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Since you understand the PM
contingency, we now need to explain
why that contingency is effective in
controlling behavior. That brings us
                 to:

       The Theoretical
         Contingency
      Estimated Time: 15 min.
First we have to determine
whether or not we even need
the theoretical contingency…
If the outcome for the PM contingency is
delayed by more than 60 seconds, it means
that it is indirect-acting.
But behavior is controlled by direct-acting
contingencies…
So if the PM contingency is indirect-acting,
we need to add a direct-acting theoretical
contingency to directly control the
behavior.
Paul is a waiter at Old Peninsula Brew Pub.
His manager is trying to get the wait staff
to suggest appetizer and drink items to up-
sell to customers. At the end of the day,
if Paul’s sales printout shows at least 25%
total sales in appetizers and drinks sales,
Paul will get a $5 bonus from his manager.
Before         Behavior          After

    Paul will not                      Paul will
    receive a $5    Paul up-sells    receive a $5
    bonus at the     one item        bonus at the
   end of the day                   end of the day



This contingency is Indirect-Acting,
because Paul will not receive his bonus
until the end of the day. This means
we DO need the Theoretical
Contingency. Now let’s see what that
looks like…
Ineffective Natural Contingency

                                                  Paul has
  Paul has given        Paul up-sells one
                                               Infinitesimally
level of daily sales          item
                                             higher daily sales



          Performance Management Contingency

   Paul will lose                            Paul will not lose
opportunity for a $5    Paul up-sells one   opportunity for a $5
bonus at the end of           item          bonus at the end of
     the day                                     the day



         Direct-Acting Theoretical Contingency
                                            Paul does not fear
 Paul fears loss of
                                                  loss of
 opportunity for a      Paul up-sells one
                                             opportunity for a
 $5 bonus at the              item
                                             $5 bonus at the
  end of the day
                                              end of the day
What kind of contingency is this?

                Before        Behavior        After


                   No         Lauren sings     Applause
              applause from     her solo         from
              voice teacher    perfectly     voice teacher




A. Direct-acting
B. Indirect-acting
What kind of contingency is this?

                Before             Behavior             After


                   No             Lauren sings           Applause
              applause from         her solo               from
              voice teacher        perfectly           voice teacher


                           No. Lauren’s teacher
                        immediately applauds her
                        good performance. There
                         isn’t any delay, so this is
                               direct-acting.


A. Direct-acting                                                  Back to
                                                                  the
B. Indirect-acting                                                question!
What kind of contingency is this?

                Before             Behavior              After


                   No             Lauren sings            Applause
              applause from         her solo                from
              voice teacher        perfectly            voice teacher

                      You’re exactly right! Lauren’s
                          voice teacher applauds
                          immediately after her
                     performance, so this contingency
                              is direct-acting.


A. Direct-acting
B. Indirect-acting
Well then, do we need a theoretical
    contingency for this example?
           Before        Behavior        After


              No         Lauren sings     Applause
         applause from     her solo         from
         voice teacher    perfectly     voice teacher




A. Yes
B. No
Well then, do we need a theoretical
    contingency for this example?
           Before              Behavior            After


              No              Lauren sings         Applause
         applause from          her solo             from
         voice teacher         perfectly         voice teacher

                           Careful! This contingency is
                         direct-acting. And when the PM
                         contingency is direct-acting, we
                             don’t need a theoretical
                                   contingency.


A. Yes                                                           Back to
                                                                 the
B. No                                                            question!
Well then, do we need a theoretical
    contingency for this example?
           Before            Behavior               After


              No            Lauren sings         Applause
         applause from        her solo             from
         voice teacher       perfectly         voice teacher



                  Yup! No theoretical contingency
                  is needed because the applause
                    directly reinforces Lauren’s
                              behavior.


A. Yes
B. No
We know that only direct-acting
contingencies control behavior; that’s why
 we need the theoretical contingency to
      explain the indirect-acting PM
               contingency.
  We need the contingency to pass the
           Direct-Acting Test;
 that is, the outcome must be immediate
            to make it effective
What kind of contingency is this?

          Before        Behavior      After


          You fear                  You do not fear
                        You start
        getting a bad                 getting a
                        to study
            grade                     bad grade




A. Direct-acting
B. Indirect-acting
What kind of contingency is this?

          Before        Behavior             After


          You fear                        You do not fear
                         You start
        getting a bad                       getting a
                         to study
            grade                           bad grade

                         This is a DIRECT-ACTING
                        contingency. When you start
                         to study the fear of a bad
                             grade is immediately
                        terminated (or reduced). So
                         it’s immediate, sizable, and
                                   probable.
A. Direct-acting                                            Back to
                                                            the
B. Indirect-acting                                          question!
What kind of contingency is this?

          Before             Behavior            After


          You fear                             You do not fear
                              You start
        getting a bad                            getting a
                              to study
            grade                                bad grade



                       Very good!!! The outcome is
                    immediate, sizable, and probable,
                      so this contingency is direct-
                                  acting!


A. Direct-acting
B. Indirect-acting
Next question:
The Inferred Test
Is the contingency
inferred or observable?
We should be talking
about something we
can’t see (like fear or
guilt) as opposed to
something we can see
(like a toy, token, or
grade)
Is this contingency inferred?

