Primary Source Pack: Hopes of Israel

Primary Source Pack: The Hope of Israel Encountering the New Testament SBTC
The Hope of Israel
1) Return from Exile
(Based on Deut. 30:1-10)
Isa. 49.5-6, 22-26; 56:8; 60:4, 9; 66:20
Jer. 3:18; 31:10; Ezek. 34.12-16; 36:24-28;
37:21-23; 39:27
Zeph. 3:20; Zech. 8:7-8
Tobit 14:3-7
3 And when he was dying he called Tobias his
son, and charged him, saying, Child take thy
children; and go into Media, 4for I believe the
word of God upon Nineveh, which Nahum spake,
that all those things will be, and will befall Assyria
and Nineveh. And all the things which the
prophets of Israel spake, whom God sent, shall
befall; and nothing shall be minished of all the
words; and all things shall come to pass in their
seasons. And in Media shall be deliverance more
than among the Assyrians and in Babylon;
wherefore I know and believe that all the things
which God hath spoken will be accomplished and
will be, and there will not fall to the ground a
word of the prophecies. And as for our brethren
which dwell in the land of Israel, against all of
them will God devise evils, and they will be
carried captive from the goodly land, and all the
land of Israel will be desolate, and Samaria and
Jerusalem will be desolate, 5and the house of
God will be in grief and be burned up for a time;
and God will again have mercy on them, and
God will bring them back into the land of Israel,
and they will again build the house, but not like
the first, until the time when the time of the
seasons be fulfilled; and afterward they will
return, all of them, from their captivity, and build
up Jerusalem with honour, and the house of God
shall be builded in her, even as the prophets of
Israel spake concerning her. 6And all the nations
which are in the whole earth, all shall turn and
fear God truly, and all shall leave their idols, who
err after their false error. 7And they shall bless
the everlasting God in righteousness. All the
children of Israel that are delivered in those days,
remembering God in truth, shall be gathered
together and come to Jerusalem and shall dwell
for ever in the land of Abraham with security, and
it shall be given over to them; and they that love
God in truth shall rejoice, and they that do sin
and shall cease from all the earth.1
Sirach 36:1–13
1 Save us, O God of all, 2 And cast Thy fear upon
all the nations. 3 Shake Thy hand against the
strange people, And let them see Thy power. 4 As
Thou hast sanctified Thyself in us before them,
So glorify Thyselfin them before us; 5 That they
may know, as we also know, That there is none
other God but Thee. 6 Renew the signs, and
repeat the wonders, Make Hand and Right Arm
glorious. 7 Waken indignation and pour out wrath,
Subdue the foe and expel the enemy. 8 Hasten
the ‘end’ and ordain the ‘appointed time’, For
who may say to Thee: What doest Thou? 9 Let
him that escapeth be devoured in the glowing
fire, And may Thy people’s wrongers find
destruction! 10 Make an end of the head of the
enemy’s princes That saith: There is none beside
me! 11a Gather all the tribes of Jacob,
Baruch 4:36–37
36 O Jerusalem, look about thee toward the east,
And behold the joy that cometh unto thee from
God. 37 Lo, thy sons come, whom thou sentest
away, They come gathered together from the
east to the west [at the word of the Holy One],
Rejoicing in the glory of God.
2 Maccabees 1:27–29 (Apocrypha of the
Old Testament)
27 Gather together our dispersion, set at liberty
them that are in bondage among the heathen,
look upon them that are despised and abhorred,
and let the heathen know that thou art our God.
28 Torment them that oppress us and in
arrogancy shamefully treat us. 29 Plant thy
people in thy holy place, even as Moses said.
i Apocrypha of the Old Testament ( ed. Robert Henry Charles;Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 1 2004), Tob 14:3–7.
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1 Enoch 90:33-36
All those which have been destroyed and
dispersed, and all the beasts of the field and the
birds of the sky were gathered together in that
house; and the Lord of the sheep rejoiced with
great joy because they had all become gentle
and returned to his house. 34 I went on seeing
until they had laid down that sword which was
given to the sheep; they returned it to the house
and sealed it in the presence of the Lord. All the
sheep were invited to that house but it could not
contain them (all). 35 The eyes of all of them were
opened, and they saw the beautiful things; not a
single one existed among them that could not
see. 36 Also I noticed that the house was large,
wide, and exceedingly full.2
Jubilees 1:15-18
And afterward they will turn to me from among
the nations with all their heart and with all their
soul and with all their might. And I shall gather
them from the midst of all the nations. And they
will seek me so that I might be found by them.
When they seek me with all their heart and with
all their soul, I shall reveal to them an abundance
of peace in righteousness. 16* And with all my
heart and with all my soul I shall transplant them
as a righteous plant. And they will be a blessing
and not a curse. And they will be the head and
not the tail. 17* And I shall build my sanctuary in
their midst, and I shall dwell with them. And I
shall be their God and they will be my people
truly and rightly. 18* And I shall not forsake them,
and I shall not be alienated from the because I
am the Lord their God.”3
Psalms of Solomon 11:1-9
1* Lord, you are our king forevermore,
for in you, O God, does our soul take pride.
2 How long is the time of a person’s life on the
earth? As is his time, so also is his hope in him.
3* But we hope in God our savior, for the strength
of our God is forever with mercy. And the
kingdom of our God is forever over the nations in
judgment. 4Lord, you chose David to be king over
Israel, and swore to him about his descendants
forever, that his kingdom should not fail before
you. 5 But (because of) our sins, sinners rose up
against us, they set upon us and drove us out.
Those to whom you did not (make the) promise,
they took away (from us) by force;
and they did not glorify your honorable name.
