SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 49
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
L-31
Water Pollution Control
Act 1974 and other
topics
Unit-VIII
Industrial Waste Treatment
Contents
• Water pollution control act,
Organizational set up of central and
state boards for water pollution
control, classification of river on water
use, minimal national standards, and
socioeconomic aspects of water
pollution control.
Introduction and
background
• According to the Article 51 A (g) it is
the fundamental duty of every citizen
of India to protect and improve the
natural environment included Forest,
Lakes, Rivers and Wildlife and to
have compassion for living creatures.
• After the Stockholm conference on
Human Environment on June, 1972, it
was considered appropriate to have
uniform law all over country for broad
Environment problems endangering
the health and safety of our people as
well as of our flora and fauna.
• The Water (Prevention & Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 is the first
enactment by the Parliament in this
direction.
• This is also the first specific and
comprehensive legislation
institutionalizing simultaneously the
regulatory agencies for controlling
water pollution.
• The Pollution Control Board at the
Centre and in the State came into
being in terms of this Act.
Important Definitions
• Pollution means contamination of water or such
alteration of the Physical, Chemical or
Biological properties of water or such discharge
of any sewage or trade effluent or of any other
liquid, gas and Solid substance into water
(whether directly or indirectly) as may be the
case or is likely to create nuisance or render
such water harmful or injurious to public health
or safety or to domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural or other legitimate uses, or to the
life and health of animals or plant or of aquatic
organizations.
• Trade effluent includes any liquid or
solid substance which is discharged
from any premises used for carrying
on any industry operation or process
or treatment and disposal system,
other domestic sewage.
CONSTITUTION OF
CENTRAL BOARD
Organizational setup
Post of
member/s
No.s To be
nominated by
Remark
Chairman 01 Central
government
Having special knowledge
and practical experience
in respect of matters
relating to water pollution
Officials Max
5
Central
government
To represent that
government
Members Max
5
--- Chosen from members of
state boards
Non
officials
Max
3
--- To represent interest of
agriculture , fisheries or
industry or trade or any
other interest
Members 2 ---- To represent
companies controlled
and managed by
central govt.
Member
Secretary
1 --- Possessing
qualification,
knowledge and
experience of
scientific, engineering
or management
aspects of pollution
control
CONSTITUTION OF STATE
BOARDS
Organizational setup
Post of
member/s
No.s To be
nominated by
Remark
Chairman 01 State
government
Having special knowledge
and practical experience
in respect of matters
relating to water pollution
Officials Max
5
State
government
To represent that state
government
Members Max
5
--- Chosen from local
authorities functioning
within the state
Non
officials
Max
3
--- To represent interest of
agriculture , fisheries or
industry or trade or any
other interest
Members 2 ---- To represent
companies,
corporations
controlled and
managed by state
govt.
Member
Secretary
1 --- Possessing
qualification,
knowledge and
experience of
scientific, engineering
or management
aspects of pollution
control
FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL
BOARD
(a) To Plan a comprehensive programme
for the prevention Control or abatement of
pollution of streams and wells.
(b) To advise the State Government on any
matters concerning the prevention,
Control or abatement of water pollution.
(c) To collect and disseminate information
relating to the water pollution and
prevention, control or abatement thereof.
(d) To encourage, conduct and participate in
investigations and research relating to problems
of water pollution, prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution.
(e) To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works
and plants for the treatment of sewage and
trade effluents and to review plans,
specifications or other data relating to plant set
up for the treatment of water, works for the
purification thereof and the system for the
disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in
connection with the grant of any consent as
required by this act.
(f) Lay down, modify or annual effluent
standards for the sewage and trade effluents
and for the quantity of receiving water (not
being) water in an inter-state stream) resulting
from the discharge of effluents and to classify
waters in the state.
(g) To evolve economical and reliable methods
of treatment of sewage and trade effluents,
having regard to the peculiar conditions of
soils, climate and water resources of different
region and more especially the prevailing flow
characteristics of water in streams and wells,
which render it impossible to attain
FUNCTIONS OF STATE
BOARDS
(a) To plan a comprehensive programme
for the prevention, control or abatement
of pollution of streams and wells in the
state and to secure the execution
thereof.
(b) To advice the State Government on
any mater concerning the prevention
control or abatement of water pollution.
(c) To collect and disseminate information
relating to water pollution and the
prevention, control or abatement thereof.
(d) To encourage, conduct and participate
in investigations and research relating to
problems of water pollution and
prevention, control or abatement of water
pollution.
(e) to collaborate with the control Board in
organizing the training of persons
engaged or to be engaged in programmes
relating to prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution and to
organize mass education programmes
relating thereof.
(f)To inspect sewage or trade effluents,
works and plants for the treatment of
sewage and trade effluents and to
review plants, specifications or other
data relating to plants set up for the
purification thereof and the system for
the disposal of sewage or trade
effluents or in connection with the
grant of any consent as required by
this Act.
• (g) lay down, modify or annual effluent
standards for the sewage and trade
effluents and for the quality of receiving
waters (not being water in an inter state
stream) resulting from the discharge of
effluents and to classify waters of the
State.
(h) to evolve methods of utilization of
sewage and suitable trade effluents in
agriculture.
(i) to evolve economical and reliable
methods of treatment of sewage and trade
effluents, having regard to the peculiar
conditions of soils, climate and water
resources of difference regions and more
specially the prevailing flow characteristics
of water in streams and wells which
render it impossible to attain even the
minimum degree of dilution.
(j) To evolve efficient methods of disposal of
sewage and trade effluents on land as are
necessary on account of the predominant
conditions of scant stream flows that do not
provide for major part of the year the minimum
degree of dilution.
(k) To lay down standards of treatment of sewage
and trade effluents to be discharged into any
particular stream taking into account the
minimum fair weather dilution available in that
stream and the tolerance limits of pollution
permissible in the water of the stream after the
discharge of such effluents.
To advice the State Government with respect to
the location of any industry the carrying on of
which is likely to pollute a stream or well;
To perform such other functions as may be
prescribed or as may, from time to time be
entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State
Government.
Other important provisions
Power to give directions to obtain
information from any industry or person.