           Before        Behavior      After


           You fear                  You do not fear
                         You start
         getting a bad                 getting a
                         to study
             grade                     bad grade




A. Yes
B. No
Is this contingency inferred?

           Before        Behavior         After


           You fear                    You do not fear
                         You start
         getting a bad                   getting a
                         to study
             grade                       bad grade



                                       Hmm…think about it a little
                                     longer. Can you see “fear?” If
                                           not, it is inferred.



A. Yes                                                    Back to
                                                          the
B. No                                                     question!
Is this contingency inferred?

           Before        Behavior            After


           You fear                        You do not fear
                         You start
         getting a bad                       getting a
                         to study
             grade                           bad grade


                                     Right!!! It is inferred because we
                                      can’t directly see “fear” and “no
                                                     fear”.




A. Yes
B. No
How about this one…is this contingency
    inferred or observable?
          Before          Behavior     After

         You will get a                You will not
          bad grade       You start     get a bad
          on the test     to study     grade on the
           tomorrow                   test tomorrow




A. Observable
B. Inferred
How about this one…is this contingency
    inferred or observable?
          Before          Behavior           After

         You will get a                     You will not
          bad grade       You start          get a bad
          on the test     to study          grade on the
           tomorrow                        test tomorrow

                                This contingency is
                          OBSERVABLE, because we can
                          see it. We can look at the bad
                                      grade.



A. Observable                                              Back to
                                                           the
B. Inferred                                                question!
How about this one…is this contingency
    inferred or observable?
          Before              Behavior             After

         You will get a                           You will not
          bad grade            You start           get a bad
          on the test          to study           grade on the
           tomorrow                              test tomorrow


                           Yup! We can see the bad grade.
                          So this contingency is observable.




A. Observable
B. Inferred
Is this contingency a theoretical
         contingency?
           Before          Behavior     After

          You will get a                You will not
           bad grade       You start     get a bad
           on the test     to study     grade on the
            tomorrow                   test tomorrow




A. Yes
B. No
We know that this
         Is this contingency a theoretical
             contingency is NOT
         inferred, and the outcome
         contingency?
          is NOT immediate. So it
            can’t be a theoretical
             Before
                 contingency. Behavior    After

          You will get a                  You will not
           bad grade        You start      get a bad
           on the test      to study      grade on the
            tomorrow                     test tomorrow




A. Yes                                                   Back to
                                                         the
B. No                                                    question!
You’re right! Since it is NOT
          inferred and the outcome is
         Is this contingency a theoretical
           NOT immediate, it is not a
         contingency?
            theoretical contingency.


           Before             Behavior      After

          You will get a                    You will not
           bad grade           You start     get a bad
           on the test         to study     grade on the
            tomorrow                       test tomorrow




A. Yes
B. No
What type of contingency is it?

           Before          Behavior     After

          You will get a                You will not
           bad grade       You start     get a bad
           on the test     to study     grade on the
            tomorrow                   test tomorrow




A. Ineffective natural contingency
B. Performance-Management contingency
Remember that to be the ineffective

     What type of contingency is it?
                           natural contingency, the outcome must be
                             small or improbable. And it CAN’T be
                            planned or added. Look at this outcome
                             again, and see if it passes these tests.
           Before             Behavior             After

          You will get a                          You will not
           bad grade           You start           get a bad
           on the test         to study           grade on the
            tomorrow                             test tomorrow




A. Ineffective natural contingency                                 Back to
                                                                   the
B. Performance-Management contingency                              question!
What type of contingency is it?
                           That’s right!! It’s a performance-
                              management contingency!!!
           Before               Behavior             After

          You will get a                            You will not
           bad grade             You start           get a bad
           on the test           to study           grade on the
            tomorrow                               test tomorrow




A. Ineffective natural contingency
B. Performance-Management contingency
Now we need the contingency
        to pass the
    Linked to PM Test
  The theoretical contingency
    should be linked to the
   performance management
     contingency, not the
ineffective natural contingency
You have
            You have
                           You start   infinitesimally
           given level
                           to study        greater
          of knowledge
                                         knowledge
These                                                    These
SHOULD                                                   ARE
ALWAYS                                                   NEVER
BE        You will get a                You will not     linked.
linked.    bad grade       You start     get a bad
           on the test     to study     grade on the
            tomorrow                   test tomorrow



            You fear
                                        You do not
            getting a
                                       fear getting
           bad grade       You start
                                       a bad grade
              on the       to study
                                       on the test
               test
                                         tomorrow
            tomorrow
Is the theoretical contingency in this example linked to the
 PM contingency?
                                                        Julie has
          Julie has given
                                 Julie practices     infinitesimally
              level of
                                      hard         greater swimming
          swimming ability
                                                          ability



            Julie will lose                         Julie will not lose
            opportunity to       Julie practices   opportunity to listen
           listen to music            hard             to music at
           at next practice                           next practice



                                                     Julie does not
          Julie fears loss of
                                 Julie practices       fear loss of
         opportunity to listen
                                      hard           opportunity to
               to music
                                                     listen to music




A. Yes
B. No
Is the theoretical contingency in this example linked to the
 PM contingency?
                                                        Julie has
          Julie has given
                                 Julie practices     infinitesimally
              level of
                                      hard         greater swimming
          swimming ability
                                                          ability



            Julie will lose                         Julie will not lose
            opportunity to       Julie practices   opportunity to listen
           listen to music            hard             to music at
           at next practice                           next practice



                                                     Julie does not
          Julie fears loss of
                                 Julie practices       fear loss of
         opportunity to listen
                                      hard           opportunity to
               to music
                                                     listen to music
  The theoretical contingency IS linked to the PM contingency in
 this example. Julie fears the loss of the opportunity to listen to
           music, which is part of the PM contingency.

