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Empowering African Smallholder Farmers for Fast-tracking Adoption of Conservation Agriculture By Pascal Kaumbutho PhD CEng MIAgrE CEO KENDAT / ACT Ambassador! www.kendat.org

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Contents <ul><li>The critical situation for the smallholder farmer </li></ul><ul><li>Understanding the Prime Client </li></ul><ul><li>Value-chain positioning & Theory of Change </li></ul><ul><li>Interventions that make business sense </li></ul><ul><li>Way forward: suggestions for all of us </li></ul>

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The critical situation for the smallholder farmer..

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The African Smallholder Farmer Livelihoods Model <ul><li>Five Capitals: </li></ul><ul><li>Natural </li></ul><ul><li>Social </li></ul><ul><li>Human </li></ul><ul><li>Physical </li></ul><ul><li>Financial </li></ul>

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Conventional Farming Only a Fool Does Things the Same Old Way and Expect Different Outcomes... Ouch!

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2050 – A Perfect Storm Population Climate Food Water Climate

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There is much to offer the more entrepreneurial farmer : Appropriate technologies & means across the crop-livestock value-chain systems...

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Artisan Training. Local peoples empowerment in a complete sense.

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Understanding the Prime Client…

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What Does Change really mean to a Kenya Sugarcane Farmer Source: Ashish Shah, Kenya green – local pink - national blue – international the farmer

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The African Farmer’s Complex Business World: Control or Adaptation

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Innovation for Empowerment: What Level <ul><li>Innovation 1.0 </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Technology focused </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Expert driven </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Innovation 2.0 </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Stakeholder collaboration </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Interdisciplinary </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Legitimacy of different knowledge aspects </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Linking technology with social/institutional change </li></ul></ul>

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<ul><li>Innovation 3.0 </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Based on complexity thinking </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Institutional innovation accepting current weaknesses </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Tackling explicitly, power, politics and conflict </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Understanding human cognitive processes </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Balancing individual and relationship transformation with technological and system change </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Multi - disciplinary </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Rigorous use of Theories of Change </li></ul></ul>

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<ul><li>Value-chain positioning & Theory of Change … </li></ul>

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Supply Side: NEPAD (CAADP), RECs, National Agenda (Vision 2030), Research Findings, New Inputs/Supplies, Finance, Markets etc. Innovative Extension & Business Empowerment Services: KENDAT and Partner Programmes working to close information, technology, means and policy gaps for sustained economic growth Demand Side: Farmers and other entrepreneurs leading others into productive and resilient environment & agro-industrial participation and growth

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Numerous Value-Chain Business Issues <ul><li>Farming & Farm Operations: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Natural capital: More land or more intensive operations? Research or action? </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Conservation Agriculture Operations (Technology, Power, Land, Water, Seed, Labour, Conservation) </li></ul><ul><li>Crop maintenance (Power, Inputs, Labour and losses) </li></ul><ul><li>Paradigm shifts allowing change from subsistence to business farming </li></ul><ul><li>Social Capital: Order, Trust & Network Efficiency (FFS with Market) </li></ul><ul><li>Financial capital and access to the same </li></ul><ul><li>Human Capital: Knowledge conversion to Information </li></ul>High Drudgery, High Labour, High Power, Low income &wealth <ul><li>Market operations: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Brokers and even Mungiki </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Infrastructure: roads, coolers, collection points, processors, etc. </li></ul><ul><li>Logistics,Transport & efficiency: access & means, distances, handling & haulage sanitation & damage, </li></ul><ul><li>Harvest and post-harvest performance: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Work performance in handling and processing. </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Little or no opportunity for value addition </li></ul><ul><li>Storage losses </li></ul><ul><li>Transport losses. </li></ul><ul><li>Value addition opportunity, </li></ul>Heavy losses of hard earned produce Amorphous market links and systems: Raw produce. High Income

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Interventions that make business sense

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Rural Access to Inputs …

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Biogas Slurry Systems

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CA is not complete without energy and water access issues addressed

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From Farms to Markets: Mercenary Brokers take the Profit (Ethical Trade?)

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Donkey Transport: Human vs Animal Welfare Issues Higher value crops mean Perishables at a rural collection points hauled over Difficult Infrastructure: 50% Transport cost of Fruit & Veg in Supermarket!

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Renewable Energy is the 4 th World Revolution

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Model CA Demo-Farm : 5 Acres Employing 360 WomanHours per week

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Gathering the Harvest for weighing and transport to market

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Busia: BIAMF Mwea: MTMO Lari: LAMP Kalama: KDUC Disabled Persons Hort. Farmer Groups Rice Market Women Donkey Users Clubs Boda-boda boys Single Mothers Community PARLIAMENT Partners and Collaborators (KENDAT, MKG, FRIGOKEN, KHE, FARMChem, AMIRAN, etc. Farmer Field Schools Church Groups Community Parliaments Model CABINET

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KENDAT/KHE Group Chairpersons: Collaboration: Some 2000 farmers out to save US$ 319,000 per month (Ksh 15000/acre) in water alone

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Farmers Moving Technology and practices to own farms…

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Agribusiness Health-Centres

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Contributors inputs: <ul><li>CA needs thorough training of extension workers: to learn to do the right things at the right time. </li></ul><ul><li>One size does not fit all: Innovation systems go beyond technical to social and institutional </li></ul><ul><li>Di verse, highly flexible and iterative approaches to CA development and diffusion need to fit willingness, skills and experiences of local stakeholders. </li></ul>

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Contributors input contd… <ul><li>Permanent soil cover is most important. Ratio of C:N is a constant, C storage implies more N, which is deficient in most African soils. </li></ul><ul><li>Tap into success of cover-crops in Mozambique and Swaziland </li></ul><ul><li>Non-food cover crops have little chance of acceptance </li></ul><ul><li>CA must be seen in the context of Climate Change, particularly important for Africa </li></ul>

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Contributors input contd: <ul><li>Land sizes are decreasing: Advance improved hand equipment and tools to replace hoes and ploughs </li></ul><ul><li>Agricultural mechanization for smallholders is best driven by trained service hirers, including the youth as private hirers </li></ul><ul><li>CA Governments Policy NOW or Perish </li></ul>

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Way Forward <ul><li>An ACT that is an Authority and Aggressive Marketer of CA interventions at all levels. </li></ul><ul><li>An ACT that has a stakeholder approved Strategic Plan, bringing us together to scale-up ventures, around old & new partnerships. </li></ul><ul><li>An ACT that provides information and data, calling on country and international actors to participate in resource mobilization and project activities (Dulla). </li></ul><ul><li>An ACT that strives to influence policy towards more centralized support at national, regional and international levels (Shetto) . </li></ul>

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Acknowledgements <ul><li>Anne Bruntse - Infonet-BioVision </li></ul><ul><li>Fred Kanampiu – CIMMYT </li></ul><ul><li>Ademir Calegari – IAPA (Brazil) </li></ul><ul><li>Barney Muckle – Triple W Engng </li></ul><ul><li>Janet Oyuke – Min of Ag (Kenya) </li></ul><ul><li>Wafula Mutoro – Min of Ag (Kenya) </li></ul><ul><li>Wells Kumwenda – Malawi </li></ul><ul><li>Bernard Triomphe – CIRAD </li></ul><ul><li>Among others </li></ul>

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Ahsanteni sana!