6 With pomp they set up a monarchy because of
their arrogance; they despoiled the throne of
David with arrogant shouting. 7* But you, O God,
overthrew them, and uprooted their
descendants from the earth,
for there rose up against them a man alien to our
race. 8* You rewarded them, O God, according to
their sins; it happened to them according to their
actions. 9 According to their actions, God showed
no mercy to them; he hunted down their
descendants, and did not let even one of them
go. 4
11Q19 [Temple] Col. lix[59] (= 4Q524 6 -
13)
1 […] … […]
2 they shall disband them over many lands and
they shall be the[re] a byword and a gibe, and
under a heavy yoke,
3 and under lack of everything; and there they
shall worship gods made by the hands of man,
(of) wood and stone, silver
4 and gold. And during all this, their cities shall
become a waste, and a mockery and a ruin; and
5 their enemies shall be appalled at them. And
they themselves, in the lands of their enemies,
shall sigh 6 and scream under a heavy yoke; and
they shall call but I shall not listen, they shall
shout but I shall not reply 7 to them, because of
the evil of their deeds. And I will hide my face
from them; and they shall be fodder
James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 2 1983), 1 En 90:33–36.
3 James H. Charlesworth, vol. 2, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament, Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" and Legends, Wisdom,
and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1985), 53.
4 James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament, Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" and Legends, Wisdom, and
Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1985), Ps Sol 17.
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8 and prey and spoil, and no-one will save them
because of their wickedness - for they broke my
covenant 9 and their soul loathed my law, so that
they became guilty of all wrong-doing. Afterwards
they shall come back 10 to me with all their heart
and with all their soul, in agreement with all the
words of this law 11 and I will save them from the
hand of their enemies and redeem them from the
hand of those who hate them, and bring them
12 into the land of their fathers, and I shall
redeem them, and multiply them, and rejoice in
them. 13 And I shall be their God and they shall
be my people. Blank And the king who
14 prostitutes his heart and his eyes (removing
them) from my commandments, shall have no-one
who will sit on the throne
15 of his fathers, never, because I shall prevent
for ever his descendants from governing again in
Israel. 16 Blank But if he walks according to my
precepts and keeps my commandments and
does 17 what is right and good before me, he
shall not lack one of his sons to sit on the throne
of the kingdom of 18 Israel for ever. And I shall
be with him and free him from the hand of those
who hate him and from the hand of 19 those who
seek to destroy his life; and I shall give to him all
his enemies and he shall rule them 20 at his will
but they shall not rule him. And I shall place him
above and not below, at the head 21 and not at
the tail, and he will extend his kingdom for many
days, he and his sons after him.5
Testament of Levi 16:5
5 You shall have no place that is clean, but you
will be as a curse and a dispersion among the
nations until he will again have regard for you,
and will take you back in compassion.6
Testament of Judah 23
1 “My grief is great, my children, on account of
the licentiousness and witchcraft and idolatry that
you practice contrary to the kingship, following
ventriloquists, omen dispensers, and demons of
deceit. 2 You shall make your daughters into
musicians and common women, and you will
become involved in revolting gentile affairs. 3 In
response to this the Lord will bring you famine
and plague, death and the sword, punishment by
a siege, scattering by enemies like dogs, the
scorn of friends, destruction and putrefaction of
your eyes, slaughter of infants, the plunder of
your sustenance, the rape of your possessions,
consumption of God’s sanctuary by fire, a
desolate land, and yourselves enslaved by the
gentiles. 4 And they shall s castrate some of you
as eunuchs for their wives, 5 until you return to
the Lord in integrity of heart, penitent and living
according to all the Lord’s commands. Then the
Lord will be concerned for you in mercy and will
free you from captivity under your enemies.7
Testament of Dan. 5
7 “My sons will draw close to Levi,
will participate with them in all manner of sins;
and with the sons of Judah they will share in
greed,
like lions snatching what belongs to others.
8 Accordingly you will be led off with them into
captivity;
there you will receive all the plagues of Egypt,
and all the evils of the gentiles.
9 Therefore when you turn back to the Lord, you
will receive mercy,
and he will lead you into his holy place,
proclaiming peace to you.
10 And there shall arise for you from the tribe of
Judah and (the tribe of) Levi the Lord’s salvation.
He will make war against Beliar;
he will grant the vengeance of victory as our
goal.11 And he shall take from Beliar the captives,
the souls of the saints;and he shall turn the
hearts of the disobedient ones to the Lord,
and grant eternal peace to those who call upon
him.12 And the saints shall refresh themselves in
Eden;the righteous shall rejoice in the New
Jerusalem,which shall be eternally for the
glorification of God.13 And Jerusalem shall no
longer undergo desolation,nor shall Israel be led
into captivity,because the Lord will be in her
midst [living among human beings].The Holy One
of Israel will rule over them in humility and
5 Florentino Garcıá Martıńez and Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, vol. 2, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Translations) (Leiden; New York: Brill, 1997-1998), 1281.
6 James H. Charlesworth, vol. 1, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), 794.
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poverty,and he who trusts in him shall reign in
truth in the heavens.
2) Renewed and Abundant Prosperity
(Deut. 30:5,9)
Isaiah 32:14-20; 35:1-2; 44:3;
Ezek. 34:24-29; 36:29-30, 33-36;
Joel 2:18-26; 3:18
Amos 9:13-14
including removal of disabilities and defects Isa.
29:18; 35:5-6; 42:7,18
1 Enoch 10-11
12* And when they and all their children have
battled with each other, and when they have
seen the destruction of their beloved ones, bind
them for seventy generations underneath the
rocks of the ground until the day of their
judgment and of their consummation, until the
eternal judgment is concluded. 13* In those days
they will lead them into the bottom of the fire—
and in torment—in the prison (where) they will be
locked up forever. 14 And at the time when they
will burn and die, those who collaborated with
them will be bound together with them from
henceforth unto the end of (all) generations.
15 And destroy all the souls of pleasure and the
children of the Watchers, for they have done
injustice to man. 16 Destroy injustice from the
face of the earth. And every iniquitous deed will
end, and the plant of righteousness and truth will
appear forever and he will plant joy. 17 And then
all the righteous ones will escape; and become
the living ones until they multiply and become
tens of hundreds; and all the days of their youth
and the years of their retirement they will
complete in peace. 18 And in those days the
whole earth will be worked in righteousness, all
of her planted with trees, and will find blessing.