A. Yes                                                                     Back to
                                                                           the
B. No                                                                      question!
Is the theoretical contingency in this example linked to the
 PM contingency?
                                                        Julie has
          Julie has given
                                 Julie practices     infinitesimally
              level of
                                      hard         greater swimming
          swimming ability
                                                          ability



            Julie will lose                         Julie will not lose
            opportunity to       Julie practices   opportunity to listen
           listen to music            hard             to music at
           at next practice                           next practice



                                                     Julie does not
          Julie fears loss of
                                 Julie practices       fear loss of
         opportunity to listen
                                      hard           opportunity to
               to music
                                                     listen to music
  Great! Julie’s fear of the lost opportunity for music is linked
       to the PM contingency – the opportunity for music.


A. Yes
B. No
Which contingency is the theoretical contingency linked to in
  this example?
                                                      Mary has
         Mary has given
                              Mary practices        infinitesimally
          level of piano
                              for 30 minutes        greater piano
          playing ability
                                                    playing ability



          Mary will lose                          Mary will not lose
          opportunity for    Mary practices for    opportunity for
         discount on next      30 minutes           discount on
           piano lesson                           next piano lesson



         Mary fears losing                          Mary does not
          the opportunity    Mary practices for     fear losing the
          to increase her      30 minutes           opportunity to
               ability                            increase her ability




A. It’s linked to the PM contingency
B. It’s linked to the natural contingency
Which contingency is the theoretical contingency linked to in
  this example?
                              This time, the theoretical
         Mary has given      contingency is linked to infinitesimally
                                Mary practices
                                                       the has
                                                        Mary
          level of piano     natural minutes
                                for 30 contingency. But it piano
                                                     greater
                             should be linked to the playing ability
                                                       PM
          playing ability

                                      contingency.

          Mary will lose                               Mary will not lose
          opportunity for      Mary practices for       opportunity for
         discount on next        30 minutes              discount on
           piano lesson                                next piano lesson



         Mary fears losing                              Mary does not
          the opportunity      Mary practices for       fear losing the
          to increase her        30 minutes             opportunity to
               ability                                increase her ability




A. It’s linked to the PM contingency                                         Back to
                                                                             the
B. It’s linked to the natural contingency                                    question!
Which contingency is the theoretical contingency linked to in
  this example?
                                                         Mary has
         Mary has given
                              Mary practices           infinitesimally
          level of piano
                              for 30 minutes           greater piano
          playing ability
                                                       playing ability



          Mary will lose                              Mary will not lose
          opportunity for    Mary practices for        opportunity for
         discount on next      30 minutes               discount on
           piano lesson                               next piano lesson



                                                  Right. This time the theoretical
                                                    contingency is linked to the
         Mary fears losing                              Mary does not
          the opportunity    Mary practices for         fear losing the
          to increase her      30 minutes            natural contingency. But it
                                                        opportunity to
               ability                             SHOULDher ability to the PM
                                                      increase be linked
                                                               contingency.



A. It’s linked to the PM contingency
B. It’s linked to the natural contingency
Is the theoretical contingency correct in this example?

                                                      Mary has
         Mary has given
                              Mary practices        infinitesimally
          level of piano
                              for 30 minutes        greater piano
          playing ability
                                                    playing ability



          Mary will lose                          Mary will not lose
          opportunity for    Mary practices for    opportunity for
         discount on next      30 minutes           discount on
           piano lesson                           next piano lesson



         Mary fears losing                          Mary does not
          the opportunity    Mary practices for     fear losing the
          to increase her      30 minutes           opportunity to
               ability                            increase her ability




A. Yes
B. No
Is the theoretical contingency correct in this example?

                                                       Mary has
         Mary has given
                              Mary practices         infinitesimally
          level of piano
                              for 30 minutes         greater piano
          playing ability
                                                     playing ability



          Mary will lose       No. In this example, thenot lose
                                                      Mary will
          opportunity for    Mary practices for contingency is for
                               theoretical             opportunity
         discount on next       30 linked to the natural
                                   minutes              discount on
                               contingency. It SHOULD lesson
           piano lesson                               next piano

                                    be linked to the PM
                                  contingency. So this
         Mary fears losing        example is incorrect. does not
                                                       Mary
          the opportunity    Mary practices for      fear losing the
          to increase her      30 minutes            opportunity to
               ability                             increase her ability




A. Yes                                                                    Back to
                                                                          the
B. No                                                                     question!
Is the theoretical contingency correct in this example?

                                                        Mary has
         Mary has given
                              Mary practices          infinitesimally
          level of piano
                              for 30 minutes          greater piano
          playing ability
                                                      playing ability



          Mary will lose                          Mary will not lose
          opportunity for
                              You got it! The theoretical for
                             Mary practices for    opportunity
         discount on next      30 minutes           discount on
           piano lesson       contingency is linked to thelesson
                                                  next piano
                                natural contingency. It
                             SHOULD be linked to the PM
                                  contingency. So this
         Mary fears losing                         Mary does not
          the opportunity         example is incorrect.
                             Mary practices for    fear losing the
          to increase her      30 minutes             opportunity to
               ability                              increase her ability




A. Yes
B. No
Here’s another rule,
The Escape Contingency Test:
  If the PM contingency is
   designed to increase or
 maintain performance, the
  theoretical contingency
    should be an escape
        contingency.
In this example, is the PM contingency designed to increase or
     maintain performance?

