserve value in
question
Different lines of development will not
transmit value “down the genealogical
line to the present”
50. How did the concept of open data come to
possess the meanings that has for different
actors today?
51. • economic value
• enabling new markets
• unlocking innovation
• smart cities
• “opening up” public services
• government efficiency and cost savings
• public sector reform
• “smarter states”
• open source and open access
• civic hacking
• transparency and accountability
• e-democracy and public participation
• data journalism and data activism
• technical standards and formats
• digital rights
• copyright reform
• access to information rights
54. Joseph Stiglitz
Governments should only
provide a service on-line if
private provision with regulation or
appropriate taxation would not
be more efficient.
The “consensus view” in the US
55. Data is the new oil for
the digital age.
Neelie Kroes!
Former Vice-President of European Commission
57. Tim O’Reilly!
Founder, O’Reilly Media
What if, instead of a vending
machine, we thought of government
as the manager of a marketplace?
58. Francis Maude!
Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General
Openness is the first
of my “five principles for
public service reform” that I
developed when advising Spain
about how to manage austerity
in public finances.
60. 1800s: Information visualisation for advocacy
1950s: Computer Assisted Reporting (CAR)
1960s: Social Survey movements
1990s: Access to Information/FOI movements
2000s: “Radical transparency” activism, civic
hacking and data journalism
69. How do these different historical threads
play out in the present?
70. Open data as a highly
digitally mediated policy issue.
71. Rogers, R. (2013) Digital Methods.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Winner of 2014 Outstanding Book Award
given by the International Communication Association.
72. Digital methods are “methods of the medium”
designed to repurpose digital objects such as
tags, likes, links and hashtags to study issues.
– Digital Methods Initiative,
University of Amsterdam
73. Unpicking and mapping the constellation!
of actors, issues, visions, values, practises
and projects associated with open data in
various forms of digital media.
84. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
INVESTIGATIONS
PUBLIC FINANCE
COMPANIES
DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS
CRIME
POLITICS
WORKER CATEGORIES
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
EXECUTIVES
GOVERNMENT
CITIES
INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS
NATIONAL SECURITY
AND FOREIGN RELATIONS
ECONOMICS
CHARITIES
PHILANTHROPY
SOCIETY
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
CLIMATE CHANGE
LAW
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Topics of media articles on open data in Lexis Nexis
85. TOP SUBJECTS
LINKED TO
SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS
IN LEXIS NEXIS
DATABASE
*
Africa News
telegraph.co.uk
TechWeb*
The Gazette (12 hour delay)
The Guardian (London)
The Toronto Star
BBC Monitoring
The Irish Times
The Times (London)
The Australian
The New York Times
Independent.co.uk
The Daily Telegraph (London)
The Washington Post
International New York Times
Haymarket
ITAR-TASS
The Observer
Business Daily (Nairobi)*
The Courier Mail and The Sunday Mail (Australia)
The Globe and Mail (Canada)
The Nation (Nairobi)*
This Day (Lagos)
Business Monitor News
South China Morning Post
The Sunday Times (London)
BusinessWorld
New Scientist
The New Zealand Herald
The Star (Nairobi)
thetimes.co.uk
The East African (Nairobi)*
M2 Communications
National Post (12 hour delay)
Australian Financial Review
CommWeb*
The Independent (London)
Korea Herald
The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*
The Nation (Thailand)
The New Times (Kigali)
Tampa Bay Times
Vanguard (Lagos)
Africa News
The Gazette (12 hour delay)
