1.
 Hazard Identification merupakan suatu
study yang bertujuan untuk melakukan
identifikasi potential hazards dengan
sumber dari external facilities yang
mempengaruhi fasilitas atau hazard
dengan sumber dari internal fasilitas yang
berpengaruh ke environmental, community
atau surrounding area.
 Review difokuskan pada PFD, P&ID dan Plot
Plan dari fasilitas.
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2.
 Sejumlah metode untuk melaksanakan identifikasi hazard
telah dikembangkan.
 Overview terhadap hazard identification telah diberikan
dalam:
◦ Chemical Industries Association (CIA) Guide to Hazard and
Operability Studies (CIHSC, 1977/3) (the CIA Hazop Study Guide)
◦ Guidelines for Hazard Evaluatuion Procedures (CCPS, 1985/1,
1992/9) (the CCPS Hazard Evaluation Guidelines)
◦ A Manual of Hazard and Operability Studies (Knowlton, 1992) (the
Chemetics Hazard Study Manual).
 Hazard Identification sering disebut juga dengan Process
Hazard Analysis (PHA)
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3.
 What if? Analysis
 Checklist
 What-If/Checklist
 Event tree and fault tree analysis
 Preliminary hazard analysis
 Coarse hazard studies
 Hazard and operability studies
 Failure modes, effects and criticality analysis
 dll
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4.
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5.
 HAZOPS stands for HAZard and
Operability Study.
 HAZOPS merupakan suatu metode untuk
mengidentifikasi bahaya dan operability
masalah dalam proses desain.
 Ini adalah teknik sistematis yang
diaplikasikan secara bertahap ke bagian
kecil dari proses desain sampai semua
bagian desain.
6IJK & team

6.
A Process System Hazard Analysis technique
that common to be used to identify potential of
an operational deviation that may occur, its
cause, its consequences, identify the existing
safeguards, then produce a recommendation for
action item to be accomplished when existing
safeguard found to be insufficient.
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7.
1. Exploratory Phase
identification of basic hazard and assessment of suitability of
possible sites.
2. Flowsheet Phase
identification and assessment of significant hazard.
3. Detailed Design – HAZOP
4. Construction
a check that decisions made in earlier studies have been
implemented
5. Commissioning
final inspection
6. Post-commissioning
safety audit and review of modifications
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8.
Project Phase Safety Activities
Design
Construction and Instalation
Commissioning & Start Up
Operation
PHA / HAZID / HAZOPS
• Contractor Assessment
• Safety Audit & Inspection
• Punch List Review
•Pre-Start Up Review
•Training
•Handover Procedure
• Management of Change
• Incident Investigation
• Safety Audit and Inspection
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9.
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10.
 Tahap Design
◦ Preliminary HAZOPS
◦ Full HAZOPS
 Tahap Modifikasi
◦ Mini HAZOPS
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11.
External and Environmental Hazards
Hazard Type Guideword Expanders
Natural Hazards Extreme Weather Temperature extremes; wave; wind; dust;
flooding; sandstorm; ice; blizzards
Lightning
Seismic Activity
Erosion Ground slide; coastal
Subsidence Ground structure; foundation; reservoir
depletion
Environmental Impact Discharges to Air Flaring; venting; fugitive emissions;
energy efficiency
Discharges to Water Drainage; water quality; waste disposal
options
Discharges to Soil Drainage; chemical spillage; waste
disposal options
Location and Layout Previous land use; vulnerable fauna and
flora; visual impact; local population; area
minimization
External & 3rd Party Hazards Sabotage Internal & external security threats
Terrorist Activity Riots; civil disturbance; strikes; military
action; political unrest
Third Party Activities Farming; fishing; local industry
Helicopter/Aircraft Crash
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12.
Facility Hazards
Hazard Type Guideword Expanders
Process Hazards Process Releases
- Unignited
Gas clouds; gas detection;
emergency response
Process releases
- Ignited
Fire; explosion; heat; smoke; fire
detection; emergency response
Process releases
- toxic
H2S detection; emergency
response
Flaring Heat; ignition source; location
Venting Discharge to atmosphere;
location; dispersion
Draining
Sampling Operator error
Accommodation and
Non-Process Area
Hazards
Non Process Fires Control room; accommodation
building
Smoke/Gas Ingress Ingress to safe areas; HVAC
shutdown
Stacking and Storage 13IJK & team

13.
Health Hazards
Hazard Type Guideword Expanders
Health Hazards Disease Hazards Endemic diseases; infection;
contaminated water; social e.g.
HIV
Working Environment Physical Drinking water; lighting; noise
Temperature Extreme hot/cold; ventilation,
guarding
Atmospheres Exhaust fumes; confined spaces
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14.
What if Consequence / hazard Recommendations
Coolant pump to
reaktor fails
Runaway condition in
reactor explosion/fatality
•Provide accurate temperature
monitoring in reactor
•Employ backup pump/high
temperature alarm
•Relieve reactor pressure in
reactor through automatic
control to stop reactions
•Provide automatic shut off of
ethylene flow
Coolant
temperature to
jacket is high
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15.
 Preliminary Hazard Analysis merupakan metode
identifikasi bahaya pada tahap awal dari desain proses.
 Guidelines:
1) Bahan baku, produk antara dan produk akhir.
2) Plant equipment
3) Fasilitas
4) Safety equipment
5) Interfaces between system components
6) Lingkungan
7) Operasi (maintenance, testing, dll)
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16.
Hazard Cause Major Effects Corrective/Preventive
Measures
Flamable
gas release
CH4 storage tank
(line) leak/rupture
(fuel for the
furnace)
Potential for
injuries and
fatalities due to
fire or explosion
• Provide warning system
• Minimize on-site
storage
• Develop procedure for
tank inspection
• Develop emergency
response system
• Provide gas monitoring
system
…
17IJK & team

