PhD Maintainability of transformations in evolving MDE ecosystems
•Als PPTX, PDF herunterladen•
1 gefällt mir•283 views
- Co-evolve transformations to metamodel evolution - Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in model to text transformations - Testing model to text transformations -
Empfohlen
Empfohlen
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Was ist angesagt? (20)
Ähnlich wie PhD Maintainability of transformations in evolving MDE ecosystems
Ähnlich wie PhD Maintainability of transformations in evolving MDE ecosystems (20)
Kürzlich hochgeladen
Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)
PhD Maintainability of transformations in evolving MDE ecosystems
- 1. Maintainability ofTransformations inEvolving MDE Ecosystems JokinGarcía Pérez Supervisor: Prof. Oscar Díaz jokingarcia75@gmail.com
- 2. Index 1. Background 2.Problem statement 3. Model transformation co-evolution 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 5.Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 6.Conclusions 7. Futurework
- 3. Index 1. Background 2.Problem statement 3. Model transformation co-evolution 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 5.Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 6.Conclusions 7. Futurework
- 4. What isMDE?
- 6. Models are the primary artifact 1
- 7. Models are the primary artifact Models are abstractionsof reality REALITY abstractedIn 1 2
- 8. Models are the primary artifact Models are abstractionsof reality Models conform tometamodels REALITY abstractedIn Metamodel 1 2 3
- 9. Models are the primary artifact Models are abstractionsof reality Models conform tometamodels Models are transformed REALITY abstractedIn Metamodel transformation 1 2 3 4
- 12. Maintainability 50-90% of thetotalsw cost
- 13. MDE Maintainability - Increase ofthe numberofartifacts - Increase in the complexityofartifacts - Larger upfrontinvestment
- 16. Index 1. Background 2.Problem statement 3. Model transformation co-evolution 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 5.Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 6.Conclusions 7. Futurework
- 19. Problemstatement Ma MbTab MMa MMt MMb Platform M2T MMb’ Platform’ Δ? Δ?
- 21. Problemstatement Ma MbTab MMa MMt MMb Platform M2T MMb’ Platform’ ? ?
- 23. Problemstatement Ma MbTab MMa MMt MMb Platform M2T MMb’ Platform’ Δ Δ
- 25. Problemstatement Ma MbTab MMa MMt MMb Platform M2T MMb’ Platform’
- 26. Index 1. Background 2.Problem statement 3. Model transformation co-evolution 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 5.Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 6.Conclusions 7. Futurework
- 27. 3. Model transformation co-evolution 1. Problem statement 2. Solution 3.Case study Index 4. Proof-of-concept
- 28. Context Problem statement Metamodel evolution Alternative versions, adapt to formalism, correct errors, refactor, … 1 Model co-evolution to metamodel changes Bibliography 2
- 29. Problem Problem statement Metamodel evolution Impacts on transformations 1 Manual migration of these transformations Cumbersome and error-prone 2 Ma MbTab MMa MMt MMb
- 30. Problem Problem statement Semi-automatic migration process Impacts on transformations 1
- 31. 3. Model transformation co-evolution 1. Problem statement 2. Solution 3.Case study Index 4. Proof-of-concept
- 32. Process Solution MM and evolved MM Detection: simple changes 1 Normalized transf. Transf. Simple changes Changes Similarity model Co-evolved transf. Detection: complex changes Similarity analysis CNFconversion Co-evolution 2 3 4
- 33. Detectionstage Solution Retrieve simple changes Using a comparison tool 1 Convert simple changes to complex Iftheyare semantically related 2 AddModelElement UpdateAttribute RemoveModelElement SplitClass
- 34. Co-evolution stage Solution Define correspondencesthat map the original transformation into an evolved transformation Taxonomy of changes based on the impact Non BreakingChanges (NBC) Breaking and Resolvable Changes (BRC) Breaking and Unresolvable Changes(BUC) “Everything is a model” philosophy: implemented as HOTs
- 35. Co-evolution stage Solution Auxiliary steps ConjunctiveNormal Form conversion Similarityanalysis not ((A and B) orC) -> (not A or not B) and not C Source1 Target 1 Target 2 Similarity =1 Similarity=0
- 36. Minimumdeletion Solution Delete only the strictly necessary rule fragments String concatenation s3 <- s1 + s2. Ifs1 is removed: s3 <-s2 Collections Set{A, B, C}. IfA is removed: Set{B, C} Boolean expressions not ErasmusGrant or (speakEnglish and enrolledLastYear). IfspeakEnglish is removed: not ErasmusGrant or enrolledLastYear
- 37. 3. Model transformation co-evolution 1. Problem statement 2. Solution 3.Case study Index 4. Proof-of-concept
- 39. Extract superclass Case study TheAssistantMVC's Multiple class is introduced in the target metamodel Extract superclass is a NBC case. Noaction is needed 1
- 40. Deletemetaproperty Case study Themetaproperty optionalis deleted from ExamElement minimumdeletion is applied 2
- 41. Deletemetaproperty Case study Opposite filters in two rules Rule 2 (value>5 andoptional)orlong (value > 5 orlong) Rule 1 2 not((value>5 andoptional)orlong) (not value>5or not optional) and not long (not value>5and not long)
- 42. Type change Case study3 TheAssistantMVC's fontNamemetaproperty is changedfrom string to integer BUCin most of the cases. Only few cases areNBC
- 43. Split class Case study4 TheAssistantMVC's OpenElementclass is splitted into OpenElement_1 and OpenElement_2
- 44. Split class Case study4 One rule willbecome two, and bindings willbe moved to the corresponding rule depending on the used metaproperty
- 45. Add class and property Case study5 New subclass ExerciseElementandmetaproperty style
- 46. 3. Model transformation co-evolution 1. Problem statement 2. Solution 3.Case study Index 4. Proof-of-concept
- 47. Proofof concept Prototype for Ecore-basedMMs and ATL Simple changes ->Complexchanges HOT to adapt transformation to changes
- 48. Index 1. Background 2.Problem statement 3. Model transformation co-evolution 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 5.Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 6.Conclusions 7. Futurework
- 49. 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 1. Problem statement 2.Case study 3. Solution 4. Evaluation Index 5. Proof-of-concept
- 50. Context Problem statement Software componets on top of platforms Dependencies 1 Platform evolution is a common situation DB, API, … 2 CMS Blog Wiki API Application
- 51. Context Problem statement Perpetual beta state of platforms Increasefrequency of releases 3 External dependency Out of ourcontrol 4
- 52. Context Problem statement Domain model M2T Transf. Code Transformation code Model refs. Embedded platform code
- 53. Problem Problem statement Different versions of the platform leave the code and M2T transformation outdated DB DB’ Code M2T Δ ?
