3. Czar Nicholas II
Tsar, Caesar, Kaiser
Ruler with absolute power
Took throne at age 26
Alexander III died of kidney
disease at age 49
Somewhat inept as ruler
His father didn‟t want to teach him statecraft
until Nicholas was 30, but Alexander III died
before then
4. Czar Nicholas with his wife,
Alexandra; his four daughters,
Maria, Olga, Tatiana and
Anastasia; and his son Alexei
5. Nicholas
was
married, 4 daughters,
1 son
Alexei was sickly
(hemophilia)
Inherited
Rasputin
Mystic who exerted
enormous influence over
the family, especially
Alexandra, because he
seemed to help lessen
effects of the disease
6. Widespread drought Anti-Semitic
& famine pogroms
Refusal to agree to Distrust of
Constitutional Rasputin‟s influence
Monarchy Bloody Sunday
Loss of war with Bread Riots
Japan
Defeat by a non-
Western power
brought down prestige
and authority of the
regime
7. Peasants went to
Winter palace to
petition for help
Starving
Peaceful petition
Were gunned down
92 dead, several
hundred wounded
Resulted in Revolt of
1905
Revolt eventually put
down, but power of
monarchy was lessened
8. Russian workers led by Trotsky
Tsar‟s soldiers crushed the rebellion
Trotsky was sent to Siberia for his role
9. 1917: WWI caused Tsar/Czar Nicholas II
to abdicate
Causes:
German triumphs, millions killed in WWI
Nationwide poverty, injustices by czars (Bloody
Sunday), bread riots, other signs of popular
hostility
Spontaneous revolt by workers in Feb., 1917
Provisional Interim Govt. : Prince Lvov
10. Riots:
Lenin‟s speech: “The people need peace.
The people need bread. The people need
land. And they give you war, hunger, no
bread…we must fight for the social
revolution.”
After the riots, Lvov banned the Bolsheviks (who
quadrupled in size), sent Lenin into hiding, and
arrested Trotsky (who was now allied with Lenin)
Troops
refuse to fight: Bolsheviks take over
government buildings and the Winter Palace
11. Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, overthrow the
provisional government
Take over the Winter Palace as seat of new
government
12.
13. WW I caused Later,
Nicholas &
massive deaths on family were
the front, and executed for
widespread treason
starvation at home Firing squad and
Revolution of 1917 bayonets
forced Nicholas II Women survived
initial bullets
to abdicate the
Diamonds and other
throne jewels sewn in dresses
Imprisoned by the protected them
Later shot in the head
revolutionaries
and stabbed with
bayonets
14. Later, two bodies were missing from the
basement where the Romanovs were
killed.
Rumors spread that the princess
Anastasia had escaped.
DNA evidence proves that to be untrue –
two additional Romanov bodies were
found in the nearby woods.
15.
16. Philosopher, Historian,
political theorist
Socialism, not
capitalism or feudalism
Wealth distributed
equally
Capitalism only rewards a
few
Lots of poor people
“From each
according to
ability, to each
according to need”
17. Groupof Russians: Meeting in Minsk in
March 1898, declaring themselves as a
party
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party:
Later became the Communist party
Consisted of nine delegates representing four labor
unions, a workers‟ newspaper and the Jewish Social
Democratic Bund
platform: overthrow of the Romanov rulers
results of meeting: 8 of the delegates arrested upon
their return home
Followed doctrines/teachings of : Karl Marx –
prophesied the collapse of capitalism and its
empires
18. Lenin’s roots:
expelled from
school for staging a
protest,
while at home,
discovered the works
of Marx
eventually got a law
degree
Names: Vladimir
Ulyanov, also Meyer,
Richter, & Jordanov
19. Travels:
Switzerland to meet with
Marxist leaders
Paris and Berlin to meet
with radicals
arrested upon return home
and sent to Siberia until
1900 (there during meeting
in Minsk).
Occupation:
When he returned from
Siberia, he began a
newspaper organizing the
rebirth of the Social
Democrats beyond the
reach of the Czar‟s police.
Caused a second meeting
of the party in Brussels in
1903
20. Bolsheviks Mensheviks
After “Bolshoi” – big Means minority
Means majority
Leader: Lenin Leader: Trotsky
Makeup: small, highly Makeup: take any and
disciplined, secretive, & all supporters, find
vanguard of working partners, make
class coalitions
Philosophy: Philosophy:
Government run by Democratically run
small dictatorial group socialism
of professional
revolutionaries that
would tell the
proletariat (workers)
what to do
21. After
the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin,
overthrow the provisional government
Set up a dictatorship, with secret police
Lenin is in charge
Revised economic policy – prosperity for some
peasants (sold crops & paid taxes)
Right-hand man: Leon Trotsky
Military leader, led Stalin‟s Red Army in many
uprisings & revolutionary battles, including
the defeat of the “White” army (the nobility)
in the Civil War
22. Premier/Foreign Minister: Lenin/Trotsky
Cabinet: Lenin insisted on an all-Bolshevik
cabinet
Constituent Assembly: Although Bolsheviks
won only 25% of the popular vote, and
moderate socialist groups won 62%, Lenin
disbanded the Assembly after one meeting and
banned all parties other than his own, which
he had renamed the Communist Party.