19* And they shall plant pleasant trees upon her
—vines. And he who plants a vine upon her will
produce wine for plenitude. And every seed that
is sown on her, one measure will yield a
thousand (measures) and one measure of olives
will yield ten measures of presses of oil. 20 And
you cleanse the earth from all injustice, and from
all defilement, and from all oppression, and from
all sin, and from all iniquity which is being done
on earth; remove them from the earth. 21 And all
the children of the people will become righteous,
and all nations shall worship and bless me; and
they will all prostrate themselves to me. 22 And
the earth shall be cleansed from all pollution, and
from all sin, and from all plague, and from all
suffering; and it shall not happen again that I
shall send (these) upon the earth from
generation to generation and forever.* “And in
those days I shall open the storerooms of
blessing which are in the heavens, so that I shall
send them down upon the earth, over the work
and the toil of the children of man. 2* And peace
and truth shall become partners together in all
the days of the world, and in all the generations
of the world.”8
Sibylline Oracles 3:744-760
* When indeed this fated day also reaches its
consummation
and the judgment of immortal God comes upon
mortals,
a great judgment and dominion will come upon
men.
For the all-bearing earth will give the most
excellent unlimited fruit
745* to mortals, of grain, wine, and oil
and a delightful drink of sweet honey from
heaven,
trees, fruit of the top branches, and rich flocks
and herds and lambs of sheep and kids of goats.
And it will break forth sweet fountains of white
milk.
750* The cities will be full of good things and the
fields will
be rich. There will be no sword on earth or din of
battle,
and the earth will no longer be shaken, groaning
deeply.
There will no longer be war or drought on earth,
no famine or hail, damaging to fruits,
755 but there will be great peace throughout the
whole earth.
King will be friend to king to the end of the age.
The Immortal in the starry heaven will put in
effect
a common law for men throughout the whole
earthfor all that is done among wretched mortals.
James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), 8 1 En 10:12–11:2.
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760* For he himself alone is God and there is no
other,and he himself will burn with fire a race of
grievous men.9
2 Baruch 29:1-8
That which will happen at that time bears upon
the whole earth. Therefore, all who live will notice
it. 2* For at that time I shall only protect those
found in this land at that time. 3* And it will
happen that when all that which should come to
pass in these parts has been accomplished, the
Anointed One will begin to be revealed. 4 And
Behemoth will reveal itself from its place, and
Leviathan will come from the sea, the two great
monsters which I created on the fifth day of
creation and which I shall have kept until that
time. And they will be nourishment for all who are
left. 5 The earth will also yield fruits ten
thousandfold. And on one vine will be a thousand
branches, and one branch will produce a
thousand clusters, and one cluster will produce a
thousand grapes, and one grape will produce a
cor of wine. 6 And those who are hungry will
enjoy themselves and they will, moreover, see
marvels every day. 7* For winds will go out in
front of me every morning to bring the fragrance
of aromatic fruits and clouds at the end of the
day to distill the dew of health. 8* And it will
happen at that time that the treasury of manna
will come down again from on high, and they will
eat of it in those years because these are they
who will have arrived at the consummation of
time.10
3) Messianic Figure or Divine Agent
Isa. 11:2-3; 11:1-16, Isa. 9:1-7;
Jer. 23:5-6; 33:14-26
Ezek. 34:24; 37:25
Hag. 2:23
Zech. 3:8; 6:12
Psalms of Solomon 17:21-46
21* See, Lord, and raise up for them their king,
the son of David, to rule over your servant Israel
in the time known to you, O God.
22* Undergird him with the strength to destroy the
unrighteous rulers,
to purge Jerusalem from gentiles
who trample her to destruction;
23* in wisdom and in righteousness to drive out
the sinners from the inheritance;
to smash the arrogance of sinners
like a potter’s jar;
24To shatter all their substance with an iron rod;
to destroy the unlawful nations with the word of
his mouth;
25* At his warning the nations will flee from his
presence;
and he will condemn sinners by the thoughts of
their hearts.
26* He will gather a holy people
whom he will lead in righteousness;
and he will judge the tribes of the people
that have been made holy by the Lord their God.
27* He will not tolerate unrighteousness (even) to
pause among them,
and any person who knows wickedness shall not
live with them.
For he shall know them
that they are all children of their God.
28* He will distribute them upon the land
according to their tribes;
the alien and the foreigner will no longer live near
them.
29* He will judge peoples and nations in the
wisdom of his righteousness. Pause.
30 And he will have gentile nations serving him
under his yoke,
and he will glorify the Lord in (a place) prominent
(above) the whole earth.
And he will purge Jerusalem
(and make it) holy as it was even from the
beginning,
31* (for) nations to come from the ends of the
earth to see his glory,
to bring as gifts her children who had been driven
out,
and to see the glory of the Lord
with which God has glorified her.
32* And he will be a righteous king over them,
taught by God.
There will be no unrighteousness among them in
his days,
for all shall be holy,
James H. Charlesworth, vol. 1, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University 9 Press, 1983), 378-79.
10 James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), 2 Bar 29:1–8.
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and their king shall be the Lord Messiah.
33 (for) he will not rely on horse and rider and
bow,
nor will he collect gold and silver for war.
Nor will he build up hope in a multitude for a day
of war.
34 The Lord himself is his king,
the hope of the one who has a strong hope in
God.
He shall be compassionate to all the nations
(who) reverently (stand) before him.
35* He will strike the earth with the word of his
mouth forever;
he will bless the Lord’s people with wisdom and
happiness.
36* And he himself (will be) free from sin, (in
order) to rule a great people.
He will expose officials and drive out sinners
by the strength of his word.
37* And he will not weaken in his days, (relying)
upon his God,
for God made him
powerful in the holy spirit
and wise in the counsel of understanding,
with strength and righteousness.
38 And the blessing of the Lord will be with him in
strength,
and he will not weaken;
39 His hope (will be) in the Lord.
Then who will succeed against him,
40 mighty in his actions
and strong in the fear of God?
Faithfully and righteously shepherding the Lord’s
flock, he will not let any of them stumble in their
pasture.
41 He will lead them all in holiness
and there will be no arrogance among them,
that any should be oppressed.