- 54. Solution Problem statement Adapter to adapt generated code to new platform DB DB’ Code M2T Δ Code Adapter
- 55. 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 1. Problem statement 2.Case study 3. Solution 4. Evaluation Index 5. Proof-of-concept
- 56. MediaWikiDB in Wikiwhirl Case study
- 57. MediaWiki Case study + 40.000 + 200 Used by Wikipedia and more than40.000 wikis Schema upgrades
- 58. MediaWikiDB in Wikiwhirl Case study Platform-dependent concepts Refs. to domain model
- 59. 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 1. Problem statement 2.Case study 3. Solution 4. Evaluation Index 5. Proof-of-concept
- 60. Solutionoverview Solution Synchronize the generatedcodewith platform Using adapters at runtime DB’ Code Adapter M2T print("INSERTintocategorylinks (cl_from, cl_to, cl_sortkey, cl_timestamp) VALUES(@pageId, '"+ categoryTitle + "','"+ pageTitle) INSERTINTOcategorylinks(cl_from, cl_to, cl_sortkey, cl_timestamp, cl_type, cl_sortkey_prefix, cl_collation) VALUES(@pageId, ‘Softwareproject’, ‘House_Testing’, (DATE_FORMAT(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(),‘%Y%m%d%k%i%s’),‘page’, ‘’,‘0’); New columns“cl_type”, “cl_sortkey_prefix” and “cl_collation”
- 61. Process outline Solution Code (MediaWiki DB) New MediaWiki schema Domain model Difference model New schema model Old schema model Old MediaWiki schema Transformation (M2T+ adapter) Injection (Schemol) Injection (Schemol) Comparison (EMFCompare) 1 2 3
- 62. Process outline Solution Code (MediaWiki DB) New MediaWiki schema Domain model Difference model New schema model Old schema model Old MediaWiki schema Transformation (M2T+ adapter) Injection (Schemol) Injection (Schemol) Comparison (EMFCompare) 1 2 3 All in one click
- 63. Differences between platforms: DB schema Solution Injection (Schemol) Comparison (EMFCompare)
- 64. Process: Schema Modification Operators (SMO) Solution SMO %of usage Change type Adaptation Createtable 8.9 NBC New commentinthetransformationontheexistenceofthistablein thenew version Droptable 3.3 BRC Deletestatementassociatedtothetable Renametable 1.1 BRC Updatename Copytable 2.2 NBC (None) Add column 38.7 NBC/BRC Forinsertstatements:iftheattributeisNotNull,addthenewcolumn in thestatementwitha defaultvalue(fromtheDB ifthereisavailableoraccordingtothetypeifthereisnot) Dropcolumn 26.4 BRC Deletethecolumn andthevaluein thestatement Renamecolumn 16 BRC Updatename Copycolumn 0.4 BRC Likeaddcolumncase Movecolumn 1.5 BRC Likedropcolumn+addcolumncases
- 65. Adaptation Solution “println” instructions arereplaced with “printSQL”1 Plaform-specific, schema-independent Import “printSQL” library ZQLextension Foreach printSQL invocation Iterate over the changesreported inthe Difference model Checksif anyof the changesimpacts the currentstatement Needed information to adapt thestatement is retrieved and added to a list of parameters: the statement, affected table, column,… 2 3 4 A function that adapts the statement is called andnew statement is printed
- 67. Dump changes from code to transformation Solution M2T transformation M2T transformation’ HOT Assist manual propagation Record generation with changeto bedone and where(line and column in the transformation) print(“select * from …”) printSQL(“select * from …”, line, column) RECORD: #Added columns cl_type, cl_sortkey_prefix andcl_collation #transformation line: 12, column: 11 INSERTINTOcategorylinks(cl_from, cl_to, cl_sortkey, cl_timestamp, cl_type, cl_sortkey_prefix, cl_collation) VALUES(@pageId, ‘Softwareproject’, ‘House_Testing’, (DATE_FORMAT(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(),‘%Y%m%d%k%i%s’),‘page’, ‘’,‘0’);
- 68. Roles Solution Producer Injectorfor target platform Consumer Importadapter libraryin the transformation Implementadapter as a library for transformation Execute the batch
- 69. 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 1. Problem statement 2.Case study 3. Solution 4. Evaluation Index 5. Proof-of-concept
- 70. Cost equations Evaluation Manual Cost = D + P * #Impacts D: Detection time Assisted Cost = C + V * #Impacts C: Configuration time P: Propagation time V: Verification time
- 72. 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 1. Problem statement 2.Case study 3. Solution 4. Evaluation Index 5. Proof-of-concept
- 73. Proofof concept Library for MOFScript transformation Batch that automatized the whole process: injection, comparison, execution Empirical evaluation
- 74. Index 1. Background 2.Problem statement 3. Model transformation co-evolution 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 5.Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 6.Conclusions 7. Futurework
- 75. 5. Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 1. Motivating scenario 2. Problem 3. Solution Index 4. Proof-of-concept 5.Demo
- 76. Motivating scenario Case study M2T
- 77. Motivating scenario Case study MofScript Java Transformation Model
- 78. 5. Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 1. Motivating scenario 2. Problem 3. Solution Index 4. Proof-of-concept 5.Demo
- 80. 5. Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 1. Motivating scenario 2. Problem 3. Solution Index 4. Proof-of-concept 5.Demo
- 81. Traceability in HandyMOF Solution M2T M2T Calculatesphysical positions M2T Traces HOTtransformation1 Execution2
- 82. Solution executed3 ? White-box testing Highly coupled to thelanguage M2T: nowinnerlanguage
- 83. Hybrid approach Solution Generate test suite with black-box testing1 Check lines coveredby this suite2 ?