Cheka: New police force, authorized to arrest
and shoot immediately all members of
counterrevolutionary organizations.
23. Civil
war erupts
between
Reds
(Bolsheviks)
Whites
(anti-Bolsheviks)
primarily displaced
nobility and foreign
interests
War ends in 1918
24. Military:
peace with Germany, but forced separation of
Poland, Balkans and Ukraine from Russia;
American, Japanese, British and French troops in
Russia, various anti-Bolshevik “white” armies
Economy: in shambles –
huge industrial production drops,
runaway inflation,
plummeting foreign trade,
peasant crops requisitioned for the cities,
widespread famine
26. Stalin Trotsky
Better political Preferred by Lenin
maneuvering Fought in Revolution
27. Stalin (meaning steel)
political/military maneuvers:
armed robberies to replenish Bolshevik
treasury,
alliance with two of Lenin‟s top advisors, then
betrayed them,
became basically the uncrowned Tsar of the
Russians (caused Trotsky to flee)
28. Trotskywas exiled
and later
assassinated in
Mexico by Stalin‟s
agents
Fate of Trotsky:
befriended by a
Soviet agent, then
hacked to death
29. Drew up new constitution,
Communist party the core of all
public and state organizations
(only 10% of population in this elite
group).
He held no party congresses and ran
things by himself
30. Driveto become
industrialized
economic policy:
forced
industrialization and
collective farming
causing millions of
deaths
Series of Five-Year
plans to increase
economic growth
31. Forced labor to cities
Eliminated small farms to create large
“collectivized farms”
Produce went to feed those building factories
and to sell for the financing of those factories
Many farmers tried to revolt, severely punished –
killed or sent to Siberia
Farm production drops, massive famine in Soviet
Union
Decisions about farming made by bureaucrats
Farmers were paid miserably – little incentive to work
32. Arreststhroughout
the party and the
country
Show trials to
eliminate any
opposition to Stalin
Labor camps or
executions
Forced confessions
forced people to
confess to forms of
treason, corruption
and sabotage, all of
whom were put to
death
33. The Cheka –
Stalin‟s secret
police (KGB)
Coercion rather
than cooperation
Propaganda
34. Non-Aggression Pact
Stalin allied himself with Hitler until Hitler
invaded Russia in 1941
the Russians suffer heavy losses beating back the
Germans (20 million dead)
Join the Allies
fights against the Germans/Japanese
at the end of the war, meets with Winston
Churchill & Franklin D. Roosevelt (Yalta
Conference) to forge a lasting peace treaty and
carve up Europe
Note: Makes it hard for Orwell to sell Animal Farm
35. February 4–11, 1945
wartime meeting
United States –
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt
Great Britain – Prime
Minister Winston
Churchill
Soviet Union – General
Secretary Josef Stalin
Purpose -- discussing
Europe‟s postwar
reorganization.
the re-establishment of
the nations of war-torn
Europe.
36. Russia Spain Italy Germany
Josef Stalin Francisco Franko Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler
Totalitarianism: Government with strong central rule,
that controls individuals by coercion and repression
37.
38. Satire
A literary genre that uses irony, wit, and
sometimes sarcasm to ridicule people, ideas, or
practices in an effort to improve society
Allegory
A story or tale that has two levels of meaning.
The first is a surface-level story, with a second,
and deeper level of meaning, which may be
moral, political, philosophical, or religious.
Characters often bear names that indicate the
qualities or ideas the author wishes to represent.
Personification
Giving human characteristics to non-humans
39. Utopia
An ideal place that does not exist in reality
Term comes from Greek words
Outopia = “no place”
Eutopia = “good place”
Dystopia
The opposite of utopia
Horrific places, generally characterized by
oppressive societies
Often shown as starting out as attempts to achieve
utopia
40. Orwell replied that
though Animal Farm
was „primarily a
satire on the Russian
Revolution‟ it was
intended to have a
wider application.
That kind of
revolution, which he
defined as „violent
conspiratorial
revolution, led by
unconsciously power-
hungry people‟, could
only lead to a change
of masters.