The Toronto Star
The Observer
BBC Monitoring
The Guardian (London)
The Irish Times
The Times (London)
The Washington Post
Australian Financial Review
Independent.co.uk
International New York Times
ITAR-TASS
The Nation (Thailand)
The New York Times
TechWeb*
This Day (Lagos)
Africa News
The Guardian (London)
The Times (London)
telegraph.co.uk
The Gazette (12 hour delay)
The Toronto Star
The Irish Times
M2 Communications
The Daily Telegraph (London)
Haymarket
The Australian
Birmingham Post
Independent.co.uk
The Observer
The Star (Nairobi)
thetimes.co.uk
The Nation (Thailand)
This Day (Lagos)
The Washington Post
BBC Monitoring
Business Daily (Nairobi)*
Business Monitor News
The Business Times Singapore
BusinessWorld
The East African (Nairobi)*
The Globe and Mail (Canada)
Korea Herald
The Sunday Times (London)
Vanguard (Lagos)
Africa News
telegraph.co.uk
The Irish Times
The Australian
TechWeb*
M2 Communications
This Day (Lagos)
The Guardian (London)
The New York Times
The Toronto Star
The Daily Telegraph (London)
Haymarket
The Observer
The Times (London)
The Washington Post
Australian Financial Review
The Gazette (12 hour delay)
InformationWeek
International New York Times
The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*
National Post (12 hour delay)
Africa News
telegraph.co.uk
The Irish Times
TechWeb*
The Washington Post
The Guardian (London)
Haymarket
The Times (London)
The Australian
Independent.co.uk
The Observer
Australian Financial Review
The New York Times
This Day (Lagos)
The Toronto Star
InformationWeek
M2 Communications
The Daily Telegraph (London)
The Straits Times (Singapore)
The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Australia)
BBC Monitoring
Birmingham Post
Business Daily (Nairobi)*
The Nation (Nairobi)*
The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
The Gazette (12 hour delay)
The Independent (London)
International New York Times
The Nation (Thailand)
New Straits Times (Malaysia)
The New Zealand Herald
standard.co.uk
The Star (Nairobi)
thetimes.co.uk
Vanguard (Lagos)
The Age (Melbourne, Australia)
Business Monitor News
The Business Times Singapore
Daily Trust (Abuja)
Europolitics (daily in English)*
Foreign Direct Investment (fDi)
The Globe and Mail (Canada)
The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*
National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (12 hour delay)
The New Times (Kigali)
The Sunday Times (London)
Africa News
telegraph.co.uk
The Guardian (London)
The Irish Times
The Washington Post
M2 Communications
The Times (London)
International New York Times
Haymarket
The New York Times
Australian Financial Review
Independent.co.uk
The Australian
The Daily Telegraph (London)
TechWeb*
This Day (Lagos)
The Gazette (12 hour delay)
The Nation (Nairobi)*
BBC Monitoring
Business Daily (Nairobi)*
National Post (12 hour delay)
The Observer
The Star (Nairobi)
The Business Times Singapore
City A.M.
The Globe and Mail (Canada)
The New Times (Kigali)
thetimes.co.uk
BusinessWorld
InformationWeek
Korea Times
The Nation (Thailand)
New Straits Times (Malaysia)
TechNews*
Vanguard (Lagos)
The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Australia)
Birmingham Post
Business Day (South Africa)
Business Monitor News
Computer Reseller News
Europolitics (daily in English)*
Foreign Direct Investment (fDi)
The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*
National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (12 hour delay)
standard.co.uk
The Straits Times (Singapore)
The Sunday Telegraph (London)
Transparency,
anti-corruption
and accountability
Democracy,
participation
and empowerment
Public service delivery,
decision making
and policy-making
Efficiency
and waste
Unlocking innovation
and enabling
new applications
and services
Economic growth
and new businesses
86. The most frequently mentioned arguments
for open data in mainstream media are
innovation and economic growth.