- 84. Testing in HandyMOF Solution Test model generation1 Tracegeneration2 Pramana
- 85. Testing in HandyMOF Solution Finding minimal model suite3 Model suite Minimal model suite
- 87. 5. Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 1. Motivating scenario 2. Problem 3. Solution 4. Proof-of-concept Index 5.Demo
- 88. Proofof concept HandyMOF tool Visualizes graphicallytraceability between transformation and code Coverage analysis of test suite intransformation
- 89. 5. Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 1. Motivating scenario 2. Problem 3. Solution Index 4. Proof-of-concept 5.Demo
- 91. Index 1. Background 2.Problem statement 3. Model transformation co-evolution 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 5.Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 6.Conclusions 7. Futurework
- 92. Model transformation co-evolution Conclusions Semi-automatic process to adapt transformations to metamodel evolution Minimumdeletion Map the original transformation into an evolved transformation that tackles MM changes Ecore-based MMs ATLtransformations Derive complex changesfrom simple changes
- 93. Co-evolve generated code Conclusions Mechanism to adapt codegenerated by M2T transformations to platform evolution Premises: platform instability and transformation coupling Apply in a specific case study MediaWiki DB Assist dumping changestothe transformation
- 94. Testing M2T transformations Conclusions line line1 line line2 executed3 ?
- 95. General contributions Conclusions Improve traceability mechanisms Point out andstudy the coupling between artifacts in MDE ecosystem and its implication Synchronization techniques for co-evolution MM – M2Mtransf., Platform – M2Ttransf. M2T transf. - code MM – M2Mtransf. (HOT), Platform – M2T transf. (Adapter)
- 96. Index 1. Background 2.Problem statement 3. Model transformation co-evolution 4.Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in M2Ttransformations 5.Testing MOFScript transformations with HandyMOF 6.Conclusions 7. Futurework
- 97. Model transformation co-evolution Future work Empirical assessment Real scenario
- 98. Co-evolve generated code Future work Generalization: other platforms Methodology for adapter development
- 99. Testing M2T transformations Future work Assist in creating missing models Improve minimal model suite algorithm Add other M2t transformation languages Evaluation
- 100. Future research Future work Good practices in transformations M2T transf.: model world – text world
- 101. Dissemination & contrast Model Transformation Co-evolution: ASemi-automatic Approach Software Language Engineering(SLE) 2012,Dresden (Germany) An Adapter-Based Approach to Co-evolve GeneratedSQLin M2T Transformations Advanced Information Systems Engineering(CAiSE) 2014,Thessaloniki (Greece) Testing MOFScript Transformations with HandyMOF International Conferenceon Model Transformations (ICMT)2014,York(UK)
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Good morning. My name is Jokin García and I will present my dissertation, entitled “Mantainability of transformations in evolving MDE ecosystems”. This work was supervised by Professor Oscar Díaz and was developed in the Onekin Research Group, in the Department of Computer Languages and Systems of the University of the Basque Country. Let us begin.
- What is Model-Driven Engineering?
- MDE is a software engineering approach that uses abstraction as a way to manage complexity of systems.
- 1- A model represents concepts and relationships between them. MDE enacts models as first-class citizens in software engineering, following the “everything is a model” motto.
- 2- Some elements from the conceptualization of the system are used to construct a model of it.
- 3- MMs define concepts and theis relationships within a domain
- 4- transformation engines that use models to synthesize sw artifacts
- Ecosystem: physical and biological components of an environment considered in relation to each other as a unit An ecosystem is the result of a delicate and dynamic balance between its interacting components The ecosystem dynamics are traditionally represented in a trophic web If the disturbances become too important, ecosystems may get out of balance (e. g. a meteorite impact that made all dinosaurs extinct). The ability of an ecosystem to reorganize itself and return to an equilibrium close to the initial one is called its resilience. Because of the disturbance, the new equilibrium that is reached may be different from the original one (some types of organisms may have disappeared, and others may have taken up their place), so the ecosystem will have evolved.
- In computer science, there is no common definition of software ecosystem… but could be… Software ecosystems “a collection of software products which are developed and evolve together in the same environment”. Managing the complex interaction and dynamics of these ecosystems is an important problem that raises additional challenges compared to the maintenance of individual software systems. Architecturally, a software ecosystem consists of a platform, products built on top of that platform, and applications built on top of the platform that extend the products with functionality developed by external developers. While software ecosystems offer numerous advantages, their development also creates a network of complex interdependencies between elements throughout the whole ecosystem. If we focus on MDE ecosystem, models, metamodels, and transformations are heavily interrelated by foundation. MDE artifacts rarely exist in isolation. In fact, they are often tightly coupled: models conform to metamodels, transformations are defined from a metamodel to another metamodel (or code), code is generated for a particular platform, etc. In this sense, we can say that modeling artifacts live in an ecosystem.