                                                     Mary has
         Mary has given
                              Mary practices       infinitesimally
          level of piano
                              for 30 minutes       greater piano
          playing ability
                                                   playing ability



          Mary will lose                          Mary will not lose
          opportunity for    Mary practices for    opportunity for
         discount on next      30 minutes           discount on
           piano lesson                           next piano lesson



                                                   Mary does not
         Mary fears losing
                             Mary practices for    fear losing the
          the opportunity
                               30 minutes          opportunity for
           for a discount
                                                     a discount




A. Yes
B. No
In this example, is the PM contingency designed to increase or
     maintain performance?

                       It IS designed to increase or maintain
                                                        Mary has
         Mary has given
                      performance. If Mary practicesinfinitesimally
          level of piano
                                  Mary practices       she will
                      NOT lose the opportunity for a discount.
          playing ability
                                  for 30 minutes      greater piano
                                                      playing ability
                                   Try it again.

          Mary will lose                               Mary will not lose
          opportunity for      Mary practices for       opportunity for
         discount on next        30 minutes              discount on
           piano lesson                                next piano lesson



                                                        Mary does not
         Mary fears losing
                               Mary practices for       fear losing the
          the opportunity
                                 30 minutes             opportunity for
           for a discount
                                                          a discount




A. Yes                                                                      Back to
                                                                            the
B. No                                                                       question!
In this example, is the PM contingency designed to increase or
     maintain performance? Very good. It’s an analog to
                          avoidance. Mary avoids losing the
         Mary has given     opportunity for a discount by
                                                     Mary has
                              Mary practices       infinitesimally
          level of piano      practicing for 30 minutes. piano
                              for 30 minutes      greater
          playing ability
                                                    playing ability



          Mary will lose                          Mary will not lose
          opportunity for    Mary practices for    opportunity for
         discount on next      30 minutes           discount on
           piano lesson                           next piano lesson



                                                   Mary does not
         Mary fears losing
                             Mary practices for    fear losing the
          the opportunity
                               30 minutes          opportunity for
           for a discount
                                                     a discount




A. Yes
B. No
What kind of contingency is the
   theoretical contingency?
               Before            Behavior        After

                Mary fears                       Mary does not
              losing discount   Mary practices    fear losing
                  on next       for 30 minutes    discount on
                   lesson                         next lesson




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
D. Penalty/Punishment
What kind of iscan’t be an analog, because the
            outcome contingency avoidance,
             No. This
                      immediate. Also, in is the
   theoreticalcontingency isn’t contacted as long as
            the contingency?
           the organism does the behavior. But Mary
                already has fear in the Before condition.
                 Before             Behavior            After

                 Mary fears                            Mary does not
               losing discount     Mary practices       fear losing
                   on next         for 30 minutes       discount on
                    lesson                              next lesson




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
                                                                  Back to
                                                                  the
D. Penalty/Punishment                                             question!
No. First, it is NOT an
   What kind of contingency is the
                analog, because there is not
                delay between the behavior
   theoretical contingency?
                 and the consequence. Also,
                  the fear is removed, not
                         Behavior
               Before              Behavior
                presented. Can you figure it     After
                            out?

                Mary fears                       Mary does not
              losing discount   Mary practices    fear losing
                  on next       for 30 minutes    discount on
                   lesson                         next lesson




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
                                                            Back to
                                                            the
D. Penalty/Punishment                                       question!
What kind of No. In this contingency, the aversive
                  contingency is the
                condition (fear) is REMOVED contingent
   theoretical contingency? about it again!
                  on practicing. Think
                           Behavior
                Before           BehaviorAfter After

                Mary fears                       Mary does not
              losing discount   Mary practices    fear losing
                  on next       for 30 minutes    discount on
                   lesson                         next lesson




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
                                                            Back to
                                                            the
D. Penalty/Punishment                                       question!
What kind of contingencyisis escape
                     That’s right, this an the
                contingency! The outcome is immediate,
   theoretical contingency? in the before
                  and the fear present
                       condition is removed in the after
                Before           Behavior
                                   condition!        After

                Mary fears                        Mary does not
              losing discount   Mary practices     fear losing
                  on next       for 30 minutes     discount on
                   lesson                          next lesson




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
D. Penalty/Punishment
There is just one more test to put
   the Theoretical Contingency
           through, the
  Punishment Contingency Test
 If the PM contingency is designed
   to decrease performance, the
theoretical contingency should be a
      punishment contingency
Is this PM contingency designed to increase or decrease
      Tony’s hitting?