42 This is the beauty of the king of Israel
which God knew,
to raise him over the house of Israel
to discipline it.
43* His words will be purer than the finest gold,
the best.
He will judge the peoples in the assemblies,
the tribes of the sanctified.
His words will be as the words of the holy ones,
among sanctified peoples.
44* Blessed are those born in those days
to see the good fortune of Israel
which God will bring to pass in the assembly of
the tribes.
45 May God dispatch his mercy to Israel;
may he deliver us from the pollution of profane
enemies;
46* The Lord Himself is our king forevermore. 11
4Q174 (4QFlor) 4QFlorilegium
And as for what he said to David: 2 Sam 7:11 « I
[shall obtain] for you [rest] from all your enemies
»: (it refers to this,) that he will obtain for them
rest from a[ll]
8 the sons of Belial, those who make them fall, to
destroy th[em on account of] their [sins,] when
they come with the plan of [B]el[i]al to make the
s[ons of]
9 lig[ht] fall, and to plot against them wicked
plans so th[at] they [are] trapped by Belial
because of their gui[l]ty error. Blank
10 [And] yhwh [de]clares to you that 2 Sam
7:12-14 « he will build you a house. I will raise up
your seed after you and establish the throne of
his kingdom
11 [for ev]er. I will be a father to him and he will
be a son to me. » This (refers to the) « branch of
David », who will arise with the Interpreter of the
law who
12 [will rise up] in Zi[on in] the [l]ast days, as it is
written: Amos 9:11 « I will raise up the hut of
David which has fallen », This (refers to) « the
hut of
13 David which has fall[en », w]hich he will raise
upto save Israel. Blank 12
4 Ezra 13:29-38
29 Behold, the days are coming when the Most
High will deliver those who are on the earth.
30 And bewilderment of mind shall come over
those who dwell on the earth. 31* And they shall
plan to make war against one another, city
against city, place against place, people against
James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament, Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" and 11 Legends, Wisdom, and
Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1985), Ps Sol 17:21–
46.
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people, and kingdom against kingdom. 32 And
when these things come to pass and the signs
occur which I showed you before, then my son
will be revealed, whom you saw as a man
coming up from the sea. 33 And when all the
nations hear his voice, every man shall leave his
own land and the warfare that they have against
one another; 34* and an innumerable multitude
shall be gathered together, as you saw, desiring
to come and conquer him. 35, But he will stand on
the top of Mount Zion. 36 And Zion will come and
be made manifest to all people, prepared and
built, as you saw the mountain carved out without
hands. 37* And he, my Son, will reprove the
assembled nations for their ungodliness (this was
symbolized by the storm), 38 and will reproach
them to their face with their evil thoughts and
with the torments with which they are to be
tortured (which were symbolized by the flames);
and he will destroy them without effort by the law
(which was symbolized by the fire).13
Josephus Jewish War 6.312-315
(312) But now, what did most elevate them in
undertaking this war, was an ambiguous
oracle that was also found in their sacred
writings, how, “about that time, one from their
country should become governor of the habitable
earth.” (313) The Jews took this prediction to
belong to themselves in particular and many of
the wise men were thereby deceived in their
determination. Now, this oracle certainly denoted
the government of Vespasian, who was
appointed emperor in Judea. (314) However, it is
not possible for men to avoid fate, although they
see it beforehand. (315) But these men
interpreted some of these signals according to
their own pleasure; and some of them they
utterly despised, until their madness was
demonstrated, both by the taking of their city, and
their own destruction.14
4) Renewed Covenant,
Turning from Transgression, law
keeping and fresh outpouring of the
Spirit.
Isa. 44:3-4; 59:20-21;
Jer. 31:31-34;
Ezek. 36:25-29; 39:28-29;
Joel 2:28-3:1;
Zech. 14:16:21
Jubilees 1:19-26
19* And Moses fell upon his face, and he prayed
and said, “O Lord, my God, do not abandon your
people and your inheritance to walk in the error
of their heart. And do not deliver them into the
hand of their enemy, the gentiles, lest they rule
over them and cause them to sin against you.
20* “O Lord, let your mercy be lifted up upon your
people, and create for them an upright spirit. And
do not let the spirit of Beliar rule over them to
accuse them before you and ensnare them from
every path of righteousness so that they might be
destroyed from before your face. 21* But they are
your people and your inheritance, whom you
saved by your great might from the hand of the
Egyptians. Create a pure heart and a holy spirit
for them. And do not let them be ensnared by
their sin henceforth and forever.”
22* And the Lord said to Moses, “I know their
contrariness and their thoughts and their
stubbornness. And they will not obey until they
acknowledge their sin and the sins of their
fathers. 23* But after this they will return to me in
all uprighteousness and with all of (their) heart
and soul. And I shall cut off the foreskin of their
heart and the foreskin of the heart of their
descendants. And I shall create for them a holy
spirit, and I shall purify them so that they will not
turn away from following me from that day and
forever. 24* And their souls will cleave to me and
to all my commandments. And they will do my
commandments. And I shall be a father to them,
and they will be sons to me. 25 And they will all be
called ‘sons of the living God.’ And every angel
and spirit will know and acknowledge that they
James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 13 1983), 4 Ezr 13:29–38.