- Several studies indicate that software maintenance accounts for at least 50% of the total production cost, and sometimes even exceeds 90% In MDE, maintainability is even more important, because in the context of software ecosystems, there are more sources of instability that can break the correction of the artifacts, as an artifact itself can change, but also its related artifacts.
- The following reasons sustain the importance of tackling maintainability in MDE: (p. 18) Increase in the number of artifacts. Within the MDE ecosystem, system definition is split along different concerns (a.k.a viewpoints) and abstraction layers. This increases the number of dependencies to be kept in sync. Increase in the complexity of artifacts: model-to-text transformations. These artifacts are more complex than the code they generate because their expressiveness includes the grammar of the code language, the grammar of the transformation language and references to the input model. This mixture and interleave of different types of concepts (e.g. java methods, control instructions from the transformation language, and concepts from the domain model Larger upfront investment: The upfront investment in MDE is larger than the one required for developing a single application. MDE ecosystem (i.e. metamodels, models, and transformations) surpass that of traditional development. MDE presumes certain stability along time in order to reuse the infrastructure. Therefore, Return Of Investment (ROI) is obtained in the medium/long run as distinct generated applications benefit from the MDE infrastructure. Although empirical evidence has proven that MDE has benefits on maintainability, it is also agreed that there are negative influences, as the need to keep models/code in sync
- The same way species adapt to the environment and compete with each other, sw adapts to the new requirements. Apps struggle for a larger market share in order to increase their profit. Software evolution is an inevitable process where software systems need to be continually adapted to the changing environment. MDE is not an exception. While introduction of model-driven engineering brings advantages, it also requires a new style of evolution. Since MDE hardwires many more architectural and design decisions than a traditional development, it requires multiple dimensions of evolution
- The biological phenomenon of co-evolution arises if the genetic composition of one species changes in response to a genetic change in another one. Software ecosystems evolve, and co-evolution denotes the necessary evolutionary mutual changes of software components that interact with each other after one evolves. In MDE, when one of the artifacts evolves, the system may have become inconsistent. Related artifacts must co-evolve accordingly to recover the consistency. Typical adaptation process: 1- change detection: there is a first phase where the difference between evolving artifact versions are retrieved 2- impact analysis: once that relationships between different versions have been made, it is assessed what parts of the system are likely to be affected by a change on the related artifacts. 3- change propagation (p. 61): once we know where have been affected the artifacts by what kind of changes, they will carry out some co-evolution actions. Sometimes, this co-evolution can be done automatically, and sometimes manually, depending on the complexity of the kind of impact. The aim of the co-evolution is to reestablish the synchronization between artifacts.
- Similarly to “traditional” software, MDE artifacts evolve over time as well. The evolution process followed by the software basically remains the same in MDE evolution: first, there exist a change that needs to be addressed, due to many reasons (i.e. error correction, more functionality, etc.); next it is assessed what the impact in the system will be; then the change is propagated to the system in a coherent way; and finally, it is verified that the system works as expected.
- There are many change sources. This Thesis focuses on two of them: MM and technological platform. The main difficulty is that the evolving artifacts may belong to different organizations. There might not be control over the evolution: only the initial and last state of the artifacts might be known.
- (anterior)
- Consequences of the previously detected changes must be studied. Specifically, (a) metamodel evolution impacts model-to-model transformations. (b) platform evolution impacts model-to-text transformations. This kind of transformations has platform-specific code hardcoded in print statements, and references from the model are interleaved in these statements. When the target platform evolves, these statements becomes outdated.
- (anterior)
- Once the impact of changes has been established, those changes have to be propagated to restore the coherence between related artifacts. This propagation is cumbersome and error-prone, and in some occasions, frequent. This advices to assist as much as possible this process.
- Contributions: A perfective action is proposed to recover the syntactical correctness of the transformation, and to ensure its coherence with the rest of the system. A semi-automatic coevolution process is proposed, which adapts the transformation to MM changes In the case of M2T transfs., a preventive mechanism is introduced to adapt dynamically the generated code to platform evolution
- Here, we focus on M2T transformations due to their external dependency with technological platforms. We have found that performing this maintainability task is difficult due to the chasm between the model-world and the text-world. Here, three different kind of artifacts (i.e. model, transformation and code) need to be in sync. To check this synchronization, traceability is needed among artifacts. However, template-based M2T transformation languages do not provide a traceability between the transformation and the generated code. Typical questions or doubts that usually arise include: “Has this part of the transformation executed with this input model and did it generate the proper code?” or “What transformation line did generate this code fragment?”. In addition, transformation coverage analysis (i.e. the extent to which the different model variants have been considered by the transformation) is also of interest to ensure a thorough validation.
- Supportive tool has been done to ascertain the correspondence between transformation statements and the code they generate and to facilitate a proper coverage of the transformation code
- In the next three sections we are going to see the contributions in more detail.
