1. What do we know about democratization after 20 years? Geddes (1999)

4. Politics The process by which the actions of government are determined Virtually every country is unique

6. What is democracy? Joseph Schumpeter (1950) “institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which the individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote”

7. What is Democracy Dictionary.com: “a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system”

9. Bhutan – one vote per house

10. Leichtenstein – women’s suffrage in 1984

11. Saudi Arabia – local elections only, women cannot vote or run for office

13. What is Democracy?

14. What is Democracy? Certain basic principles are necessary in any modern definition of democracy. Free and fair elections Majority rule Freedom of expression Freedom of assembly and the right to protest Much more emphasis on liberal norms, pluralism Broad participation, equality, human rights

15. Huntington (1991): 3rd Wave of Democratization

16. Another look…

17. Democracy in the World

18. Why does it matter?

19. Trends…maybe Wealthy countries are more democratic Poor economic performance increases breakdown “there is no transition whose beginning is not the consequence…of important divisions within the authoritarian regime itself” “Elite Pacts” are good for democracy Strong “outgoing” elites are better off later

20. Why the inconsistency? “Authoritarian” regimes come in MANY forms Personalist Military Single-Party “Amalgams” Let’s add “Multi-Party”

21. The stepping stone to Democracy

22. Limited Multiparty Not true democracies, but possess many features of them “Anocracies” Electoral Democracy Electoral Authoritarian Pseudo-democracy Illiberal democracy Semi-democracy Etc Etc

24. Why does regime type matter for democratization?

25. Hadenius & Teorell (2007)

26. Hadenius & Teorell (2007)