99. MFAN News
Development Progress
CGD
World Bank Data
Oxfam America
Friedrich Lindenberg
openDemocracy
IRIN News
Global Development
WBGLeadLearnInnovate
GovLoop
FTC
Jay Naidoo
The GovLab
School of Data
Global Partnership
Opening Government
Guardian Public
ARTICLE19 right2info
MPT
David Cabo
Integrity Action
Victoria Vlad
Duncan Edwards
DFID
USAID
Follow the Money
Joe Powell
Felipe Estefan
GSDRC
Indaba platform team
Ory Okolloh Mwangi
Amanda Glassman
Reboot
Oxfam International
Open Gov Guide
Global Fin Integrity
How Matters
Gates Foundation
Ford Foundation
Nicholas Kristof
OpeningParliament
Albert @ IBP
Anders Pedersen
Laura Bacon
Tim Hughes
Ben Taylor
MakingAllVoicesCount
T/A Initiative
Personal Democracy
Juan Pablo Guerrero
Development Pros
IMF
BeyondBudgets
Open Contracting
Robert Hunja
Andrew Palmer
Andrew Clarke
Matt Andrews
OpenGov Indonesia
World Bank Gov
Alex Howard
Jane Dudman
Liz Ford
Alan Beattie
UNDP Europe and CIS
CKAN
Global Movement BTAP
OpenGov Hub
TechForTransparency
World Bank
Save the Children US
Sunlight Foundation
giulio quaggiotto
Paul Maassen
AsianDevelopmentBank
Access Info Europe
Poder Ciudadano
Integrity Watch
David Hall-Matthews
Joe Williams
Rachel Rank
Transparency Int'lUK
Aleem Walji
AfDB_Group
Claire Provost
katherine maher
Daniel Dietrich
Chile Transparente
DI Team
Sida
Transparency Germany
Development Gateway
CoST
Tim Kelsey
Melinda Gates
Karin ChristiansenMo Ibrahim Fdn
Graham Gordon
Hapee
Marija Novkovic
ÁlvaroRamírez-Alujas
Helen Darbishire
Claire Melamed
Mark Tran
Robert Palmer
John Wonderlich
Digital Democracy
WDMMG
ARTICLE 19
Helen Clark
OKCon
Accountability Lab
Transparency France
16iacc
WB DigitalEngagement
Georg Neumann
Open Government
NIR-Integrity Action
Transparency USA
Fiscal Transparency
ePSIplatform
Lucy Chambers
Simon Rogers
Integrity Action CEO
Shanta Devarajan
Ellen Miller
Andy Sumner
Anne-Marie Slaughter
Justin Arenstein
Juliana Rotich
IATI
TI EU Office
The Indigo Trust
Africa Research Inst
Daniel Kaufmann
Claudia Schwegmann
Ashoka Changemakers
Jed Miller
Linda Raftree
Pernilla Näsfors
eric gundersen
Jonathan Gray
Rufus Pollock
Transparency Int'l
FreeBalance
Delaine McCullough
Steve Davenport
Jamie Drummond
warren krafchik
David Sasaki
EITI International
Open Knowledge
OpenSpending
Hewlett Foundation
G20 Transparency
Fundar
BudgIT
Alan Hudson
Open Gov Partnership
IPA
ONE
Duncan Green
Global Witness
Public Sphere WB
Omidyar Network
IDS UK
Publish What You Pay
Center on Budget
ODI
Jeffrey D. Sachs
Martin Tisne
Lawrence Haddad
Nathaniel Heller NRGI
Rakesh Rajani
aidinfo
Brookings FP
Open Society
CGAP
Global Integrity
William Easterly
Tiago Peixoto
PublishWhatYouFund
OpenBudgets
Owen Barder
Dambisa Moyo
World Bank ECA
European Commission
Beth Simone Noveck
Peace Corps
CAFOD Policy
For Effective Gov
Restless Development
FAO statistics AfricaProgressPanel
Grameen Foundation
OECD Development Ctr
Dominic Campbell
Eleanor Stewart
Panthea Lee
The Associated Press
Ethan Zuckerman
Renata Avila
Global Voices
ONE Campaign UK
NDI
AidData
Ushahidi
Silvana Fumega
TR Foundation
IICD
LA NACION Data
NDItech
Public Integrity
Gavin Hayman
Human Rights Watch
DFID Research
Open Data Research
Open Gov Standards
Pia Waugh
Fabrizio Scrollini
Project Open Data
Code for America
OpenSecrets.org
Creative Commons
Oleg Petrov
Sarah Schacht
Hudson Hollister
Data.gov
Socrata
Paul Maltby
Carlos Iglesias
Sandra Moscoso the Sam S. Lee
Open Institute
DataKind
OD4D
Data Innovation
Open Data Institute
Tim Davies
TransparencyCamp
FutureEverything
Guardian Data
EC Open Data Policy
Neelie Kroes
Denis Parfnov
Opendata.ch
UK Open Public Data
Sophia Oliver
Open Knowledge US
Zara Rahman
Tim Berners-Lee
Open Knowledge Italy
Christian Kreutz
OpenKnowledge Brasil
Tariq Khokhar
OKFN Labs
Chris Taggart
OKFestival
Andrew Stott
Jose M. Alonso
Gavin Starks
Joseph Kraus
Simon Burall
OECD
mysociety
UNOCHA
UN Spokesperson
UN Human Rights
The Economist
UNESCO
The White House
The Guardian
World Economic Forum
UNCTAD
WTO
Ravi Nepal
Justine Greening
MY World
Millennium Campaign
Raj Shah
World Bank Education
World Bank Live