- First, we are going to analyse what happens with the transformation when the metamodels evolve
- In MDE metamodels are subject to evolution. This is accepted by researchers and practitioners. There are many reasons for this. During design alternative metamodel versions may be developed. During implementation metamodels may be adapted to a concrete metamodel formalism supported by a tool. Finally, during maintenance errors in a metamodel may be corrected. Moreover, parts of the metamodel may be redesigned due to a better understanding or to facilitate reuse The consecuence of this evolution on Mms, is that the artifacts which are related to this metamodel get outdated. This is the case of both models and transformations. - The impact of metamodel changes on models has been studied in several works. On the contrary, transformation co-evolution has received less attention. It was the missing piece
- The summary of the problem would be: - (contextualizar) MM evolution impacts on transformations, because M2M transformations are specified using concepts from input and output model´s metamodels. - (motivar) Manual migration is cumbersome and error-prone
- - (resolver) Having this into account we propose a semi-automatic migration process that adapts transformations to MM evolution.
- This picture outlines an overview of this process Is a process that, given the original source and target metamodels, the evolved source and/or target metamodel/s and the transformation, generates the adapted transformation model, that will be extracted to an .atl file. -In the first phase, the detection phase 1) given the original and evolved metamodels, simple changes are detected using a comparison tool. 2) Then, these changes are grouped into simple or complex changes where applicable, in a simple to complex transformation. - Then, in the Co-evolution phase we have two auxiliary steps and the co-evolution itself. 3) In the similarity analysis a similarity model is derived from the input and output Mms (las últimas versiones) and will be optionally an input in the adaptation to infere where to map new elements. 4) CNF conversion: On the other hand, conditional expressions might need to be rewritten in CNF conversion phase to make possible to apply minimum deletion algorithms to the transformation. 5) Last, the Migrator performs the actual adaptation. Adaptation is implemented with a transformation modification HOT pattern
- As a comparison tool to obtain the simple changes we use EMF Compare. This tool takes two models as input and obtains the differences along the Difference metamodel. We have done an extension to this metamodel in order to support the concept of complex change. Having this metamodel, we are able to transform the model of simple changes to a model of complex changes using a transformation. The reason for this is that we want changes to conform a meaningful transation on the MM to not miss the intention of the designer and avoid misunderstandings.
- Once we have obtained the changes model, we are going to use it as input in the next phase: the co-evolution Our adaptation approach is based on a taxonomy of changes. This taxonomy of changes is divided into three groups based on the impact on transformations: - NBC: These changes have no impact on the transformation. - BRC: These changes do impact the transformation rules, but this impact is amenable to be automated. - BUC: These changes also impact the transformation, but full automatization is not possible and user intervention is required. We don't have time to see in detail all the changes. We will study 5 scenarios which are representative.
- Before we deal with the adaptation we need two auxiliary steps: one related to subtractive changes and the other related to additive changes. - CNF conversion: CNF is a conjunction of clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals. (i.e. ANDs that inside have ORs) In order to delete transformation structures properly, it is important to have the expressions normalized. - Similarity analysis is used to achieve a higher degree of automatization in additive changes. A similarity analysis is conducted between source and target Mms, to look for a matching element to the new elements. The effectiveness depends a lot on the semantic gap between metamodels. (This is based on metamodel matching works.)
- When a metaclass or a metaproperty is deleted, affected transformation elements have to be removed while keeping the transformation logic coherent. But if we delete everything and leave the transformation empty, it would compile properly but for sure it is not what we expected. What we expect is to removed only the necessary elements. There are different language structures to have into account:Some of them are very intuitive, as concatenations or collections, where we only remove the affected elements, but boolean expressions are not straightforward Boolean expressions are important because they are generally used in rule filters. First, we need to convert the expression to CNF, as we said before, using equivalence rules of Predicate Calculus. Then we need to apply conversion rules. there are two removal policies:- One is R subindex T, which means that the removed literal is satisfied by default- The other is R subindex F, which means that it is unsatisfied by default Why this? In the process of metamodel redesign, the designer could help giving the reason to take the decision of removing a metaproperty from the metamodel. For example, if all students in the university had a very good level of English (because it is a new precondition for the enrollment), it could be consideredas satised by default, and in case of removing the speakEnglish metaproperty, its value could be reinterpreted as removed&satised-by-default (RT). On the other hand, if the university had decided not to participate in the Erasmus Program, no student would have such grant, and in case of removing the ErasmusGrant metaproperty, its value could be reinterpreted as removed&unsatised-by-default (RF). If, in the previous example, there had been this expression not ErasmusGrant or (speakEnglish and enrolledLastYear), and later the redesign process decided to remove the speakEnglish metaproperty, then according to the truth table the expression would be rewritten as not ErasmusGrant or enrolledLastYear ; if the removed metaproperty had been ErasmusGrant with RF policy, then the new expression would have been true.
- Now I will use an scenario to illustrate some of the change types: We use a popular transformation from bibliography that transforms exam questions to Web-based exams along the MVC pattern. Left is the Exam MM, which is the input and right the Assistant MM, which is the output I will introduce some examples of changes in a metamodel: -Scenario 1. The AssistantMVC's Multiple class is introduced in the target metamodel. This new class abstracts away the commonality of three existing classes: MultipleChoiceController, MultipleChoiceView and MultipleChoice. - Scenario 2. Property optional is deleted from ExamXML's ExamElement. - Scenario 3. The AssistantMVC's fontColor metaproperty is changed from string to integer. -Scenario 4. The ExamXML's OpenElement class is splitted into OpenElement_1 and OpenElement_2. -Scenario 5. New subclass ExerciseElement is added to ExamElement metaclass, and a new property style is added to View target metaclass.
- - Scenario 1: It must be noted the importance of having this change as a complex change, otherwise it would be interpreted as a set of simple breaking changes instead of one non-breaking complex change
- This minimum deletion deserves further explanation
- The idea is applied in our second scenario Quite common situation: we have the opposite filter in two rules. Using minimal deletion we do not need to delete any of the rules Back to our second scenario (i.e. removal of optional from ExamElement), consider we have two rules whose filters refer to optional : In this way, surgically removal permits to limit the impact of deletion of properties in the associated rules.