                                                      Tony has
        Tony has good                               infinitesimally
                               Tony hits a nurse
       medical treatment                            worse medical
                                                      treatment




                                                   Tony will not get
       Tony will get a token
                               Tony hits a nurse    a token within
        within 30 minutes
                                                     30 minutes




       Tony does not fear
                                                   Tony fears losing
           losing the
                               Tony hits a nurse    the opportunity
         opportunity for
                                                      for a token
             a token




A. It’s designed to increase performance
B. It’s designed to decrease performance
Is this PM contingency designed to increase or decrease
           The PM contingency is an analog to
      Tony’s hitting?
         penalty. Tony will lose the opportunity
         for a token if he hits a nurse. So this   Tony has
         should decrease the frequency that he infinitesimally
        Tony has good
                               Tony hits a nurse
       medical treatment hits nurses.            worse medical
                                                      treatment




                                                   Tony will not get
       Tony will get a token
                               Tony hits a nurse    a token within
        within 30 minutes
                                                     30 minutes




       Tony does not fear
                                                   Tony fears losing
           losing the
                               Tony hits a nurse    the opportunity
         opportunity for
                                                      for a token
             a token




A. It’s designed to increase performance                               Back to
                                                                       the
B. It’s designed to decrease performance                               question!
Is this PM contingency designed to increase or decrease
      Tony’s hitting? is an analog to
       Good! The PM
       penalty, so Tony’s hitting the
         nurses should decrease.                  Tony has
        Tony has good                               infinitesimally
                               Tony hits a nurse
       medical treatment                            worse medical
                                                      treatment




                                                   Tony will not get
       Tony will get a token
                               Tony hits a nurse    a token within
        within 30 minutes
                                                     30 minutes




       Tony does not fear
                                                   Tony fears losing
           losing the
                               Tony hits a nurse    the opportunity
         opportunity for
                                                      for a token
             a token




A. It’s designed to increase performance
B. It’s designed to decrease performance
What kind of contingency is this?
            Before        Behavior      After


          Tony does                     Tony fears
                          Tony hits a
        not fear losing                  losing a
                            nurse
           a token                         token




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
D. Punishment
What kind of contingency the behavior.the outcome
                     immediately follows is this? And Tony’s
                     Oops! It’s not an analog because

                              fear (an aversive condition) follows the
            Before        Behavior
                               response, so After be punishment.
                                            it would


          Tony does                           Tony fears
                          Tony hits a
        not fear losing                        losing a
                            nurse
           a token                               token




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
                                                               Back to
                                                               the
D. Punishment                                                  question!
What kind of contingencyCareful! The outcome
                                is this?
                              immediately follows the
                                        response, so it is a punishment
            Before        Behavior        After
                                          contingency, not an analog.


          Tony does                        Tony fears
                          Tony hits a
        not fear losing                     losing a
                            nurse
           a token                            token




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
                                                             Back to
                                                             the
D. Punishment                                                question!
What kind of contingency But inaversive condition
                        No. In escape, an this?
                         is removed.
                                     is this contingency
                                        an aversive condition (fear) is
            Before        Behavior             After
                                                  presented.


          Tony does                             Tony fears
                          Tony hits a
        not fear losing                          losing a
                            nurse
           a token                                 token




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
                                                                  Back to
                                                                  the
D. Punishment                                                     question!
What kind of contingency fear this? on
                         Right!!! The is is contingent
                                  Tony’s hitting. The fear should
            Before        Behavior punish After behavior.
                                           the hitting



          Tony does                          Tony fears
                          Tony hits a
        not fear losing                       losing a
                            nurse
           a token                              token