World Bank Cities
AlertNet
GlobalGiving
World Bank Research
Dennis Whittle
Christine Lagarde
IFC
Hans Rosling
Calestous Juma
Josette Sheeran
World Bank Water
World Bank ICT
Banque mondiale
Nancy M. Birdsall
WIRED
United Nations Photo
UK Prime Minister
Alec Ross
Global Pulse
CFR
AmnestyInternational
IDRC | CRDI
Tim O'Reilly
developmentseed
Doctors w/o Borders
AmnestyInternational
Reuters Top News
Al Jazeera English
Paul Krugman
@NonprofitOrgs
Change.org
American Red Cross
(RED)
Jon Gosier
Harvard Biz Review
CARE (care.org)
Oxfam
Ian Thorpe
UNAIDS
Clinton Foundation
charity: water
Rania Al Abdullah
Department of State
Matthew Bishop
Erik Hersman
Adele Waugaman
Foreign Policy
Financial Times
Foreign Affairs
Devex allAfrica.com
WWF
BBC News (World)
BBC Breaking News
Bill Gates
IFAD
Washington Post
Africa Renewal UN
UN Women
FAO Newsroom
Ashoka
ICT4D
WHO
UNFCCC
Wall Street Journal
We Can End Poverty
World Resources Inst
The Economist
UN Refugee Agency
Financial Times
World Economic Forum
UNICEF
GEF
Kiva
Huffington Post
UN Publications
The New York Times
FightPoverty
UN Environment
UN Foundation
ICT_Works
Ken Banks
UN Development
Aid Watch
infoDev
World Bank Africa
United Nations
WB Dev. Marketplace
World Food Programme
World Bank PSD
World Bank EduTech
World Bank Photos
World Bank Climate
World Bank Videos
World Bank Pubs
World Bank Asia
PWYP US
TrustLaw Governance
IEG - WB Group
UN Global Compact
Open data
UNdata
Reuters Africa
IFC Africa
Millennium Challenge
InterAction
UN Sustainable Dev.
The Economist
Charles Kenny
Forbes
Save the Children UK
IIED
Skoll Foundation
Chris Blattman
World Policy
sunlightlabs
Anderson Cooper
UN News Centre
BBC Africa
Hootsuite
Vijaya Ramachandran
Olav Kjorven
whydev.org
Ezra Klein
Global Justice Now
Alanna Shaikh
Tom Murphy
David Eaves
Mark Cardwell
Maya Forstater
Think Africa Press
Erik Solheim
Co-creation Hub
Foreign Office (FCO)
Post2015.org
Lauren Renee Pfeifer
Social Innovation
Eliza Anyangwe
Caroline Kende-Robb
Andris Piebalgs
Jon Snow
Barack Obama
G8 Presidency
TOP BUDGET
ACTORS-FOLLOWEES
NETWORK
(5 or more followers only)
101. NETWORK OF TOPICS AND SECTORS
ASSOCIATED WITH OPEN BUDGET DATA
IN SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS
-
Which issues are associated
with open budget data
in different sectors?
Can we profile sectors according
to their concerns around
open budget data?
SECTOR
SIZE OF SECTOR
=
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES
THE SECTOR RELATES TO
SIZE OF CATEGORY
=
WEIGHTED IN-DEGREE
OF CONNECTION, A VALUE
THAT SHOWS THE OVERALL
RELEVANCE OF THE CATEGORY
ISSUE AROUND OPEN BUDGET DATA
Company
Open Government Data
Reuse
Data portal
Data formats
Accessible
Data quality
Analysis
Software
Data visualisation
Technology
Innovation
National
Local
Financial transparency
Transparency
Public administration
Trust and legitimacy
Civil society
Citizens
Democracy
Social change
International development
Health
Education
Efficiency
Financial management
Economic growth
CSO
Machine readable
Legal openness
Linked data
Complete
Timely
Accuracy
Ease of use
Data standards
Reconciliation
Intergovernmental organization
Multilateral open
International
Accountability
Participation
Participatory budgeting
Open budgeting
Open government
Index
Law
Access to information
Social justice
Human rights
Poverty
Poor
Marginalised
Social movements
Public services
Resource allocation
Agriculture
Journalism
Corruption
Waste
Auditing
Discussion of figures
Government
IGO
Fiscal discipline
Multilateral
News
Personal
Political Party
Reference
Research
Tax justice
103. Corruption (24.4%)
Journalism (22.2%)
Democracy (20.0%)
Access to information (20.0%)
Public services (20.0%)
Health (18.9%)
Resource allocation (16.7%)
Participatory budgeting (15.6%)
Poverty (15.6%)
Trust and legitimacy (12.2%)
Human rights (7.8%)
Agriculture (6.7%)
The poor (5.6%)
Tax justice (2.2%)
Social justice (1.1%)
104. NETWORK OF TOPICS AND SECTORS
ASSOCIATED WITH OPEN BUDGET DATA
IN SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS
-
Which issues are associated
with open budget data
in different sectors?