14 Flavius Josephus and William Whiston, The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1987).
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are my sons and I am their father in uprightness
and righteousness. And I shall love them. 15
5) Building of a New Temple
Ezekiel 47
Tobit 14:3-7
3 And when he was dying he called Tobias his
son, and charged him, saying, Child take thy
children; and go into Media, 4for I believe the
word of God upon Nineveh, which Nahum spake,
that all those things will be, and will befall Assyria
and Nineveh. And all the things which the
prophets of Israel spake, whom God sent, shall
befall; and nothing shall be minished of all the
words; and all things shall come to pass in their
seasons. And in Media shall be deliverance more
than among the Assyrians and in Babylon;
wherefore I know and believe that all the things
which God hath spoken will be accomplished and
will be, and there will not fall to the ground a
word of the prophecies. And as for our brethren
which dwell in the land of Israel, against all of
them will God devise evils, and they will be
carried captive from the goodly land, and all the
land of Israel will be desolate, and Samaria and
Jerusalem will be desolate, 5and the house of
God will be in grief and be burned up for a time;
and God will again have mercy on them, and
God will bring them back into the land of Israel,
and they will again build the house, but not like
the first, until the time when the time of the
seasons be fulfilled; and afterward they will
return, all of them, from their captivity, and build
up Jerusalem with honour, and the house of God
shall be builded in her, even as the prophets of
Israel spake concerning her. 6And all the nations
which are in the whole earth, all shall turn and
fear God truly, and all shall leave their idols, who
err after their false error. 7And they shall bless
the everlasting God in righteousness. All the
children of Israel that are delivered in those days,
remembering God in truth, shall be gathered
together and come to Jerusalem and shall dwell
for ever in the land of Abraham with security, and
it shall be given over to them; and they that love
God in truth shall rejoice, and they that do sin
and unrighteousness shall cease from all the
earth.16
Jubilees 1:15-18
And after this they will turn to Me from amongst
the Gentiles with all their heart and with all their
soul and with all their strength, and I will gather
them from amongst all the Gentiles, and they will
seek me, so that I shall be found of them, when
they seek me with all their heart and with all their
soul. 16 And I will disclose to them abounding
peace with righteousness, and I will †remove
them the plant of uprightness†, with all My heart
and with all My soul, and they shall be for a
blessing and not for a curse, and they shall be
the head and not the tail. 17 And I will build My
sanctuary in their midst, and I will dwell with
them, and I will be their God and they shall be
My people in truth and righteousness. 18 And I
will not forsake them nor fail them; for I am the
Lord their God.’17
1 Enoch 90:28-29
28 Then I stood still, looking at that ancient
house being transformed: All the pillars and all
the columns were pulled out; and the ornaments
of that house were packed and taken out
together with them and abandoned in a certain
place in the South of the land. 29 I went on
seeing until the Lord of the sheep brought about
a new house, greater and loftier than the first
one, and set it up in the first location which had
been covered up—all its pillars were new, the
columns new; and the ornaments new as well as
greater than those of the first, (that is) the old
(house) which was gone. All the sheep were
within it.
11Q19 (11Q Temple) 29:2-10
James H. Charlesworth, vol. 2, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament, Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" 15 and Legends, Wisdom,
and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1985), 53-54.
16 Apocrypha of the Old Testament ( ed. Robert Henry Charles;Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2004), Tob 14:3–7.
17 , vol. 2, Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament ( ed. Robert Henry Charles;Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2004), 12.
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2 These (are) […]
3 for burnt-offerings … […] In the house
4 upon which I [shall make] my name [reside …]
burnt-offerings, [day] after day, according to the
ruling of this regulation,
5 continually, from the children of Israel besides
their freewill offerings. All that they will offer,
6 all their vows and all their presents which they
bring me for th[eir] acceptance,
7 I shall accept them. They shall be for me a
people and I will be for them for ever; and I shall
dwell
8 with them for ever and always. I shall sanctify
my [te]mple with my glory, for I shall make my
glory reside
9 over it until the day of creation, when I shall
create my temple,
10 establishing it for myself for all days,
according to the covenant which I made with
Jacob at Bethel.18
Testament of Benjamin 9:2-3 [likely
amended by Christians editors]
But in your allotted place will be the temple of
God, and the latter temple will exceed the former
in glory. The twelve tribes shall be gathered there
and all the nations, until such time as the Most
High shall send forth his salvation through the
ministration of the unique prophet. 3* [He shall
enter the first temple, and there the Lord will be
abused and will be raised up on wood. And the
temple curtain shall be torn, and the spirit of God
will move on to all the nations as a fire is poured
out. And he shall ascend from Hades and shall
pass on from earth to heaven. I understand how
humble he will be on the earth, and how splendid
in heaven.]19
Sibylline Oracles 3.280-294
Therefore for seven decades of times all your
fruitful earth
and the wonders of the Temple will be desolate.
But a good end and very great glory await you
as immortal God decreed for you. But, you,
remain,
trusting in the holy laws of the great God,
285* whenever he may lift your wearied knee
upright to the light.
And then the heavenly God will send a king
and will judge each man in blood and the gleam
of fire.
There is a certain royal tribe whose race will
never stumble.
This too, as time pursues its cyclic course,
290* will reign, and it will begin to raise up a new
temple of God.All the kings of the Persians will
bring to their aid gold and bronze and much-wrought
iron.
For God himself will give a holy dream by night
and then indeed the temple will again be as it
was before.20
6) Return of YHWH to Zion
Is. 24.23; 25:9-10; 40:3-5, 9-10; 52:7-8; 59:20;
Ezek. 43:2-7;
Zech 2:10-12; 8:3; 14:4;
Mal 3:1;
Jubilees 1:26-28
27 And He said to the angel of the presence:
‘Write for Moses from the beginning of creation
till My sanctuary has been built among them for
all eternity. 28 And the Lord will appear to the
eyes of all, and all shall know that I am the God
of Israel and the Father of all the children of
Jacob, and King on Mount Zion for all eternity.
And Zion and Jerusalem shall be holy.’ 21
11Q19 (11Q Temple) 29:7-10
21 , vol. 2, Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament ( ed. Robert Henry Charles;Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2004), 13.
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7 I shall accept them. They shall be for me a
people and I will be for them for ever; and I shall
dwell
8 with them for ever and always. I shall sanctify
my [te]mple with my glory, for I shall make my
glory reside
9 over it until the day of creation, when I shall
create my temple,
10 establishing it for myself for all days,
according to the covenant which I made with
Jacob at Bethel.22
1 Enoch 1:3-9
3* And I took up with a parable (saying), “The
God of the universe, the Holy Great One, will
come forth from his dwelling. 4* And from there
he will march upon Mount Sinai and appear in his
camp emerging from heaven with a mighty
power.5* And everyone shall be afraid, and
Watchers shall quiver. And great fear and
trembling shall seize them unto the ends of the
earth. 6 Mountains and high places will fall down
and be frightened. And high hills shall be made
low; and they shall melt like a honeycomb before
the flame. 7 And earth shall be rent asunder; and
all that is upon the earth shall perish. And there
shall be a judgment upon all, (including) the
righteous. 8* And to all the righteous he will grant
peace. He will preserve the elect, and kindness
shall be upon them. They shall all belong to God
and they shall prosper and be blessed; and the
light of God shall shine unto them. 9* Behold, he
will arrive with ten million of the holy ones in
order to execute judgment upon all. He will
destroy the wicked ones and censure all flesh on
account of everything that they have done, that
which the sinners and the wicked ones
committed against him.”23
Assumption of Moses 10:1-7
10 1 “Then his kingdom will appear throughout his
whole creation.
