Kenneth P. Fishkin proposes a taxonomy for analyzing tangible user interfaces (TUIs) using the axes of embodiment and metaphor. For embodiment, he identifies a scale from full to distant to describe how closely the output is tied to input. For metaphor, he examines whether the system effect matches real-world actions (verb metaphor) or objects (noun metaphor). Examples like I/O Brush and metaDESK demonstrate nearby embodiment, while TooTown shows environmental embodiment. The taxonomy allows comparison of TUI designs and understanding of the design space.

1. A taxonomy for analysis of tangible interface -可觸知介面分析- By Kenneth P. Fishkin

2. Defining TUIs(可觸知使用者介面) At CHI 1997, Hiroshi Ishii & Brett Ullmer:“Tangible User Interfaces” (TUIs) = user interfaces that “augment the real physical world by coupling digital information to everyday physical objects and environments”. -Narrower defination= No distinction between input and output.

3. Kenneth P. Fishkin’sFramework Someinput eventoccurs. This input event is typically a physical manipulation performed by a user with their hands on some “everyday physical object”, such as tilting, shaking, squeezing, pushing, or most often moving. A computer system sensesthis input event, and alters its state. The system provides feedback. This output eventis via a change in the physical nature of some object – it alters its display surface, grows, shrinks, makes a sound, gives haptic feedback, etc.

5. Nearby

6. Environmental

8. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 1.Full-Gummi:bending

9. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 1.Full-Platybus Amoeba: petting pet Platypus Amoeba emits small noises and a faint glow until a hand is moved over the soft skin and Platy gives a pleasant coo. Petting Platy has made it happy. What will more petting do? Perhaps you excite Platy and are rewarded with a display of colors or maybe it is displeased and truculent. Platy's reactions give you information as you use petting to interface with Platy and understand how Platy wants to be petted.

10. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 2.Nearby-I/O Brush: the world as the palette

11. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 2.Nearby-I/O Brush: the world as the palette Robust design Pressure sensing Paint history Paint palette Orientation sensing

12. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 2.Nearby-I/O Brush: the world as the palette http://tmg-video.media.mit.edu/iobrush/iobrush_350x240.mpg

13. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 2.Nearby-metaDESK “PassiveLens” “ActiveLens” “The Great Dome” “Phicon(物理像)” “Instrument” http://tangible.media.mit.edu/projects/metadesk/metadesk_352x240.mpg

14. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 2.Nearby-metaDESK input: rotation and translation Input object: indicative of a building output : altered display of the workspace output object : augmented desktop

15. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 2.Nearby-photo cube

16. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 2.Nearby-photo cube input: spatial motion with orientation Input object: one everyday object output : altered display output object : non-everyday object

17. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 2.Nearby-Bricks http://tmg-video.media.mit.edu/bricks/bricks_240x160.mpg Ishii, 1995: Tangible Bricks

18. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 3.Environmental -TooTown http://tw.videos.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=TooTown&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp&fr2=tab-web&vid=0001311141943

19. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 3.Environmental -TooTown input: change of position Input object: two representative objects output : audio changes

20. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 4.Distant –TV Remote Control, Doll’s Head

21. Ataxonomy for analysis-embodiment (體現) 5. Nearby& Environmental–PingPongPlus(Ishii et al., 1999) Full & Environmental -Platypus Amoeba Makes sounds  Environmental Responds to patting  Full http://tmg-video.media.mit.edu/pingpongplus/pingpongplus_240x160.mpg

24. Ataxonomy for analysis-Metaphor (譬喻) -Noun metaphor Analogy : An<X> in our system is like an <X>in the real word=Object looks like the real thing Actions are at most weakly related to real-world actions=They share the same action

25. Ataxonomy for analysis-Metaphor (譬喻) -Noun metaphor ex. 1.Navigational blocks 2.Tagged objects

26. Ataxonomy for analysis-Metaphor (譬喻) -Verb metaphor Analogy : <X>-ingin our system is <X>-ing in the real word =Object acts like thereal thing Shape of object irrelevant

27. Shaking erases screen Ataxonomy for analysis-Metaphor (譬喻) -Verb metaphor ex. 1.Shakepad

28. Ataxonomy for analysis-Metaphor (譬喻) -Noun & Verb metaphor ex. Analogy : <X>-ing amn<A>in our system is like <X>-ingsomething <A>-ish inthe real word 1.Urp 2.TooTown 3.Drag-and-Drop

29. Ataxonomy for analysis-Metaphor (譬喻) -Full metaphor ex. Analogy : Really Direct Manipulation= The virtual system is the physical system 1.Illuminating Clay

30. Ataxonomy for analysis-Metaphor (譬喻) -Applications May Span Several Levels. 1.Barney system- Peek-A-Boo 2.Doll’s head 3.Bookmark URL

31. Culture anthropology -The cognitive of color RED Certain Western culture-danger (analogized to blood) China-vitality & happiness (analogized to fire) Japan-warmth & light (analogized to sun) India-none Cognitive psychology Evolution of cognition Industrial design Philosophy of science

32. None Verb Nounandverb Full Noun Metaphor Embodiment Full Nearby Environment Distant

34. Utility of the taxonomy Containers: “generic objects used to move information between different devices or platforms.” Tools: “things which actively manipulate digital information.” Tokens: “objects that physically resemble the information they represent.”

35. None Verb Nounandverb Full Noun Metaphor Embodiment Tokens Tokens Full Nearby Tools Environment ? Distant Utility of the taxonomy ? Containers Tools 33

36. LiveWire Bus Mobile Calm Computing No physical input from the user Examples (distant embodiment) 34

39. Research question: how to findthe right mix ofphysical & virtual?35

41. As they move the device about, and tella story out loud, the story is recorded.

43. Metaphor of “noun and verb” (moving a toy in the physical world later moves a projected replica of the toy in that same physical world).36

45. Metaphor of “noun and verb” (moving a toy in the physical world later ,the toy move itself in that physical world).37

46. Evolution of the field -Curlybot 1.Creating a programming tool for children(> 4 years) 2.Tangibility 3.Supports development of mathematical thinking 4.Demonstrate creation of geometrical shapes fromsimple elements 5.Supports immediate testing of ideas 38

48. Metaphor of “full” (not just repeat a path ,to imitate– it “learns to move”).http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOl_iQAcVhY 39

49. Tangible workbench The Actuated Workbench is a device that uses magnetic forces to move objects on a table in two dimensions. It is intended for use with existing tabletop tangible interfaces, providing an additional feedback loop for computer output, and helping to resolve inconsistencies that otherwise arise from the computer's inability to move objects on the table. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_BDtX4wxYY 40

50. Control widgets -ToolStone Quantize possible positions and orientations out of full 6DOF space 8 Directions On 6 different faces Also track x,y position on tablet http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V32SnUnAe2E 41

51. Control widgets -DataTiles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7imqHEqszo8 42

52. Control widgets -DataTiles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7imqHEqszo8 43

53. None Verb Nounandverb Full Noun Metaphor Embodiment Full Nearby Environment Distant Evolution of the field

54. Reference http://tangible.media.mit.edu/projects http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1023819/ http://www.slideshare.net/adorepump/tangible-interfaces-presentation

55. Thanks for your attention!