Power to take samples of effluents from
any treatment plant.
Power of entry and inspection in any
industrial premises
Power to take emergency measures in
case of pollution of stream or well
Power to give directions for closure of
industry
Central board has Power to give direction
to the State Board
Special power is given to the central
board to supersede the State Board
Person found guilty of an offence is On
conviction, the failure shall be punishable
with imprisonment up to 3 months or fine
up to Rs. 10,000 or both if the failure
continues, an additional fine of Rs. 5000
per day.
If offence is made by companies , then the
person in charge at that instance shall be
held responsible
COMMON EFFLUENT
TREATMENT PLANT
(CETP)
Miscellaneous topics
• Small-scale industries (SSIs) have a very
important role in overall industrial
development in India and growth of SSI units
has been actively promoted by Government of
India to induce balanced economic growth
and to distribute the benefits of industrial
development in an equitable manner.
• Industries having capital investment up to
Rs.10 millions are classified as SSI units. It is
estimated that more than 300,000 SSI units
are spread all over India, mainly in about 867
clusters/industrial estates of the country.
• It is difficult for each industrial unit to
provide and operate individual wastewater
treatment plant because of the scale of
operations or lack of space or technical
manpower.
• However, the quantum of pollutants
emitted by SSIs clusters may be more
than an equivalent large scale industry,
since the specific rate of generation of
pollutants is generally higher because of
the inefficient production technologies
adopted by SSIs.
• Hence the desirable option is of the shared or
combined treatment, wherein,
managerial and operational aspects are
collectively addressed and the cost of treatment
, becomes affordable as enunciated in
the scheme of the common effluent treatment
plants, which are proving to be a boon
especially for small entrepreneurs, given
the methodical planning, regular operation a
nd equitable contribution of member units.
Such common facilities also facilitate proper
management of effluent and compliance of the
effluent quality standards.
• Advantages of Common Treatment
1. Saving in Capital and operating cost of
treatment plant. Combined treatment is always
cheaper than small scattered treatment units.
2. Availability of land which is difficult to be
ensured by all individual units in the event they
go for individual treatment plants. This is
particularly important in case of existing old
industries which simply do not have any
space.
3. Contribution of nutrient and diluting potential,
making the complex industrial waste more
amenable to degradation.
4. The neutralization and equalization of
heterogeneous waste makes its
treatment techno-economically viable.
5. Professional and trained staff can be
made available for operation of CETP
which is not possible in case of individual
plants.
6. Disposal of treated wastewater & sludge
becomes more organized.
7. Reduced burden of various regulatory
authorities in ensuring pollution control
requirement.
ACCLIMATIZATION OF
BACTERIA
• Many processes in the chemical,
pharmaceutical, plastic, petrochemical
industries, etc., generate Waste Water
which contains organic toxic compounds.
• The utilization of biological treatments is
based on the capacity of microorganisms,
specifically bacteria, to degrade a great
quantity of toxic substances.
• The pollutants are treated as food by the
bacteria and these, while feeding,
increase their population at the same time
as the water gets treated.
• Some microorganisms perform the
treatment process in the presence of
oxygen and others in its absence.
• Due to its toxicity, biological treatment of
Waste Water containing a toxic substrate
is difficult, since the microorganisms are
initially not able to treat that substance.
• Therefore, the first step to make a SBR
(Sequential Batch Reactor) operative is
the acclimatization, i.e., the adaptation of
the microorganisms to a particular
toxic substrate.
• Acclimatization is commonly practiced in
case of toxic wastes such as phenol,
arsenic, cyanide etc.
• For example to treat a phenolic waste of
500 mg/lit. bacteria are exposed gradually
from initial concentration of 20 mg/lit to
500 mg/lit
• Nutrients are also added to the waste in
the form of urea, superphosphate or any
other compound containing N and P
MINAS
• The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
developed Minimum National Standards
(MINAS) for all types of industries with
regards to their effluent discharge (water
pollutants), emissions (air pollutants), noise
levels and solid waste.
• The proposed model for evolving industry
specific standards envisages specifying limits
of pollutants to protect the environment.
• The standards thus developed will be
applicable to the concerned industries
throughout the country.
• The Minimal National Standards {MINAS)
for a particular industry is the effluent
standard achievable by the industry by
installing pollution control measures which
are within the techno- economic capability
of the industry.
• Depending on the gravity of the pollution
and1echno-economic assessment of the
requisite pollution control measures the
MINAS may be attained in one stroke or in
phases
• The evolution of MINAS thus remain
independent of the characteristics of the
recipient environment: The Central and State
Boards for Pollution Control have come to an
agreement that under no circumstances
MINAS would be relaxed as because the
same is techno-economically acceptable to
the industry.
• On the contrary, at situations where the
recipient environment demands stricter quality
of the effluent of the industry, the State
Boards are required to prescribe standards
stricter than MINAS.
• While deciding the MINAS for disposal
The following factors are to be noted:
—Degree of dilution available in receiving
system.
—Protection of important biotic species.
—Mean tolerance limit for pollutants to the
identified biotic species.
—Application factors in respect of mean
tolerance limit.
MINAS for treated effluent from Small Pulp and Paper Industry
Parameter
pH
Suspended solids
Bio-chemical oxygen demand
Concentration
6-9
100 mg/I
50 mg/I
Concentration
WASTE AUDIT
• A waste audit is a formal, structured
process used to quantify the amount and
types of waste being generated by an
organization.
• Information from audits will help identify
current waste practices and how they can
be improved.
• Being waste-wise can mean:
1. a more efficient and effective organization
2. reduced waste management costs
3. better use of limited natural resources.
• Audits can be done on any type of waste
e.g. paper and office waste, municipal
waste, commercial and industrial waste,
construction and demolition waste etc.
• There are a number of different ways to
conduct a waste audit, such as visual
waste audits, waste characterization,
desktop audits and others.
• The type of audit you use depends on
the type of waste, where it is and what
you want to get out of the audit.
• The audit's objectives will largely determine the
waste types and physical locations to be
audited.
• Some examples of audit objectives could be:
1. to determine composition and quantities of
waste being generated
2. to measure effectiveness of existing waste
management systems
3. to identify opportunities for improving waste
management systems and strategies
4. to collect baseline data for measuring the
effectiveness of waste minimization strategies.
Steps in audit
1. Plan
- Define the study area
- Collect background information
- Prepare for the audit
2. Collect
- Collect the waste
- Transport the waste to sorting area
3. Sort
- Prepare sorting area
- Sort the waste
- Final cleanup
4. Analyze
- Enter and analyze the data
- Prepare audit report