Can we profile sectors according
to their concerns around
open budget data?
SECTOR
SIZE OF SECTOR
=
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES
THE SECTOR RELATES TO
SIZE OF CATEGORY
=
WEIGHTED IN-DEGREE
OF CONNECTION, A VALUE
THAT SHOWS THE OVERALL
RELEVANCE OF THE CATEGORY
ISSUE AROUND OPEN BUDGET DATA
Company
Open Government Data
Reuse
Data portal
Data formats
Accessible
Data quality
Analysis
Software
Data visualisation
Technology
Innovation
National
Local
Financial transparency
Transparency
Public administration
Trust and legitimacy
Civil society
Citizens
Democracy
Social change
International development
Health
Education
Efficiency
Financial management
Economic growth
CSO
Machine readable
Legal openness
Linked data
Complete
Timely
Accuracy
Ease of use
Data standards
Reconciliation
Intergovernmental organization
Multilateral open
International
Accountability
Participation
Participatory budgeting
Open budgeting
Open government
Index
Law
Access to information
Social justice
Human rights
Poverty
Poor
Marginalised
Social movements
Public services
Resource allocation
Agriculture
Journalism
Corruption
Waste
Auditing
Discussion of figures
Government
IGO
Fiscal discipline
Multilateral
News
Personal
Political Party
Reference
Research
Tax justice
105. • Governments: public administration,
financial management and efficiency.
• Civil society organisations:
accessibility, ease of use and
analysis.
• Margins: social movements, social
justice, human rights, tax justice.
118. Based on two papers and
research projects in progress.
119. 1. Gray, J. & Venturini, T. (forthcoming) “Rethinking the
Politics of Public Information: From Opening Up
Datasets to Recomposing Data Infrastructures?”.
2. Gray. J. & Davies, T. (2015) “Fighting Phantom
Firms in the UK: From Opening Up Datasets to
Reshaping Data Infrastructures?”. Working paper
available on SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610937
120. Gray. J. & Davies, T. (2015) “Fighting Phantom Firms in the UK: From Opening Up Datasets to
Reshaping Data Infrastructures?”. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610937
121. In case of campaigning around company ownership,
the disclosure of existing datasets was not enough.
122. Civil society organisations had to undertake a more
creative, sustained and holistic engagement with
shaping and influencing the development of data
infrastructures as socio-technical systems.
123. This included research and advocacy around:
!
• Costs, functionalities and user interfaces of
software systems that would run the register;
• Changes to primary and secondary legislation;
• Additional administrative requirements and their
impacts on different actors inside and outside the
public sector.
124. Campaigners had to look beyond the question
of what information is released, towards the
question of what information is collected and
generated by the public sector in the first place,
how this is information is generated through
data infrastructures.
125. To what extent do data infrastructures address
needs and interests of civil society actors?
126. How to broaden the publics that
shape data as well as the publics that use it?
127. Legal, social and technical measures for
making open data initiatives more
responsive to concerns of civil society?
131. Bruno, I. and Didier, E. and Vitale, T. (2014) “Statactivism: Forms of Action between Disclosure
and Affirmation”. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2466882
132. Not just blanket critique or withdrawal of
quantification and “metrification”.
147. 1. Unpacking different historical threads
which contribute to contemporary ideals and
practises of open data.
2. Tracing current constellations of different
actors, concerns and political projects
associated with open data on digital media.
3. Rethinking politics of public information -
looking beyond disclosure to emerging forms
of interventions into data infrastructures.