A. Analog to avoidance
B. Analog to penalty/punishment
C. Escape
D. Punishment

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Theoretical

  • 1. Since you understand the PM contingency, we now need to explain why that contingency is effective in controlling behavior. That brings us to: The Theoretical Contingency Estimated Time: 15 min.
  • 2. First we have to determine whether or not we even need the theoretical contingency…
  • 3. If the outcome for the PM contingency is delayed by more than 60 seconds, it means that it is indirect-acting. But behavior is controlled by direct-acting contingencies… So if the PM contingency is indirect-acting, we need to add a direct-acting theoretical contingency to directly control the behavior.
  • 4. Paul is a waiter at Old Peninsula Brew Pub. His manager is trying to get the wait staff to suggest appetizer and drink items to up- sell to customers. At the end of the day, if Paul’s sales printout shows at least 25% total sales in appetizers and drinks sales, Paul will get a $5 bonus from his manager.
  • 5. Before Behavior After Paul will not Paul will receive a $5 Paul up-sells receive a $5 bonus at the one item bonus at the end of the day end of the day This contingency is Indirect-Acting, because Paul will not receive his bonus until the end of the day. This means we DO need the Theoretical Contingency. Now let’s see what that looks like…
  • 6. Ineffective Natural Contingency Paul has Paul has given Paul up-sells one Infinitesimally level of daily sales item higher daily sales Performance Management Contingency Paul will lose Paul will not lose opportunity for a $5 Paul up-sells one opportunity for a $5 bonus at the end of item bonus at the end of the day the day Direct-Acting Theoretical Contingency Paul does not fear Paul fears loss of loss of opportunity for a Paul up-sells one opportunity for a $5 bonus at the item $5 bonus at the end of the day end of the day
  • 7. What kind of contingency is this? Before Behavior After No Lauren sings Applause applause from her solo from voice teacher perfectly voice teacher A. Direct-acting B. Indirect-acting
  • 8. What kind of contingency is this? Before Behavior After No Lauren sings Applause applause from her solo from voice teacher perfectly voice teacher No. Lauren’s teacher immediately applauds her good performance. There isn’t any delay, so this is direct-acting. A. Direct-acting Back to the B. Indirect-acting question!
  • 9. What kind of contingency is this? Before Behavior After No Lauren sings Applause applause from her solo from voice teacher perfectly voice teacher You’re exactly right! Lauren’s voice teacher applauds immediately after her performance, so this contingency is direct-acting. A. Direct-acting B. Indirect-acting
  • 10. Well then, do we need a theoretical contingency for this example? Before Behavior After No Lauren sings Applause applause from her solo from voice teacher perfectly voice teacher A. Yes B. No
  • 11. Well then, do we need a theoretical contingency for this example? Before Behavior After No Lauren sings Applause applause from her solo from voice teacher perfectly voice teacher Careful! This contingency is direct-acting. And when the PM contingency is direct-acting, we don’t need a theoretical contingency. A. Yes Back to the B. No question!
  • 12. Well then, do we need a theoretical contingency for this example? Before Behavior After No Lauren sings Applause applause from her solo from voice teacher perfectly voice teacher Yup! No theoretical contingency is needed because the applause directly reinforces Lauren’s behavior. A. Yes B. No
  • 13. We know that only direct-acting contingencies control behavior; that’s why we need the theoretical contingency to explain the indirect-acting PM contingency. We need the contingency to pass the Direct-Acting Test; that is, the outcome must be immediate to make it effective
  • 14. What kind of contingency is this? Before Behavior After You fear You do not fear You start getting a bad getting a to study grade bad grade A. Direct-acting B. Indirect-acting
  • 15. What kind of contingency is this? Before Behavior After You fear You do not fear You start getting a bad getting a to study grade bad grade This is a DIRECT-ACTING contingency. When you start to study the fear of a bad grade is immediately terminated (or reduced). So it’s immediate, sizable, and probable. A. Direct-acting Back to the B. Indirect-acting question!
  • 16. What kind of contingency is this? Before Behavior After You fear You do not fear You start getting a bad getting a to study grade bad grade Very good!!! The outcome is immediate, sizable, and probable, so this contingency is direct- acting! A. Direct-acting B. Indirect-acting
  • 17. Next question: The Inferred Test Is the contingency inferred or observable? We should be talking about something we can’t see (like fear or guilt) as opposed to something we can see (like a toy, token, or grade)
  • 18. Is this contingency inferred? Before Behavior After You fear You do not fear You start getting a bad getting a to study grade bad grade A. Yes B. No
  • 19. Is this contingency inferred? Before Behavior After You fear You do not fear You start getting a bad getting a to study grade bad grade Hmm…think about it a little longer. Can you see “fear?” If not, it is inferred. A. Yes Back to the B. No question!
  • 20. Is this contingency inferred? Before Behavior After You fear You do not fear You start getting a bad getting a to study grade bad grade Right!!! It is inferred because we can’t directly see “fear” and “no fear”. A. Yes B. No
  • 21. How about this one…is this contingency inferred or observable? Before Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow A. Observable B. Inferred
  • 22. How about this one…is this contingency inferred or observable? Before Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow This contingency is OBSERVABLE, because we can see it. We can look at the bad grade. A. Observable Back to the B. Inferred question!
  • 23. How about this one…is this contingency inferred or observable? Before Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow Yup! We can see the bad grade. So this contingency is observable. A. Observable B. Inferred
  • 24. Is this contingency a theoretical contingency? Before Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow A. Yes B. No
  • 25. We know that this Is this contingency a theoretical contingency is NOT inferred, and the outcome contingency? is NOT immediate. So it can’t be a theoretical Before contingency. Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow A. Yes Back to the B. No question!
  • 26. You’re right! Since it is NOT inferred and the outcome is Is this contingency a theoretical NOT immediate, it is not a contingency? theoretical contingency. Before Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow A. Yes B. No
  • 27. What type of contingency is it? Before Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow A. Ineffective natural contingency B. Performance-Management contingency
  • 28. Remember that to be the ineffective What type of contingency is it? natural contingency, the outcome must be small or improbable. And it CAN’T be planned or added. Look at this outcome again, and see if it passes these tests. Before Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow A. Ineffective natural contingency Back to the B. Performance-Management contingency question!