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Llb i el u 4.2 water pollution prevention and control act
Llb i el u 4.2 water pollution prevention and control act Llb i el u 4.2 water pollution prevention and control act
Llb i el u 4.2 water pollution prevention and control act Rai University
 
Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974
Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974
Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974Saurabh Negi
 
Pollution control board -Power and Functions
Pollution control board -Power and FunctionsPollution control board -Power and Functions
Pollution control board -Power and FunctionsSahel Sharafudheen
 
Environmental protection act,1986
Environmental protection act,1986Environmental protection act,1986
Environmental protection act,1986Siva Prasath T R
 
Environmental laws & policies
Environmental  laws & policiesEnvironmental  laws & policies
Environmental laws & policiesSrinivas Gajjela
 
Environmental laws
Environmental lawsEnvironmental laws
Environmental lawsAdil Shaikh
 
Salient provisions of water act
Salient provisions of water actSalient provisions of water act
Salient provisions of water actAMAN PANDEY
 
The Prevention of Air Pollution Act 1981
The Prevention of Air Pollution Act 1981The Prevention of Air Pollution Act 1981
The Prevention of Air Pollution Act 1981Mohammed Haroon
 
Water protection act
Water protection actWater protection act
Water protection actShubham Gupta
 
Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981
Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981 Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981
Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981 ACS Shalu Saraf
 
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981KUSH VERMA
 
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981KUSH VERMA
 
provisions of water cess act 1977
provisions of water cess act 1977provisions of water cess act 1977
provisions of water cess act 1977RABINARAYANPRUSTY
 
Constitutional provisions for environmental protection
Constitutional provisions for environmental protectionConstitutional provisions for environmental protection
Constitutional provisions for environmental protectionKiran Prasad Naik
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Llb i el u 4.2 water pollution prevention and control act
Llb i el u 4.2 water pollution prevention and control act Llb i el u 4.2 water pollution prevention and control act
Llb i el u 4.2 water pollution prevention and control act
 
Water protection act 1974
Water protection act 1974Water protection act 1974
Water protection act 1974
 
Water act
Water actWater act
Water act
 
Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974
Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974
Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974
 
Pollution control board -Power and Functions
Pollution control board -Power and FunctionsPollution control board -Power and Functions
Pollution control board -Power and Functions
 
Environmental protection act,1986
Environmental protection act,1986Environmental protection act,1986
Environmental protection act,1986
 