17.
 Coarse Hazard Studies disusun dengan kompilasi dari 2
daftar berikut:
1) Daftar hazard dan nuisance (sesuatu yang
mengganggu) dari sifat material
2) Potensi hazard dan nuisance dari materi lain
yang berhubungan.
 Guide words
 Fire
 Explosion
 Toxicity
 Corrosion
 Smell
 Effluent
18IJK & team

18.
HAZOPS
(Hazard & Operability Study)
A systematic review of the design & operation of a system to
identify the potential for accidental releases of hazardous
material, or operability problems.(Potential accident scenarios)
Based on the premise that :
 A hazard is not realized if the process is always operated
within its design intent
 Creative input of a team is better than of an individual
 Item can be applied, independent of process technologies
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19.
 Drawing board
 Construction
 Only during process modifications
 Whenever accident occurs
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20.
• Intentions: How the Process/Facility operations are
expected to occur
• Deviation: Departures from the design intention
• Causes: Ways deviations might occur
• Consequences: Results of the deviations
• Safeguards: Provision for reducing the frequency of
causes or the severity of consequences.
• Action: Suggestions for procedural changes, design
changes or further study (do not debate the relative
merit of suggested actions, but record them all)
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21.
Node
• A node is a location on a process diagram (usually
P&ID’s) at which process parameters are investigated
for deviations.
• Nodes are points where the process parameters have
an identified design intent.
• Nodes are usually pipe sections or vessels.
• Plant components (e.g..., pumps, compressors,
exchangers) are found within nodes
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22.
P& ID
C lassification
N o.O f
E quipem nets
N o.O f Pipe
lines
N o.of
Interlocks
Sim ple 1 to 4 1 to 9 <2
Standard 5 to 6 10 to 20 2 to 4
C om plex >6 >30 >10
V ery C om plex >6 >30 >10
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23.
Parameter
A parameter is an aspect of the process that describes it
physically, chemically, or in terms of what is happening.
Parameters are usually classified as specific or general.
• Specific parameters are those that describe aspects of
the process.
• General parameters are those that describe aspects of
design intent remaining after the specific parameters
have been removed
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24.
Common Parameters
Specific General
Flow Addition, Reaction
Temperature Maintenance, Testing
Pressure Instrumentation
Composition Sampling, Relief
Phase Corrosion / Erosion
Level Safety
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25.
Guide Words
Guide words are simple words or phases used to qualify
or quantify the intention and associated parameters in
order to discover deviations.
There are seven standard guide words.
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26.
• Process Hazard
• Previous Accident/Incident Record
• Engineering System for Risk Mitigation.
• Administrative Control
• Potential of discrepancy / failure of
Engineering System and Administrative
Control
• Facility and Equipment Site and Ergonomic.
• Potential for Human Error
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27.
• Drawing: P&ID, Engineering Drawing, Electrical
Diagram, etc.
• Process Safety Information (Material Safety Data
Sheet)
• Design Specification.
• Operating Procedure, Operating Condition
• Site Situation and Condition of Facility
• Accident/Incident Record
• People record who doing the job
• HAZOPS Guideword
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28.
Nothing but RECOMMENDATION
• Safety
• Operability
• Action
• Comment
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29.
1. Material Hazard:
Toxicity, Exposure Limit (TLV-TWA,
TLV-STEL, TLV C)
2. Process Technology
3. Equipment Design
4. Accident Report
5. Previous Hazop Report
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30.
Flow
Pressure
Level
Temperature
Phase
Time
No
More
Less
Reverse
Other than
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31.
Relief
Contamination
Properties of Chemicals
Rupture/Leak
Ignition
Service Failure
Abnormal Operation
Sampling
Maintenance
Corrosion/Erosion
Equipment Siting
Human Factors
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32.
In addition to the seven standard guide words, the
following auxiliary guide words may be considered :
- How ? How is the step to be accomplished ? Are adequate
facilities provided to allow the operator to perform the
step as specified ?
- Why ? Is the step or operation really needed ?
- When ? Is timing of the step or operation important ?
- Where ? Is it important where the step is performed ?
And so on
33IJK & team

33.
HAZOP - Hazard Vs Operability
Relative Percentage : Operability to Hazard
Status Operability Hazards
of Plant Problem Identified Identified
(%) (%)
New 60 40
Existing 70 30
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34.
An interdisciplinary team of experts
systematically examines every part of the process
or facility to discover how deviations from the
design intentions can occurs
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35.
Team Composition
Team Leader
Team Members
Engineers
Scientists
Operators
Project Engineering
Process
Control
Corrosion
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36.
 Step-1 : Selection of a Study Node to be
Review
 Step-2 : Selection of a Process Deviation or a
Review Check Item
 Step-3 : Identification and Analysis of
Consequence and Causes
 Step-4 : Evaluation of Existing Safeguards
 Step-5 : Investigation of Recommendation
 Step-6 : Recording of the Review Results
 Step-7 : Repeat of the Review
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37.
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