Then the devil will have an end.
Yea, sorrow will be led away with him.
2 Then will be filled the hands of the messenger,
who is in the highest place appointed.
Yea, he will at once avenge them of their
enemies.
3* For the Heavenly One will arise from his kingly
throne.
Yea, he will go forth from his holy habitation
with indignation and wrath on behalf of his sons.
4 And the earth will tremble, even to its ends shall
it be shaken.
And the high mountains will be made low.
Yea, they will be shaken, as enclosed valleys will
they fall.
5 The sun will not give light.
And in darkness the horns of the moon will flee.
Yea, they will be broken in pieces.
It will be turned wholly into blood.
Yea, even the circle of the stars will be thrown
into disarray.
6 And the sea all the way to the abyss will retire,
to the sources of waters which fail.
Yea, the rivers will vanish away.
7 For God Most High will surge forth,
the Eternal One alone.
In full view will he come to work vengeance on
the nations.
Yea, all their idols will he destroy.24
7) Future of Nations (Blessing,
Pilgrimage, Worship YHWH)
Isa. 18:7; 45:14; 60:3-16; 61:5-6;
Hag. 2:7-9
Psalm 2:8-9;
Zeph. 2:9-11
1Q33 (1QM) 1 QWar Scroll
Col. i (= 4Q496 2 + 1)
1 For the Ins[tructor: The Rule of] the War. The
first attack by the sons of light will be launched
against the lot of the sons of darkness, against
the army of Belial, against the band of Edom and
of Moab and of the sons of Ammon
2 and […] Philistia, and against the bands of the
Kittim of Ashur, who are being helped by the
23 James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), 1 En 1:2–9.
24 James H. Charlesworth, vol. 1, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), 931-32.
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violators of the covenant. The sons of Levi, the
sons of Judah and the sons of Benjamin, the
exiled of the desert, will wage war against them.
3 […] against all their bands, when the exiled
sons of light return from the desert of the nations
to camp in the desert of Jerusalem. And after the
war, they shall go up from there
4 … […] of the Kittim in Egypt. And in his time, he
will go out with great rage to wage war against
the kings of the North, and his anger wants to
exterminate and cut off the horn of
5 I[srael. And th]is is a time of salvation for the
nation of God and a period of rule for all the men
of his lot, and of everlasting destruction for all the
lot of Belial. There will be
6 g[reat] panic [among] the sons of Japhet, Ashur
shall fall and there will be no help for him; the
rule of the Kittim will come to an end, wickedness
having been defeated, with no remnant
remaining, and there will be no escape
7 for [any of the sons] of darkness. Blank
8 And [the sons of jus]tice shall shine to all the
edges of the earth, they shall go on shining, up to
the end of all the periods of darkness; and in the
time of God, his exalted greatness will shine for
all the et[ernal] times,
9 for peace and blessing, glory and joy, and
length of days for all the sons of light. And on the
day on which the Kittim fall, there will be a battle,
and savage destruction before the God of
V 1, p 115 10 Israel, for this will be the day
determined by him since ancient times for the
war of extermination against the sons of
darkness. On this (day), the assembly of the
gods and the congregation of men shall confront
each other for great destruction.
11 The sons of light and the lot of darkness shall
battle together for God’s might, between the roar
of a huge multitude and the shout of gods and of
men, on the day of the calamity. 25
Sirach 36
Have mercy upon us, O God of all,
2 and put all the nations in fear of you.
3 Lift up your hand against foreign nations
and let them see your might.
4 As you have used us to show your
holiness to them,
so use them to show your glory to us.
5 Then they will know, as we have known,
that there is no God but you, O Lord.
6 Give new signs, and work other
wonders;
7 make your hand and right arm glorious.
8 Rouse your anger and pour out your
wrath;
9 destroy the adversary and wipe out the
enemy.
10 Hasten the day, and remember the
appointed time,
and let people recount your mighty deeds.
11 Let survivors be consumed in the fiery
wrath,
and may those who harm your people meet
destruction.
12 Crush the heads of hostile rulers
who say, “There is no one but ourselves.”
13 Gather all the tribes of Jacob,
16 and give them their inheritance, as at the
beginning.
17 Have mercy, O Lord, on the people
called by your name,
on Israel, whom you have named your firstborn,
18 Have pity on the city of your sanctuary,
Jerusalem, the place of your dwelling.
19 Fill Zion with your majesty,
and your temple with your glory.
20 Bear witness to those whom you created
in the beginning,
and fulfill the prophecies spoken in your name.
21 Reward those who wait for you
and let your prophets be found trustworthy.
22 Hear, O Lord, the prayer of your
servants, according to your goodwill toward your
people,
and all who are on the earth will know
that you are the Lord, the God of the ages. 26
Tobit 13:7-11
As for me, I exalt my God,
and my soul rejoices in the King of heaven.
8 Let all people speak of his majesty,
25 Florentino Garcıá Martıńez and Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, vol. 1, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Translations) (Leiden; New York: Brill, 1997-1998), 113-15.
26 The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1989), Sir 36:1–22.
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and acknowledge him in Jerusalem.
9 O Jerusalem, the holy city,
he afflicted you for the deeds of your hands,
but will again have mercy on the children of the
righteous.
10 Acknowledge the Lord, for he is good,
and bless the King of the ages,
so that his tent may be rebuilt in you in joy.