Environmental laws & policies
Environmental  laws & policiesEnvironmental  laws & policies
Environmental laws & policies
 
Environmental laws
Environmental lawsEnvironmental laws
Environmental laws
 
Noise Pollution Rules, 2000
Noise Pollution Rules, 2000Noise Pollution Rules, 2000
Noise Pollution Rules, 2000
 
Salient provisions of water act
Salient provisions of water actSalient provisions of water act
Salient provisions of water act
 
The Prevention of Air Pollution Act 1981
The Prevention of Air Pollution Act 1981The Prevention of Air Pollution Act 1981
The Prevention of Air Pollution Act 1981
 
Water protection act
Water protection actWater protection act
Water protection act
 
Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981
Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981 Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981
Air (prevention & control of pollution) Act 1981
 
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
 
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981
 
provisions of water cess act 1977
provisions of water cess act 1977provisions of water cess act 1977
provisions of water cess act 1977
 
Environment law ppt
Environment law pptEnvironment law ppt
Environment law ppt
 
The Water act 1947
The Water act 1947The Water act 1947
The Water act 1947
 
Constitutional provisions for environmental protection
Constitutional provisions for environmental protectionConstitutional provisions for environmental protection
Constitutional provisions for environmental protection
 
Rio Declaration
Rio DeclarationRio Declaration
Rio Declaration
 

Andere mochten auch

Air(prevention and control of pollution)act 1981
Air(prevention and control of pollution)act 1981Air(prevention and control of pollution)act 1981
Air(prevention and control of pollution)act 1981vinodpatria
 
L 4 characterization of industrial waste and sampling
L 4 characterization of industrial waste and samplingL 4 characterization of industrial waste and sampling
L 4 characterization of industrial waste and samplingDr. shrikant jahagirdar
 
L 21 developement of treatment processes
L 21 developement of treatment processesL 21 developement of treatment processes
L 21 developement of treatment processesDr. shrikant jahagirdar
 
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment system
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemActivated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment system
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemKalpesh Dankhara
 
L 12 contaminent concentration reduction
L 12  contaminent concentration reductionL 12  contaminent concentration reduction
L 12 contaminent concentration reductionDr. shrikant jahagirdar
 
L 3 quality and quantity of industrial wastes
L 3 quality and quantity of industrial wastesL 3 quality and quantity of industrial wastes
L 3 quality and quantity of industrial wastesDr. shrikant jahagirdar
 
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Unit iv problem set
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Unit iv problem setAIR POLLUTION CONTROL Unit iv problem set
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Unit iv problem setDr. shrikant jahagirdar
 
L 2 effluent standards and stream standards
L 2 effluent standards and stream standardsL 2 effluent standards and stream standards
L 2 effluent standards and stream standardsDr. shrikant jahagirdar
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Septic tank
Septic tankSeptic tank
Septic tank
 
L 29 steel industry
L 29 steel industryL 29 steel industry
L 29 steel industry
 
L 30 fertilizer industry
L 30 fertilizer industryL 30 fertilizer industry
L 30 fertilizer industry
 
L sugar industry
L sugar industryL sugar industry
L sugar industry
 
Air(prevention and control of pollution)act 1981
Air(prevention and control of pollution)act 1981Air(prevention and control of pollution)act 1981
Air(prevention and control of pollution)act 1981
 
Unit viii
Unit viiiUnit viii
Unit viii
 
L 4 characterization of industrial waste and sampling
L 4 characterization of industrial waste and samplingL 4 characterization of industrial waste and sampling
L 4 characterization of industrial waste and sampling
 
L dairy industry
L dairy industryL dairy industry
L dairy industry
 
L 21 developement of treatment processes
L 21 developement of treatment processesL 21 developement of treatment processes
L 21 developement of treatment processes
 
L 19
L 19L 19
L 19
 
L 20
L 20L 20
L 20
 
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment system
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemActivated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment system
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment system
 
Statistics For Management 3 October
Statistics For Management 3 OctoberStatistics For Management 3 October
Statistics For Management 3 October
 
L 12 contaminent concentration reduction
L 12  contaminent concentration reductionL 12  contaminent concentration reduction
L 12 contaminent concentration reduction
 
L 3 quality and quantity of industrial wastes
L 3 quality and quantity of industrial wastesL 3 quality and quantity of industrial wastes
L 3 quality and quantity of industrial wastes
 
L 13 bod
L 13 bodL 13 bod
L 13 bod
 
L 1 introduction
L 1 introductionL 1 introduction
L 1 introduction
 
L 5 characterization part-ii
L 5 characterization part-iiL 5 characterization part-ii
L 5 characterization part-ii
 
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Unit iv problem set
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Unit iv problem setAIR POLLUTION CONTROL Unit iv problem set
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Unit iv problem set
 
L 2 effluent standards and stream standards
L 2 effluent standards and stream standardsL 2 effluent standards and stream standards
L 2 effluent standards and stream standards
 

Ähnlich wie L 31 Water Pollution act and other topics

Environmental Laws RA 9275
Environmental Laws RA 9275Environmental Laws RA 9275
Environmental Laws RA 9275Ramses Bato
 