- - The problem with the types is that ATL does not check the types in compilation time, so a transformation can be syntactically right, but give an error in runtime “Only few cases are NBC”: this is the case when a type changes to a subclass or in the case of numerical values (integer, double, ...). In the other cases, we can only warn the designer about a possible error
- The forth scenario is an example of a complex breaking change. As result, rules having OpenElement as source should co-evolved. This is the case of the OpenQuestion rule, which is splitted in two rules: OpenQuestion_1 and OpenQuestion_2. The former contains the bindings related to OpenElement_1 while the latter keeps the bindings for OpenElement_2.
- When the metaclass is splitted, some of the attributes will remain in one metaclass and others in the other. In this case, attr1 remains in OpenElement_1 and attr2 will be moved to OpenElement_2. Bindings corresponding to each attribute will belong to the corresponding rule.
- Additive evolution is a NBC case. However, it is not unusual to need new rules or bindings to maintain the metamodel coverage level. For this purpose we include in the co-evolution the option to generate partially new rules, as they are not fully automatable. If we use a similarity model, the migrator may be able to fulfill the generated skeletons with the missing information
- The approach is realized for EMOF/ Ecore-based metamodels, and ATL transformations. Two are the main artifacts of the prototype: a transformation that transforms simplex changes into complex changes and a HOT that adapts the transformation to changes.
- context: Broadly speaking, software components, often, do not work in isolation, but are built on top of platforms that provide some functionality. While this offers numerous advantages, it also creates dependencies. The evolution of these platforms is a common situation. One paradigmatic platform is a database . In the database world, the evolution of schemas has always been a concern. This is the platform that has been used in this work Another example would be API s, which evolution can make client applications get outdated.
- Two characteristics of platforms that make them problematic, are: On the one hand, the perpetual beta phenomenon. This means that developers have to work with software components that are in a beta version as if they were in production level. This increases the frequency of releases, and therefore the number of the required co- evolution actions. - On the other hand, the platform is often an external dependency, i.e., it belongs to a different organization. Changes in these components are usually out of the control of the rest of partners, and might be accompanied by poor documentation, lost communication with the partner responsible for the change, and so on. This rules out the possibility of tracking platform upgrades to be later replicated.
- M2T transformations are composed of static and dynamic parts. They interleave target platform code, instructions from the transformation language (conditional and iteratation instructions) and references to the input model. Platform-specific code (information of the tables, columns, ... ) is embedded in the transformation Therefore, there is domain variability but not platform variability. • In a database scenario, transformations do not specify but construct SQL scripts. The SQL script is dynamically generated once references to the input model are resolved. In the transformation, there are references to a model which metamodel is unknown a priori, that will be resolved at runtime.
- problem: Forward Engineering advocates for code to be generated dynamically through M2T transformations that target a specific platform. In this setting, platform evolution can leave the transformation, and hence the generated code, outdated . Where is platform-dependent information? In the transformation. MDA guide: 10 years later http://modeling-languages.com/anybody-using-both-mda-platform-independent-and-platform-specific-models/
- Solution: It is proposed, to do transformations more resilient to changes to add an adaptability mechanism for the most vulnerable parts of the transformation, those which are dependent on the platform. The solution it is proposed for this problem is to use the well-known adapter pattern from Object Oriented with M2T transformations.
- Solution: It is proposed, to do transformations more resilient to changes to add an adaptability mechanism for the most vulnerable parts of the transformation, those which are dependent on the platform. The solution it is proposed for this problem is to use the well-known adapter pattern from Object Oriented with M2T transformations.
- MediaWiki is a wiki engine, currently used by almost 40,000 wikis. In a 4½ year period, the MediaWiki DB had 171 schema upgrades. This gives us an idea of the importance and frequency of changes.
- This slide shows a snippet of the transformation from the mindmap to the wiki. These statements are built upon the DB schema of MediaWiki, and in so doing, create an external dependency of WikiWhirl w.r.t. MediaWiki. We can see the table and column names in the prints
- To tackle the mentioned problem, data manipulation requests (i.e. insert, delete, update, select) are re-directed to the adapter during the transformation. The adapter outputs the code according to the latest schema release. In this way, the main source of instability (i.e. schema upgrades) is isolated in the adapter. We do not need to change the transformation.
- The process overview would be the following. First, DB schemas (i.e. New schema, Old Schema) are injected as Ecore models with Schemol tool(step 1); next, the schema difference is computed (i.e. Difference model) with EMFCompare (step 2); finally, this schema difference feeds the adapter used by the transformation (i.e. MOFScript program).
- As everything is implemeted in Java and Ant, the whole process can be executed with a batch file.
- Inject and compare example : As we can see, “trackbacks” and “math” tables have been removed. “user_options” column has been removed from “user” table and three new columns have been added to “categorylinks” table. As we can see, both schema versions are transformed into models with Schemol, and after comparing with EMFCompare, a difference model is retrieved.