May he cheer all those within you who are
captives,
and love all those within you who are distressed,
to all generations forever. 11
A bright light will shine to all the ends of the
earth;
many nations will come to you from far away,
the inhabitants of the remotest parts of the earth
to your holy name,
bearing gifts in their hands for the King of
heaven.
Generation after generation will give joyful praise
in you;
the name of the chosen city will endure forever.
27
1 Enoch 10:21-22
And all the children of the people will become
righteous, and all nations shall worship and bless
me; and they will all prostrate themselves to me.
22 And the earth shall be cleansed from all
pollution, and from all sin, and from all plague,
and from all suffering; and it shall not happen
again that I shall send (these) upon the earth
from generation to generation and forever.28
8) Climactic Period of Tribulation/
Suffering
Dan. 12:1-2
Assumption of moses 10:3-6
throne.
it be shaken.
they fall.
into disarray.
4 Ezra 8:63- 9:9
Then I answered and said, 63 “Behold, O Lord,
you have now shown me a multitude of the signs
which you will do in the last times, but you have
not shown me when you will do them.”
9 1 He answered me and said, “Measure carefully
in your mind, and when you see that a certain
part of the predicted signs are past, 2 then you
will know that it is the very time when the Most
High is about to visit the world which he has
made. 3 So when there shall appear in the world
earthquakes, tumult of peoples, intrigues of
nations, wavering of leaders, confusion of
princes, 4 then you will know that it was of these
that the Most High spoke from the days that were
of old, from the beginning. 5 For just as with
everything that has occurred in the world, the
beginning is evident, and the end is manifest;
6 so also are the times of the Most High: The
beginnings are manifest in wonders and mighty
works, and the end in requital and signs. 7 And it
shall be that everyone who will be saved and will
be able to escape on account of his works, or on
account of the faith by which he has believed,
8 will survive the dangers that have been
predicted, and will see my salvation in my land
and within my borders, which I have sanctified for
myself from the beginning. 9 Then those who
have now abused my ways shall be amazed, and
those who have rejected them with contempt
shall dwell in torments.29
The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 27 1989), Tob 13:7–11.
29 James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), 4 Ezr 8:62–9:9.
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2 Baruch 26-27:15
And I answered and said:
That tribulation which will be will it last a long
time; and that distress, will it embrace many
years?1 And he answered and said to me:
That time will be divided into twelve parts, and
each part has been preserved for that for which it
was appointed. 2* In the first part: the beginning
of commotions. 3 In the second part: the
slaughtering of the great. 4 In the third part: the
fall of many into death. 5 In the fourth part: the
drawing of the sword. 6 In the fifth part: famine
and the withholding of rain. 7* In the sixth part:
earthquakes and terrors. 9 In the eighth part: a
multitude of ghosts and the appearances of
demons. 10 In the ninth part: the fall of fire. 11 In
the tenth part: rape and much violence. 12 In the
eleventh part: injustice and unchastity. 13* In the
twelth part: disorder and a mixture of all that has
been before. 14* These parts of that time will be
preserved and will be mixed, one with another,
and they will minister to each other. 15* For some
of these parts will withhold a part of themselves
and take from others and will accomplish that
which belongs to them and to others; hence,
those who live on earth in those days will not
understand that it is the end of times.30
Sibylline Oracles 3.795
* I will tell you a very clear sign, so that you may
know
when the end of all things comes to pass on
earth:
when swords are seen at night in starry heaven
toward evening and toward dawn,
800* and again dust is brought forth from heaven
upon the earth and all the light of the sun
is eclipsed in the middle from heaven, and the
rays
of the moon appear and return to the earth.
There will be a sign from the rocks, with blood
and drops of gore.
805* You will see a battle of infantry and cavalry in
the clouds,
like a hunt of wild beasts, like a mist.
This is the end of war which God, who inhabits
heaven, is accomplishing.
But all must sacrifice to the great king.31
9) Final Defeat of Satan
Isa. 24:12-14
Jubilees 5:3-11
3* And the Lord saw the earth, and behold it was
corrupted and all flesh had corrupted its order
and all who were on the earth had done every
sort of evil in his sight. 4 And he said, “I will wipe
out man and all flesh which I have created from
upon the surface of the earth.” 5 But Noah alone
found favor in the sight of the Lord.
6* And against his angels whom he had sent to
the earth he was very angry. He commanded that
they be uprooted from all their dominion. And he
told us to bind them in the depths of the earth,
and behold, they are bound in the midst of them,
and they are isolated. 7 And against their children
a word went forth from before his presence so
that he might smite them with the sword and
remove them from under heaven. 8 And he said,
“My spirit will not dwell upon man forever; for
they are flesh, and their days will be one hundred
and ten years.” 9 And he sent his sword among
them so that each one might kill his fellow and
they began to kill one another until they all fell on
the sword and they were wiped out from the
earth. 10 And their parents also watched. And
subsequently they were bound in the depths of
the earth forever, until the day of great judgment
in order for judgment to be executed upon all of
those who corrupted their ways and their deeds
before the Lord. 11 And he wiped out every one
from their places and not one of them remained
whom he did not judge according to all his
wickedness. 32
James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 30 1983), 2 Bar 26–27:15.
32 James H. Charlesworth, vol. 2, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament, Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" and Legends, Wisdom,
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Jubilees 23:26-31
26 And in those days, children will begin to search
the law,
and to search the commandments
and to return to the way of righteousness.
27 And the days will begin to increase and grow
longer
among those sons of men, generation by
generation,
and year by year, until
their days approach a thousand years,
and to a greater number of years than days.
28* And there (will be) no old men and none who
is full of days.
Because all of them will be infants and children.
29* And all of their days they will be complete
and live in peace and rejoicing
and there will be no Satan and no evil (one) who
will destroy,
because all of their days will be days of blessing
and healing.
30 And then the Lord will heal his servants,
and they will rise up and see great peace.
And they will drive out their enemies,
and the righteous ones will see and give praise,
and rejoice forever and ever with joy;
and they will see all of their judgments and all of
their curses among their enemies.