The right to information act
The right to information actThe right to information act
The right to information actIndian Judiciary
 
Treatment of industrial waste water and its management
Treatment of industrial waste water and its managementTreatment of industrial waste water and its management
Treatment of industrial waste water and its managementARUNKUMARC39
 
Water Act ENG00.ppt
Water Act ENG00.pptWater Act ENG00.ppt
Water Act ENG00.pptDCHITCHAT
 
Environmental Acts And Legislations
Environmental Acts And LegislationsEnvironmental Acts And Legislations
Environmental Acts And LegislationsPreetshah1212
 
Acts air water-forest_and_wildlife
Acts air water-forest_and_wildlifeActs air water-forest_and_wildlife
Acts air water-forest_and_wildlifeavinashavin
 
Environmental act and legislation
Environmental act and legislationEnvironmental act and legislation
Environmental act and legislationAjilal
 
Your Wastewater Is My Drinking Water; My Wastewater Is Your Drinking Water
Your Wastewater Is My Drinking Water; My Wastewater Is Your Drinking WaterYour Wastewater Is My Drinking Water; My Wastewater Is Your Drinking Water
Your Wastewater Is My Drinking Water; My Wastewater Is Your Drinking Watercarlasstone
 
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIAENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIAAr Naveen Naveen
 
Environmental act and legislation
Environmental act and legislation Environmental act and legislation
Environmental act and legislation patelMilindkumar
 
Environmental management CE355
Environmental management   CE355Environmental management   CE355
Environmental management CE355Saqib Imran
 
Water Resource Management Policy Water Resources
Water Resource Management Policy Water ResourcesWater Resource Management Policy Water Resources
Water Resource Management Policy Water ResourcesGodisgoodtube
 
The Water Act, 1974-1.pptx
The Water Act, 1974-1.pptxThe Water Act, 1974-1.pptx
The Water Act, 1974-1.pptxRohitSinghn
 

Ähnlich wie L 31 Water Pollution act and other topics (20)

Environmental laws in india
Environmental laws in india Environmental laws in india
Environmental laws in india
 
Environmental Laws RA 9275
Environmental Laws RA 9275Environmental Laws RA 9275
Environmental Laws RA 9275
 
The right to information act
The right to information actThe right to information act
The right to information act
 
Treatment of industrial waste water and its management
Treatment of industrial waste water and its managementTreatment of industrial waste water and its management
Treatment of industrial waste water and its management
 
Water Act ENG00.ppt
Water Act ENG00.pptWater Act ENG00.ppt
Water Act ENG00.ppt
 
Environmental Acts And Legislations
Environmental Acts And LegislationsEnvironmental Acts And Legislations
Environmental Acts And Legislations
 
Acts air water-forest_and_wildlife
Acts air water-forest_and_wildlifeActs air water-forest_and_wildlife
Acts air water-forest_and_wildlife
 
Environmental act and legislation
Environmental act and legislationEnvironmental act and legislation
Environmental act and legislation
 
Your Wastewater Is My Drinking Water; My Wastewater Is Your Drinking Water
Your Wastewater Is My Drinking Water; My Wastewater Is Your Drinking WaterYour Wastewater Is My Drinking Water; My Wastewater Is Your Drinking Water
Your Wastewater Is My Drinking Water; My Wastewater Is Your Drinking Water
 
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIAENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
ENVIROMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA
 
Environmental act and legislation
Environmental act and legislation Environmental act and legislation
Environmental act and legislation
 
Env Law.pptx
Env Law.pptxEnv Law.pptx
Env Law.pptx
 
Environmental management CE355
Environmental management   CE355Environmental management   CE355
Environmental management CE355
 
our ppt E&E.pptx
our ppt E&E.pptxour ppt E&E.pptx
our ppt E&E.pptx
 
Water Resource Management Policy Water Resources
Water Resource Management Policy Water ResourcesWater Resource Management Policy Water Resources
Water Resource Management Policy Water Resources
 
Magdy Salah El-Dein • 2017 IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with WorldFish:...
Magdy Salah El-Dein • 2017 IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with WorldFish:...Magdy Salah El-Dein • 2017 IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with WorldFish:...
Magdy Salah El-Dein • 2017 IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with WorldFish:...
 
IWRM Issues in the Caribbean
IWRM Issues in the Caribbean IWRM Issues in the Caribbean
IWRM Issues in the Caribbean
 
The Water Act, 1974-1.pptx
The Water Act, 1974-1.pptxThe Water Act, 1974-1.pptx
The Water Act, 1974-1.pptx
 
Environmental acts and regulations
Environmental acts and regulationsEnvironmental acts and regulations
Environmental acts and regulations
 
water act.pptx
water act.pptxwater act.pptx
water act.pptx
 

Mehr von Dr. shrikant jahagirdar (14)

Indoor Air Pollution .......................
Indoor Air Pollution .......................Indoor Air Pollution .......................
Indoor Air Pollution .......................
 