  • 29. What type of contingency is it? That’s right!! It’s a performance- management contingency!!! Before Behavior After You will get a You will not bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow A. Ineffective natural contingency B. Performance-Management contingency
  • 30. Now we need the contingency to pass the Linked to PM Test The theoretical contingency should be linked to the performance management contingency, not the ineffective natural contingency
  • 31. You have You have You start infinitesimally given level to study greater of knowledge knowledge These These SHOULD ARE ALWAYS NEVER BE You will get a You will not linked. linked. bad grade You start get a bad on the test to study grade on the tomorrow test tomorrow You fear You do not getting a fear getting bad grade You start a bad grade on the to study on the test test tomorrow tomorrow
  • 32. Is the theoretical contingency in this example linked to the PM contingency? Julie has Julie has given Julie practices infinitesimally level of hard greater swimming swimming ability ability Julie will lose Julie will not lose opportunity to Julie practices opportunity to listen listen to music hard to music at at next practice next practice Julie does not Julie fears loss of Julie practices fear loss of opportunity to listen hard opportunity to to music listen to music A. Yes B. No
  • 33. Is the theoretical contingency in this example linked to the PM contingency? Julie has Julie has given Julie practices infinitesimally level of hard greater swimming swimming ability ability Julie will lose Julie will not lose opportunity to Julie practices opportunity to listen listen to music hard to music at at next practice next practice Julie does not Julie fears loss of Julie practices fear loss of opportunity to listen hard opportunity to to music listen to music The theoretical contingency IS linked to the PM contingency in this example. Julie fears the loss of the opportunity to listen to music, which is part of the PM contingency. A. Yes Back to the B. No question!
  • 34. Is the theoretical contingency in this example linked to the PM contingency? Julie has Julie has given Julie practices infinitesimally level of hard greater swimming swimming ability ability Julie will lose Julie will not lose opportunity to Julie practices opportunity to listen listen to music hard to music at at next practice next practice Julie does not Julie fears loss of Julie practices fear loss of opportunity to listen hard opportunity to to music listen to music Great! Julie’s fear of the lost opportunity for music is linked to the PM contingency – the opportunity for music. A. Yes B. No
  • 35. Which contingency is the theoretical contingency linked to in this example? Mary has Mary has given Mary practices infinitesimally level of piano for 30 minutes greater piano playing ability playing ability Mary will lose Mary will not lose opportunity for Mary practices for opportunity for discount on next 30 minutes discount on piano lesson next piano lesson Mary fears losing Mary does not the opportunity Mary practices for fear losing the to increase her 30 minutes opportunity to ability increase her ability A. It’s linked to the PM contingency B. It’s linked to the natural contingency
  • 36. Which contingency is the theoretical contingency linked to in this example? This time, the theoretical Mary has given contingency is linked to infinitesimally Mary practices the has Mary level of piano natural minutes for 30 contingency. But it piano greater should be linked to the playing ability PM playing ability contingency. Mary will lose Mary will not lose opportunity for Mary practices for opportunity for discount on next 30 minutes discount on piano lesson next piano lesson Mary fears losing Mary does not the opportunity Mary practices for fear losing the to increase her 30 minutes opportunity to ability increase her ability A. It’s linked to the PM contingency Back to the B. It’s linked to the natural contingency question!
  • 37. Which contingency is the theoretical contingency linked to in this example? Mary has Mary has given Mary practices infinitesimally level of piano for 30 minutes greater piano playing ability playing ability Mary will lose Mary will not lose opportunity for Mary practices for opportunity for discount on next 30 minutes discount on piano lesson next piano lesson Right. This time the theoretical contingency is linked to the Mary fears losing Mary does not the opportunity Mary practices for fear losing the to increase her 30 minutes natural contingency. But it opportunity to ability SHOULDher ability to the PM increase be linked contingency. A. It’s linked to the PM contingency B. It’s linked to the natural contingency
  • 38. Is the theoretical contingency correct in this example? Mary has Mary has given Mary practices infinitesimally level of piano for 30 minutes greater piano playing ability playing ability Mary will lose Mary will not lose opportunity for Mary practices for opportunity for discount on next 30 minutes discount on piano lesson next piano lesson Mary fears losing Mary does not the opportunity Mary practices for fear losing the to increase her 30 minutes opportunity to ability increase her ability A. Yes B. No
  • 39. Is the theoretical contingency correct in this example? Mary has Mary has given Mary practices infinitesimally level of piano for 30 minutes greater piano playing ability playing ability Mary will lose No. In this example, thenot lose Mary will opportunity for Mary practices for contingency is for theoretical opportunity discount on next 30 linked to the natural minutes discount on contingency. It SHOULD lesson piano lesson next piano be linked to the PM contingency. So this Mary fears losing example is incorrect. does not Mary the opportunity Mary practices for fear losing the to increase her 30 minutes opportunity to ability increase her ability A. Yes Back to the B. No question!
  • 40. Is the theoretical contingency correct in this example? Mary has Mary has given Mary practices infinitesimally level of piano for 30 minutes greater piano playing ability playing ability Mary will lose Mary will not lose opportunity for You got it! The theoretical for Mary practices for opportunity discount on next 30 minutes discount on piano lesson contingency is linked to thelesson next piano natural contingency. It SHOULD be linked to the PM contingency. So this Mary fears losing Mary does not the opportunity example is incorrect. Mary practices for fear losing the to increase her 30 minutes opportunity to ability increase her ability A. Yes B. No
  • 41. Here’s another rule, The Escape Contingency Test: If the PM contingency is designed to increase or maintain performance, the theoretical contingency should be an escape contingency.
  • 42. In this example, is the PM contingency designed to increase or maintain performance? Mary has Mary has given Mary practices infinitesimally level of piano for 30 minutes greater piano playing ability playing ability Mary will lose Mary will not lose opportunity for Mary practices for opportunity for discount on next 30 minutes discount on piano lesson next piano lesson Mary does not Mary fears losing Mary practices for fear losing the the opportunity 30 minutes opportunity for for a discount a discount A. Yes B. No
