2. Statistics is the science of conducting
studies to collect, organize, summarize,
analyze, and draw conclusions from
data.
Biostatistics is the application of statistics
to a wide range of topics in biology.
3. • Public health, including epidemiology , health services
research, nutrition and environmental health
• Design and analysis of clinical trials in medicine,
genomics, population genetics and statistical genetics.
• Ecology, ecological forecasting
• Biological sequence analysis
4. Descriptive Statistics consists of collection,
organization, summarization and presentation of
data
Inferential Statistics consists of generalizing
from samples to populations, performing
hypothesis tests, determining relationships
among variables, and making predictions.
5. Data- are the values (measurements or observations)
that the variables can assume. A collection of data
values forms a data set. Each value in a data set is
called datum or data value.
Variable- is a characteristic or attribute that can
assume different values.
eg. Color, height, temperature, texture
Population- consists of all subjects that are being
studied.
sample population-part of the population or a group of
subjects selected from a population
6. Nominal Scale - classifies data into mutually exclusive
(nonoverlapping), exhausting categories in which no order or
ranking can be imposed on the data. No ranking order can
be placed on the data.
eg. Gender- male or female Religion Roman Catholic,
Lutheran, Jewish or Methodist.
Ordinal Scale - classifies data into categories that can be
ranked, however precise differences between the ranks do
not exist.
eg. Pain level- none, mild, moderate, severe
7. Interval Scale- ranks data, and precise difference
between units of measures do exist, however there is
no meaningful zero.
eg : Temperature in °C on 4 successive days
Day: A B C D
Temp °C: 50 55 60 65
Ratio Scale- possesses all the characteristics of
interval measurement, and there exists a true zero.
eg. Weight in pounds of 6 individuals
136, 124, 148, 118, 125, 142
8. Random Sampling Subjects are selected by random
numbers.
Systematic Sampling Subjects are selected by using the
kth number after the first subject is randomly
selected from 1 through k.
Stratified Sampling Subjects are selected by
dividing the population into groups ( strata)
and subjects within groups are randomly selected.
Cluster Sampling Subjects are selected by using
an intact group (clusters) that is representative of the
population.