06 Filtration.ppt
06 Filtration.ppt06 Filtration.ppt
06 Filtration.ppt
 
Oxidation pond problem
Oxidation pond problemOxidation pond problem
Oxidation pond problem
 
Module v Environmental Sanitation
Module v Environmental SanitationModule v Environmental Sanitation
Module v Environmental Sanitation
 
Module VI Rural Sanitation
Module VI Rural SanitationModule VI Rural Sanitation
Module VI Rural Sanitation
 
Module IV Wastewater treatment methods
Module IV Wastewater treatment methodsModule IV Wastewater treatment methods
Module IV Wastewater treatment methods
 
Hw2 do sag curve
Hw2 do sag curveHw2 do sag curve
Hw2 do sag curve
 
Do sag problems
Do sag problemsDo sag problems
Do sag problems
 
Do sag curve
Do sag curveDo sag curve
Do sag curve
 
Module iii
Module iiiModule iii
Module iii
 
Unit vii
Unit viiUnit vii
Unit vii
 
L tannery industry
L tannery industryL tannery industry
L tannery industry
 
L distillery industry
L distillery industryL distillery industry
L distillery industry
 
L 17 do sag [compatibility mode]
L 17 do sag [compatibility mode]L 17 do sag [compatibility mode]
L 17 do sag [compatibility mode]
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai searchChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai searchrohitcse52
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS Bahzad5
 
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Amil baba
 
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfRenewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfodunowoeminence2019
 
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptxUNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptxrealme6igamerr
 
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfSummer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfNaveenVerma126
 
cloud computing notes for anna university syllabus
cloud computing notes for anna university syllabuscloud computing notes for anna university syllabus
cloud computing notes for anna university syllabusViolet Violet
 
Power System electrical and electronics .pptx
Power System electrical and electronics .pptxPower System electrical and electronics .pptx
Power System electrical and electronics .pptxMUKULKUMAR210
 
solar wireless electric vechicle charging system
solar wireless electric vechicle charging systemsolar wireless electric vechicle charging system
solar wireless electric vechicle charging systemgokuldongala
 
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxTest of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxHome
 
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer      functions.pptxPhase noise transfer      functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer functions.pptxSaiGouthamSunkara
 
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 ProjectGender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Projectreemakb03
 
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderjuancarlos286641
 
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratoryدليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide LaboratoryBahzad5
 
nvidia AI-gtc 2024 partial slide deck.pptx
nvidia AI-gtc 2024 partial slide deck.pptxnvidia AI-gtc 2024 partial slide deck.pptx
nvidia AI-gtc 2024 partial slide deck.pptxjasonsedano2
 
Quasi-Stochastic Approximation: Algorithm Design Principles with Applications...
Quasi-Stochastic Approximation: Algorithm Design Principles with Applications...Quasi-Stochastic Approximation: Algorithm Design Principles with Applications...
Quasi-Stochastic Approximation: Algorithm Design Principles with Applications...Sean Meyn
 
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationA Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationMohsinKhanA
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai searchChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
 
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
 
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfRenewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
 
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptxUNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
 
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfSummer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
 
cloud computing notes for anna university syllabus
cloud computing notes for anna university syllabuscloud computing notes for anna university syllabus
cloud computing notes for anna university syllabus
 
Power System electrical and electronics .pptx
Power System electrical and electronics .pptxPower System electrical and electronics .pptx
Power System electrical and electronics .pptx
 
solar wireless electric vechicle charging system
solar wireless electric vechicle charging systemsolar wireless electric vechicle charging system
solar wireless electric vechicle charging system
 
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxTest of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
 
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer      functions.pptxPhase noise transfer      functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
 
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 ProjectGender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
 
Lecture 2 .pptx
Lecture 2                            .pptxLecture 2                            .pptx
Lecture 2 .pptx
 
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
 
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdfPrésentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
 
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratoryدليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
 
計劃趕得上變化
計劃趕得上變化計劃趕得上變化
計劃趕得上變化
 
nvidia AI-gtc 2024 partial slide deck.pptx
nvidia AI-gtc 2024 partial slide deck.pptxnvidia AI-gtc 2024 partial slide deck.pptx
nvidia AI-gtc 2024 partial slide deck.pptx
 
Quasi-Stochastic Approximation: Algorithm Design Principles with Applications...
Quasi-Stochastic Approximation: Algorithm Design Principles with Applications...Quasi-Stochastic Approximation: Algorithm Design Principles with Applications...
Quasi-Stochastic Approximation: Algorithm Design Principles with Applications...
 