- The Difference model is described as a set of DB operators. Curino et al. proved that a set of (eleven) Schema Modification Operators (SMO ) can completely describe a complex schema evolution scenario (in fact, they did the experiment for the Wikipedia). The Table indicates the frequency of these change for the MediaWiki case. Most frequent changes (e.g. 'create table', 'add column', 'drop column' or 'rename column') can be identified from schema differences. Complex changes (e.g. 'distribute table' or 'merge table') are a sequence of simple changes. Fortunately, as we can see in the “change type ” column, most of the changes are NBC or BRC, which means that human intervention is not required for their adaptation. For each SMO, there is an adaptation action that restores the consistency. For instance, if a column is removed, that column will be removed as well from the statements. NBC: Non-Breaking Changes. Changes that do not affect the code or transformation BRC: Breaking Resolvable Changes: Changes that can be automatically propagated BUC: Breaking Unresolvable Changes: changes that require human intervention to propagate the changes. In [Model transformation co-evolution: a semi-automatic approach] we propose some rules (implemented in a M2M transformation) to relate simple changes to build complex ones. For instance, there is a move column case if the same column is deleted from a table and added to another table. Unfortunately, distribute table and merge table cases cannot be automatically detected and therefore are not included in the table. This kind of changes tend to be scarce. For MediaWiki, 'distribute table' never occurred while 'merge table' accounts for 1,5% of the total changes.
- The adapter is platform-specific, and will only adapt SQL code, but it is schema-agnostic (it does not matter what type of DB schema has to be managed). 3-The approach mainly consists of replacing the “print” statements with invocations to the adapter (e.g. printSQL function). On the invocation, the adapter checks whether the <SQL statement> acts upon a table that is being subject to change. If so, the adapter returns a piece of SQL code compliant with the new DB schema. The adaptations are implemented in a library that has to be imported in the M2T transformation. This library contains functions that adapt the statements to the last version of the platform, leaving the transformation untouched. The adapter is implicitly called by the transformation at runtime, adapting the statements to the changes. Implementation wise, the adapter has two inputs: the Difference model and the model for the new schema model (to obtain the full description of new attributes, if applicable). The ZQL open-source SQL parser is used to parse SQL statements to Java structures. This parser is extended to account for adaptation functions to modify the statements (e.g. removeColumn). The snippet provides a glimpse of the adapter for the case “remove column”. The structure is similar for the other adaptations too. It starts by iterating over the changes reported in the Difference model (line 5). Next, it checks (line 6) that the deleted column's table corresponds with the table name of the statement (retrieved in lines 3-4). Then, all, the statement, the table name and the removed column are added to a list of parameters (lines 7-10). Finally, the adapter outputs an SQL statement without the removed column, using a function with the list of parameters that modifies the expression (lines 12-13).
- Going back to our scenario, this would an example of the output: 1. the introduction of three new attributes in the “categorylinks” table, namely, cl_type, cl_sortkey_prefix and cl_collation. Accordingly, the adapter modifies SQL insert/update statements where new columns which are 'Not Null' are initialized with their default values; 2. the deletion of tables “math” and “trackback”. This causes the affected printSQL statements to be left as a comment; 3. the deletion of column “user_options” in the “user” table. Consequently, the affected printSQL statements, output the SQL but removing the affected column. In addition, a comment is introduced to note this fact (lines 8-13 below).
- After some evolution iterations, the developer may decide that she wants to transfer the changes done by the adapter to the transformation itself. How can we dump the adaptations done in the code into the transformation? What I propose is a semi-automatic solution: to do an impact analysis of the changes in the platform so the developer can adapt the transformation. In the last step of the process (3) apart from adapting the generated code, it is created a record of the changes done, in case the developer wants to update the transformation itself so it can serve as an aid. This record contains the platform change, the transformation position affected by it (line and column) and the new statement In order to do this impact analysis, first it is needed to add as parameters in the prints the line and column of them in the transformation. This is done automatically using a Higher-Order Transformation.
- I want to make notice that there are two roles. On the one hand the adapter producers are those that implements the adapter for a specific platform. They have to implement both the injector and the adapter. On the other hand the consumers are transformation developers that simply use the adapter.
- It has been done an evaluation that compares the performance of the approach with the manual adaptation. The experiment was conducted by 8 PhD students. This evaluation is done from the point of view of the consumer. They were two groups: one of them had to do the adaptation manually and the other using the adapter: - Manual: participants had to check the MediaWiki website, navigate through the hyperlinks, and collect those changes that might impact the code. The experiment outputted an average of 38' for D_Mediawiki. I found that this was the most cumbersome task. But it will depend on the scenario. Next, the designer peers at the code, updates it, and checks the generated code. On average, this accounts for 4' for a single update (i.e. PBR) -Assisted: Participants conducted two tasks: (1) configuration of the batch that launches the assisted adaptation, and (2), verification of the generated SQL script. (Some developers check what have been generated by the transformation and others not) To compute the profitability of the approach for another platform, it is suggested to apply specific constant values (D, P, V) to cost equations. D: the time estimated for detecting whether the new MediaWiki release impacts the transformation, P: the time needed to Propagate a single change to the MOFScript code, and #Impacts: the number of instructions in the transformation Impacted by the upgrade. D very much depends on the documentation available. C: the time needed to Configure the batch; V: the time needed to Verify that a single automatically adapted instruction is correct and to alter it, if applicable.
- The cost reduction rests on the existence of an infrastructure, namely, the adapter and the batch. The adapter is domain-agnostic, and hence, can be reused in other domains. On these grounds, I do not consider the adapter as part of the development effort. As I said, the evaluation is from the point of view of the consumer. However, there is a cost of familiarizing with the tool, that includes the configuration of the batch (e.g. DB settings, file paths and the like), and above all, the learning time. We estimated this accounts for 120' (reflected as the upfront investment for the assisted approach in Figure). Penalize On these grounds, the breakeven is reached after the third release.
- The adapter is supported as a library of the transformation. A batch script automatizes the whole process, including the injection and comparison of the platforms and execution of the transformation. An empirical evaluation has been done to assess the profitability of the approach.