  • 43. In this example, is the PM contingency designed to increase or maintain performance? It IS designed to increase or maintain Mary has Mary has given performance. If Mary practicesinfinitesimally level of piano Mary practices she will NOT lose the opportunity for a discount. playing ability for 30 minutes greater piano playing ability Try it again. Mary will lose Mary will not lose opportunity for Mary practices for opportunity for discount on next 30 minutes discount on piano lesson next piano lesson Mary does not Mary fears losing Mary practices for fear losing the the opportunity 30 minutes opportunity for for a discount a discount A. Yes Back to the B. No question!
  • 44. In this example, is the PM contingency designed to increase or maintain performance? Very good. It’s an analog to avoidance. Mary avoids losing the Mary has given opportunity for a discount by Mary has Mary practices infinitesimally level of piano practicing for 30 minutes. piano for 30 minutes greater playing ability playing ability Mary will lose Mary will not lose opportunity for Mary practices for opportunity for discount on next 30 minutes discount on piano lesson next piano lesson Mary does not Mary fears losing Mary practices for fear losing the the opportunity 30 minutes opportunity for for a discount a discount A. Yes B. No
  • 45. What kind of contingency is the theoretical contingency? Before Behavior After Mary fears Mary does not losing discount Mary practices fear losing on next for 30 minutes discount on lesson next lesson A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape D. Penalty/Punishment
  • 46. What kind of iscan’t be an analog, because the outcome contingency avoidance, No. This immediate. Also, in is the theoreticalcontingency isn’t contacted as long as the contingency? the organism does the behavior. But Mary already has fear in the Before condition. Before Behavior After Mary fears Mary does not losing discount Mary practices fear losing on next for 30 minutes discount on lesson next lesson A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape Back to the D. Penalty/Punishment question!
  • 47. No. First, it is NOT an What kind of contingency is the analog, because there is not delay between the behavior theoretical contingency? and the consequence. Also, the fear is removed, not Behavior Before Behavior presented. Can you figure it After out? Mary fears Mary does not losing discount Mary practices fear losing on next for 30 minutes discount on lesson next lesson A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape Back to the D. Penalty/Punishment question!
  • 48. What kind of No. In this contingency, the aversive contingency is the condition (fear) is REMOVED contingent theoretical contingency? about it again! on practicing. Think Behavior Before BehaviorAfter After Mary fears Mary does not losing discount Mary practices fear losing on next for 30 minutes discount on lesson next lesson A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape Back to the D. Penalty/Punishment question!
  • 49. What kind of contingencyisis escape That’s right, this an the contingency! The outcome is immediate, theoretical contingency? in the before and the fear present condition is removed in the after Before Behavior condition! After Mary fears Mary does not losing discount Mary practices fear losing on next for 30 minutes discount on lesson next lesson A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape D. Penalty/Punishment
  • 50. There is just one more test to put the Theoretical Contingency through, the Punishment Contingency Test If the PM contingency is designed to decrease performance, the theoretical contingency should be a punishment contingency
  • 51. Is this PM contingency designed to increase or decrease Tony’s hitting? Tony has Tony has good infinitesimally Tony hits a nurse medical treatment worse medical treatment Tony will not get Tony will get a token Tony hits a nurse a token within within 30 minutes 30 minutes Tony does not fear Tony fears losing losing the Tony hits a nurse the opportunity opportunity for for a token a token A. It’s designed to increase performance B. It’s designed to decrease performance
  • 52. Is this PM contingency designed to increase or decrease The PM contingency is an analog to Tony’s hitting? penalty. Tony will lose the opportunity for a token if he hits a nurse. So this Tony has should decrease the frequency that he infinitesimally Tony has good Tony hits a nurse medical treatment hits nurses. worse medical treatment Tony will not get Tony will get a token Tony hits a nurse a token within within 30 minutes 30 minutes Tony does not fear Tony fears losing losing the Tony hits a nurse the opportunity opportunity for for a token a token A. It’s designed to increase performance Back to the B. It’s designed to decrease performance question!
  • 53. Is this PM contingency designed to increase or decrease Tony’s hitting? is an analog to Good! The PM penalty, so Tony’s hitting the nurses should decrease. Tony has Tony has good infinitesimally Tony hits a nurse medical treatment worse medical treatment Tony will not get Tony will get a token Tony hits a nurse a token within within 30 minutes 30 minutes Tony does not fear Tony fears losing losing the Tony hits a nurse the opportunity opportunity for for a token a token A. It’s designed to increase performance B. It’s designed to decrease performance
  • 54. What kind of contingency is this? Before Behavior After Tony does Tony fears Tony hits a not fear losing losing a nurse a token token A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape D. Punishment
  • 55. What kind of contingency the behavior.the outcome immediately follows is this? And Tony’s Oops! It’s not an analog because fear (an aversive condition) follows the Before Behavior response, so After be punishment. it would Tony does Tony fears Tony hits a not fear losing losing a nurse a token token A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape Back to the D. Punishment question!
  • 56. What kind of contingencyCareful! The outcome is this? immediately follows the response, so it is a punishment Before Behavior After contingency, not an analog. Tony does Tony fears Tony hits a not fear losing losing a nurse a token token A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape Back to the D. Punishment question!
  • 57. What kind of contingency But inaversive condition No. In escape, an this? is removed. is this contingency an aversive condition (fear) is Before Behavior After presented. Tony does Tony fears Tony hits a not fear losing losing a nurse a token token A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape Back to the D. Punishment question!
  • 58. What kind of contingency fear this? on Right!!! The is is contingent Tony’s hitting. The fear should Before Behavior punish After behavior. the hitting Tony does Tony fears Tony hits a not fear losing losing a nurse a token token A. Analog to avoidance B. Analog to penalty/punishment C. Escape D. Punishment