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationA Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
 

L 31 Water Pollution act and other topics

  • 1. L-31 Water Pollution Control Act 1974 and other topics Unit-VIII Industrial Waste Treatment
  • 2. Contents • Water pollution control act, Organizational set up of central and state boards for water pollution control, classification of river on water use, minimal national standards, and socioeconomic aspects of water pollution control.
  • 3. Introduction and background • According to the Article 51 A (g) it is the fundamental duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment included Forest, Lakes, Rivers and Wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
  • 4. • After the Stockholm conference on Human Environment on June, 1972, it was considered appropriate to have uniform law all over country for broad Environment problems endangering the health and safety of our people as well as of our flora and fauna. • The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is the first enactment by the Parliament in this direction.
  • 5. • This is also the first specific and comprehensive legislation institutionalizing simultaneously the regulatory agencies for controlling water pollution. • The Pollution Control Board at the Centre and in the State came into being in terms of this Act.
  • 6. Important Definitions • Pollution means contamination of water or such alteration of the Physical, Chemical or Biological properties of water or such discharge of any sewage or trade effluent or of any other liquid, gas and Solid substance into water (whether directly or indirectly) as may be the case or is likely to create nuisance or render such water harmful or injurious to public health or safety or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural or other legitimate uses, or to the life and health of animals or plant or of aquatic organizations.
  • 7. • Trade effluent includes any liquid or solid substance which is discharged from any premises used for carrying on any industry operation or process or treatment and disposal system, other domestic sewage.
  • 9. Post of member/s No.s To be nominated by Remark Chairman 01 Central government Having special knowledge and practical experience in respect of matters relating to water pollution Officials Max 5 Central government To represent that government Members Max 5 --- Chosen from members of state boards Non officials Max 3 --- To represent interest of agriculture , fisheries or industry or trade or any other interest
  • 10. Members 2 ---- To represent companies controlled and managed by central govt. Member Secretary 1 --- Possessing qualification, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control
  • 12. Post of member/s No.s To be nominated by Remark Chairman 01 State government Having special knowledge and practical experience in respect of matters relating to water pollution Officials Max 5 State government To represent that state government Members Max 5 --- Chosen from local authorities functioning within the state Non officials Max 3 --- To represent interest of agriculture , fisheries or industry or trade or any other interest
  • 13. Members 2 ---- To represent companies, corporations controlled and managed by state govt. Member Secretary 1 --- Possessing qualification, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control
  • 15. (a) To Plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention Control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells. (b) To advise the State Government on any matters concerning the prevention, Control or abatement of water pollution. (c) To collect and disseminate information relating to the water pollution and prevention, control or abatement thereof.
  • 16. (d) To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution, prevention, control or abatement of water pollution. (e) To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents and to review plans, specifications or other data relating to plant set up for the treatment of water, works for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as required by this act.
  • 17. (f) Lay down, modify or annual effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quantity of receiving water (not being) water in an inter-state stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters in the state. (g) To evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and trade effluents, having regard to the peculiar conditions of soils, climate and water resources of different region and more especially the prevailing flow characteristics of water in streams and wells, which render it impossible to attain
  • 19. (a) To plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in the state and to secure the execution thereof. (b) To advice the State Government on any mater concerning the prevention control or abatement of water pollution. (c) To collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the prevention, control or abatement thereof.
  • 20. (d) To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution. (e) to collaborate with the control Board in organizing the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of water pollution and to organize mass education programmes relating thereof.
  • 21. (f)To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents and to review plants, specifications or other data relating to plants set up for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as required by this Act.
  • 22. • (g) lay down, modify or annual effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter state stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the State. (h) to evolve methods of utilization of sewage and suitable trade effluents in agriculture.
  • 23. (i) to evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and trade effluents, having regard to the peculiar conditions of soils, climate and water resources of difference regions and more specially the prevailing flow characteristics of water in streams and wells which render it impossible to attain even the minimum degree of dilution.
  • 24. (j) To evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land as are necessary on account of the predominant conditions of scant stream flows that do not provide for major part of the year the minimum degree of dilution. (k) To lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be discharged into any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather dilution available in that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of the stream after the discharge of such effluents.
  • 25. To advice the State Government with respect to the location of any industry the carrying on of which is likely to pollute a stream or well; To perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to time be entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government.
  • 26. Other important provisions Power to give directions to obtain information from any industry or person. Power to take samples of effluents from any treatment plant. Power of entry and inspection in any industrial premises Power to take emergency measures in case of pollution of stream or well Power to give directions for closure of industry
  • 27. Central board has Power to give direction to the State Board Special power is given to the central board to supersede the State Board Person found guilty of an offence is On conviction, the failure shall be punishable with imprisonment up to 3 months or fine up to Rs. 10,000 or both if the failure continues, an additional fine of Rs. 5000 per day.