- This is a fairly simple scenario. We have a model that contains maps, where each map has different addresses. These models are transformed into java code that uses the Google Maps API to show the addresses on the map. Depending on the address type the map might show different things. For example, in the case of restaurants - Each map contains a set of addresses. And each address has a name, position, description, telephone and pictures - Input map model (map containing addresses) and desired output
- Lets look at the transformation that accomplishes this. At first sight it is not particularly intuitive or understandable. Among other things it is because it combines three different languages together. First, the transformation language, MOFScript in the example. Second, Java, the language of the code we want to generate. And third, references to the input model which will not be resolved until execution time.
- So given a model to text transformation, first, we wanted to know which transformation line generated a particular code line and, second, we wanted to know what each transformation line generated. The answer to this is clear, traceability! And this is where MOFScript comes into play. MOFScript already provides traceability between the input model and the generated code. MOFScript does provide some traceability between the transformation and the generated code. In particular, at best it indicates which rule generates a particular code line. However, this was not enough for our developers, each rule may have lots of code including if statements, loops and so on. They wanted a more fine grained traceability, that would tell them exactly which transformation line generated the code. In this manner, HandyMOF complements the traceability provided by MOFScript by adding fine grained traceability between the transformation and the generated code.
- The generation of traces is a two step process: First, transf. is modified to include in each print statement its number of line and column. Then, when executing the transformation, a trace model is generated, as well as the ordinary output
- Coverage analysis: white-box techniques capture the mechanics of the transformation by covering every individual step. The drawback of white-box testing approaches is that they are tightly coupled to the transformation language
- This is the reason why, while aiming at the same goals as white-box testing (i.e., covering every step of the transformation), we opted to realize it using a mixed approach. The model test suite is generated using black-box techniques and then both input models and the generated code are traced to the transformation. The purpose is twofold: (1) if a bug is detected in the generated code, it can be traced back to the transformation line that generated it, and (2) the transformation coverage obtained by the model test suite can be calculated based on transformation lines being transited.
- Creation of test suite: First, test models are generated using Pramana. It is a tool that implements black-box testing by automatically generating 'model suites' for metamodel coverage. Then, a trace generator traces the generated code and the M2T transf.
- The goal is to get the input models that obtain a 100% coverage of the transformation code. However, to the best of our knowledge no tool exists that, given an input domain MM and a M2T transformation, generates the models that provide full coverage of the transformation. As a result, I opted for using Pramana, a tool that implements black-box testing for MMs. But MM coverage is not enough for transformation coverage. MinimalModelSuiteFinder obtains the minimal set of input models that get the higher coverage percentage of the transformation code. Finding a global optimum is NP-hard, so the presented greedy algorithm ensures a first solution.
- This figure depicts the main components and flows of HandyMOF. The Project Explorer handles the folder structure. Pramana provides input models from the corresponding MM. Finally, HandyMOF consumes input models and transformations to obtain its own trace models
- HandyMOF, a tool for debugging MOFScript transformations. This tool visualizes graphically the relationship between transformation and its generated code.
- (mejor hacer en vivo)
- tackles the impact of platform evolution on model-to-text transformations. The strategy used to avoid the desynchronization of transformations when the target platform evolves, is to use the adapter pattern to adapt the generated code upon platform upgrades. This approach has been tested in a particular scenario: using databases as platform. The adapter, using general recovery strategies, turns SQL statements based on the old schema into SQL statements based on the new schema.
- The suitability of the approach boils down to two main factors: the DB schema stability and the transformation coupling (i.e. number of SQL instructions in the MOFScript code). If the DB schema stability is low (i.e. large number of releases) and the transformation coupling is high, the cost of keeping the transformation in sync increases sharply. In this scenario, we advocate for a preventive approach using an adapter that turns generated SQL statements based on the old DB schema into statements based on the new schema. - It has been applied in a specific case study (Mediawiki and Wikiwhirl) - And last, it has been proposed a way to dump those changes done in the code to the transformation.
- presents a tool that helps the developers to debug model-to-text transformations and to assess the completeness of the input model suite. The problem with black-box testing, is that it does not guarantee the transformation coverage. To help with this problem, the tool does a transformation coverage analysis. If the obtained coverage is not complete, the developer can create input models that cover the missing transformation lines. Moreover, the tool allows the debugging of the transformation: if a bug is detected in the generated code, it can be traced back to the generating print statement; and each generator statement (i.e., 'print') can be traced to the generated code line.
- Improve traceability mechanisms: improve understability, error correction Synchronization techniques for co-evolution: These are already known techniques, so the contribution is their application in this context.
- Repository lack. For the research point of view, priceless
- -The main issue for me is that it has been proposed an adaptability technique and tried it in one platform. The question that arises is if it could be used with other platforms. For instance, with API evolution, XML configuration files and so on. I am more of synthetic thinking than analytic thinking, so I start from an example and then try to abstract. - Related with the previous issue: For the role of the producer, it is needed a generic methodology that defines the steps needed to develop an adapter for any domain. This evaluation has limitations: the number of participants is too small for what is recommended, and that there are few DB iterations. Regarding the participant number (8) I could not find more people with the required knowledge.
- Apart from these short-term improvements focused on overcoming limitations of presented approaches, I also would like to envisage some long-term considerations about transformation maintainability. -The same way they exist patterns and good practices in imperative programming, after some years of many people using transformations, it is time to collect that knowledge from the experts. The most obvious way to improve maintainability in transformations is increasing their quality. - There exist a gap between “model world” and “text world” that is produced when executing the model-to-text transformation. In my opinion, the transformation must be “aware” of what kind of code is generating, and not consider it as plain text.