31* And their bones will rest in the earth,
and their spirits will increase joy,
and they will know that the Lord is an executor of
judgment;
but he will show mercy to hundreds and
thousands,
to all who love him. 33
Testament of Dan. 5:10-13
10 And there shall arise for you from the tribe of
Judah and (the tribe of) Levi the Lord’s salvation.
He will make war against Beliar;
he will grant the vengeance of victory as our
goal.
11 And he shall take from Beliar the captives, the
souls of the saints;
and he shall turn the hearts of the disobedient
ones to the Lord,and grant eternal peace to
those who call upon him.12 And the saints shall
refresh themselves in Eden;the righteous shall
rejoice in the New Jerusalem,which shall be
eternally for the glorification of God.
13 And Jerusalem shall no longer undergo
desolation,nor shall Israel be led into captivity,
because the Lord will be in her midst [living
among human beings].
The Holy One of Israel will rule over them in
humility and poverty,
and he who trusts in him shall reign in truth in the
heavens.34
Assumption of Moses 10:1-10
1“Then his kingdom will appear throughout his
whole creation.
Then the devil will have an end.
Yea, sorrow will be led away with him.
2 Then will be filled the hands of the messenger,
who is in the highest place appointed.
Yea, he will at once avenge them of their
enemies.
throne.
it be shaken.
they fall.
into disarray.
7 For God Most High will surge forth,
the Eternal One alone.
James H. Charlesworth, vol. 2, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament, Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" 33 and Legends, Wisdom,
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In full view will he come to work vengeance on
the nations.
Yea, all their idols will he destroy.
8 Then will you be happy, O Israel!
And you will mount up above the necks and the
wings of an eagle.
Yea, all things will be fulfilled.
9 And God will raise you to the heights.
Yea, he will fix you firmly in the heaven of the
stars,
in the place of their habitations.
10 And you will behold from on high.
Yea, you will see your enemies on the earth.
And recognizing them, you will rejoice.
And you will give thanks.
Yea, you will confess your creator.35
10) Final Judgement
Isa. 66:15-16;
Dan. 7:10;
Zeph. 3:8;
Mal. 4:1
Jubilees 5:10-16
10 And their parents also watched. And
subsequently they were bound in the depths of
the earth forever, until the day of great judgment
in order for judgment to be executed upon all of
those who corrupted their ways and their deeds
before the Lord. 11 And he wiped out every one
from their places and not one of them remained
whom he did not judge according to all his
wickedness. 12* And he made for all his works a
new and righteous nature so that they might not
sin in all their nature forever, and so that they
might all be righteous, each in his kind, always.
13 And the judgment of all of them has been
ordained and written in the heavenly tablets
without injustice. And (if)d any of them transgress
from their way with respect to what was ordained
for them to walk in, or if they do not walk in it, the
judgment for every (sort of) nature and every
kind has been written. 14 And there is nothing
excluded which is in heaven or on earth or in the
light or in the darkness or in Sheol or in the
depths or in the place of darkness. And all their
judgments are ordained, written, and engraved.
15 He will judge concerning every one: the great
one according to his greatness and the small one
according to his smallness, and each one
according to his way. 16* And he is not one who
accepts persons, and he is not one who accepts
gifts when he says that he will execute judgment
upon each one. If one gave everything which is
in the earth, he would not accept gifts or persons.
And he would not accept (anything) from his
hand because he is a righteous judge. 36
Enoch 22:9-14
And in the manner in which the souls of the
righteous are separated (by) this spring of water
with light upon it, 10 in like manner, the sinners
are set apart when they die and are buried in the
earth and judgment has not been executed upon
them in their lifetime, 11 upon this great pain, until
the great day of judgment—and to those who
curse (there will be) plague and pain forever, and
the retribution of their spirits. They will bind them
there forever—even if from the beginning of the
world. 12 And in this manner is a separation made
for the souls of those who make the suit (and)
those who disclose concerning destruction, as
they were killed in the days of the sinners.
13 Such has been made for the souls of the
people who are not righteous, but sinners and
perfect criminals; they shall be together with
(other) criminals who are like them, (whose)b2
souls will not be killed on the day of judgment but
will not rise from there.” 14 At that moment I
blessed the Lord of Glory and I said, “Blessed be
my Lord, the Lord of righteousness who rules
forever.”37
James H. Charlesworth, vol. 1, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University 35 Press, 1983), 931-32.
36 James H. Charlesworth, vol.The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament, Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" and Legends, Wisdom,
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Apocalypse of Abraham 22:3-4
And I said, “O sovereign, mighty and eternal!
Why are the people in this picture on this side
and on that?” 4 And he said to me, “These who
are on the left side are a multitude of tribes who
existed previously … and after you some (who
have been) prepared for judgment and order,
others for revenge and perdition at the end of the
age. 5 Those on the right side of the picture are
the people set apart for me of the people with
Azazel; these are the ones I have prepared to be
born of you and to be called my people.38
2 Maccabees 7:7-14
7 After the first brother had died in this way, they
brought forward the second for their sport. They
tore off the skin of his head with the hair, and
asked him, “Will you eat rather than have your
body punished limb by limb?” 8 He replied in the
language of his ancestors and said to them, “No.”
Therefore he in turn underwent tortures as the
first brother had done. 9 And when he was at his
last breath, he said, “You accursed wretch, you
dismiss us from this present life, but the King of
the universe will raise us up to an everlasting
renewal of life, because we have died for his
laws.”
10 After him, the third was the victim of their sport.
When it was demanded, he quickly put out his
tongue and courageously stretched forth his
hands, 11 and said nobly, “I got these from
Heaven, and because of his laws I disdain them,
and from him I hope to get them back again.”
12 As a result the king himself and those with him
were astonished at the young man’s spirit, for he
regarded his sufferings as nothing.
13 After he too had died, they maltreated and
tortured the fourth in the same way. 14 When he
was near death, he said, “One cannot but choose
to die at the hands of mortals and to cherish the
hope God gives of being raised again by him. But
for you there will be no resurrection to life!” 39
James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1 (New York; London: Yale University 38 Press, 1983), 700.
39 The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1989), 2 Mac. 7:7–14.
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