  • 28. If offence is made by companies , then the person in charge at that instance shall be held responsible
  • 30. • Small-scale industries (SSIs) have a very important role in overall industrial development in India and growth of SSI units has been actively promoted by Government of India to induce balanced economic growth and to distribute the benefits of industrial development in an equitable manner. • Industries having capital investment up to Rs.10 millions are classified as SSI units. It is estimated that more than 300,000 SSI units are spread all over India, mainly in about 867 clusters/industrial estates of the country.
  • 31. • It is difficult for each industrial unit to provide and operate individual wastewater treatment plant because of the scale of operations or lack of space or technical manpower. • However, the quantum of pollutants emitted by SSIs clusters may be more than an equivalent large scale industry, since the specific rate of generation of pollutants is generally higher because of the inefficient production technologies adopted by SSIs.
  • 32. • Hence the desirable option is of the shared or combined treatment, wherein, managerial and operational aspects are collectively addressed and the cost of treatment , becomes affordable as enunciated in the scheme of the common effluent treatment plants, which are proving to be a boon especially for small entrepreneurs, given the methodical planning, regular operation a nd equitable contribution of member units. Such common facilities also facilitate proper management of effluent and compliance of the effluent quality standards.
  • 33. • Advantages of Common Treatment 1. Saving in Capital and operating cost of treatment plant. Combined treatment is always cheaper than small scattered treatment units. 2. Availability of land which is difficult to be ensured by all individual units in the event they go for individual treatment plants. This is particularly important in case of existing old industries which simply do not have any space. 3. Contribution of nutrient and diluting potential, making the complex industrial waste more amenable to degradation.
  • 34. 4. The neutralization and equalization of heterogeneous waste makes its treatment techno-economically viable. 5. Professional and trained staff can be made available for operation of CETP which is not possible in case of individual plants. 6. Disposal of treated wastewater & sludge becomes more organized. 7. Reduced burden of various regulatory authorities in ensuring pollution control requirement.
  • 36. • Many processes in the chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic, petrochemical industries, etc., generate Waste Water which contains organic toxic compounds. • The utilization of biological treatments is based on the capacity of microorganisms, specifically bacteria, to degrade a great quantity of toxic substances. • The pollutants are treated as food by the bacteria and these, while feeding, increase their population at the same time as the water gets treated.
  • 37. • Some microorganisms perform the treatment process in the presence of oxygen and others in its absence. • Due to its toxicity, biological treatment of Waste Water containing a toxic substrate is difficult, since the microorganisms are initially not able to treat that substance. • Therefore, the first step to make a SBR (Sequential Batch Reactor) operative is the acclimatization, i.e., the adaptation of the microorganisms to a particular toxic substrate.
  • 38. • Acclimatization is commonly practiced in case of toxic wastes such as phenol, arsenic, cyanide etc. • For example to treat a phenolic waste of 500 mg/lit. bacteria are exposed gradually from initial concentration of 20 mg/lit to 500 mg/lit • Nutrients are also added to the waste in the form of urea, superphosphate or any other compound containing N and P
  • 39. MINAS
  • 40. • The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) developed Minimum National Standards (MINAS) for all types of industries with regards to their effluent discharge (water pollutants), emissions (air pollutants), noise levels and solid waste. • The proposed model for evolving industry specific standards envisages specifying limits of pollutants to protect the environment. • The standards thus developed will be applicable to the concerned industries throughout the country.
  • 41. • The Minimal National Standards {MINAS) for a particular industry is the effluent standard achievable by the industry by installing pollution control measures which are within the techno- economic capability of the industry. • Depending on the gravity of the pollution and1echno-economic assessment of the requisite pollution control measures the MINAS may be attained in one stroke or in phases
  • 42. • The evolution of MINAS thus remain independent of the characteristics of the recipient environment: The Central and State Boards for Pollution Control have come to an agreement that under no circumstances MINAS would be relaxed as because the same is techno-economically acceptable to the industry. • On the contrary, at situations where the recipient environment demands stricter quality of the effluent of the industry, the State Boards are required to prescribe standards stricter than MINAS.
  • 43. • While deciding the MINAS for disposal The following factors are to be noted: —Degree of dilution available in receiving system. —Protection of important biotic species. —Mean tolerance limit for pollutants to the identified biotic species. —Application factors in respect of mean tolerance limit.
  • 44. MINAS for treated effluent from Small Pulp and Paper Industry Parameter pH Suspended solids Bio-chemical oxygen demand Concentration 6-9 100 mg/I 50 mg/I Concentration
  • 46. • A waste audit is a formal, structured process used to quantify the amount and types of waste being generated by an organization. • Information from audits will help identify current waste practices and how they can be improved. • Being waste-wise can mean: 1. a more efficient and effective organization 2. reduced waste management costs 3. better use of limited natural resources.
  • 47. • Audits can be done on any type of waste e.g. paper and office waste, municipal waste, commercial and industrial waste, construction and demolition waste etc. • There are a number of different ways to conduct a waste audit, such as visual waste audits, waste characterization, desktop audits and others. • The type of audit you use depends on the type of waste, where it is and what you want to get out of the audit.
  • 48. • The audit's objectives will largely determine the waste types and physical locations to be audited. • Some examples of audit objectives could be: 1. to determine composition and quantities of waste being generated 2. to measure effectiveness of existing waste management systems 3. to identify opportunities for improving waste management systems and strategies 4. to collect baseline data for measuring the effectiveness of waste minimization strategies.
  • 49. Steps in audit 1. Plan - Define the study area - Collect background information - Prepare for the audit 2. Collect - Collect the waste - Transport the waste to sorting area 3. Sort - Prepare sorting area - Sort the waste - Final cleanup 4. Analyze - Enter and analyze the data - Prepare audit report