1. 1

2. Basic Parameters
 Current: Uniform flow of electrons through a circuit is
called current.
 Ampere is unit of Current . Its denoted by
I
 Voltage : Potential Difference between two points or
Pressure required push the electrons from one point to
another.
 Measured in terms of Volts . Denoted by V
2

3. Basic Parameters
 Resistance : Opposition to flow of electrons in
Circuit/Conductor.
 Measured in terms Ohms. Its denoted by
R
 Impedance : Opposition to flow of Electron in a AC
circuit .
 Denoted by
Z
3

4. Ohms Laws
Def : At constant temperature, Potential Difference
between the two points in directly proportional to
current flowing through it .
4

5. Basic Components
 Circuits : Combination of Active & Passive
Components connected in required fashion to get
meaningful result.
 PASSIVE COMP: Comp. which doesn't have any
internal capacity to change energy format from one
form to another.
 Types : Resistor, Capacitor, Inductors
5

6. Passive Components
 RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
INDUCTOR
6

7. Resistor & Types
Def : A discrete components
which oppose the flow of
current . Unit is Ohms
Wattage is a power
dissipation capacity of
Resistor.
Types:
• Fixed Resistor
• Variable Resistor
Schematic Diagram
7

8. Fixed Types
 Def : With irresprective any parameter changing the
value resistor remains constant or fixed.
 Colour code Resistor
Fusable Resistor
8

9. Fixed types
WIRE WOUND
RESISTOR
1/8
1/4
1/2
1
2
Resistor Network
5
9

10. Resistor Family Tree
RESISTORS
LEADED
SMT
CARBON
FILM
+/-5%
GENERAL
PURPOSE
METAL
FILM
THICK FILM
METAL OXIDE
FILM
+/-1%
HIGHER
PERFORMANCE
WIREWOUND
HIGH POWER
>2W
HIGH
POWER
+/-1%
+/-5%
GENERAL
PURPOSE
THIN FILM
<+/-1%
SPECIAL
10

11. Resistor Family Tree
RESISTORS
LEADED
CARBON
FILM
METAL
FILM



Mature Market
Flat Pricing
Declining Qty’s
SMT
Higher cost
 Lower volumes


Performance applic driven
THICK FILM
METAL
OXIDE
FILM
WIRE
WOUND
THIN FILM
Lowest cost
 Largest Qty’s
 Increasing LT & Pricing for
larger sizes (>0805)
11


12. Application of Fixed Types
 Feed Back Circuits
 Tuner Circuits
 Voltage Divider Circutis
 Phase Shift Circuits
 Tank Circuits
 Filter Circuits
12

13. Resistor colour Code Technique
13

14. Variable Resistor & its types
Def: If the value
of the resistor can
be varied within
the given limit,
then it is known
as variable
resistor
14

15. Types of variable resistor
Preset
Rotatory
Potentiometer
Cermat
Sliding
Potentiometers
Trimpot
Rheostat
15

16. Testing Procedure
16

17. Testing procedure of
variable Resistor
 Before testing the VR know the value of resistor, select suitable
range in Multimeter.
 Connect the one probe to variable terminal and another to fixed
terminal .
 Turn the knob of VR in clock wise
& Anti clock wise direction .
 Observe the value in MM.
17

18. Application of VR
 Volume Controller cum On-Off switch in Radio
 Tuner Circuits


18

19. Introduction
to
Capacitor
19

20. Capacitor
 Def : Its two terminal
device, consisting of two
parallel plate separated by
dielectric material which
has capacity to store energy
in the form charges.
 Measured in terms of :
Farads
 Also indicated by volts
 Schematic Symbol :
20

21. Description of Capacitor
 It Block DC , Pass AC.
 Di-electric used are Glass, Paper, Plastic, Mica, Ceramic,
Electrolyte, etc.,
 Storage capacity of the capacitor depends on area of the
plate, distance between them & type of dielectric used.
 Voltage rating indicate the maximum voltage which can
be applicable. (VDC)

µ =10-6 f, n = 10-9 f, P=10-12f
21

22. Capacitor Family Tree
CAPACITORS
ELECTROSTATIC
CERAMIC
FILM
ELECTROLYTIC
ALUMINUM
TANTALUM
• Non polarized
• Polarized
• AC or DC operation
• DC operation
• Lower Capacitance
• Higher Capacitance
22

23. Markets
CAPACITORS
ELECTROLYTIC
ELECTROSTATIC
CERAMIC
FILM
Biggest market
 Lowest Cost
 1206 Long LT
 0603 & 0402 good choices

Better performance at higher
cost
 SMT longer LT

ALUMINUM
TANTALUM
Large Cap at low cost
 SMT increasing LT
 Price flat on TH

Large Cap in Small Sizes
 Long LT
 Price Increases on C/ D/ E sizes

23

24. Fixed Capacitors
 Def : With irresprective any parameter changing the
value capacitor remains constant or fixed.
 Types : Polarized & Non-Polarized.
Polarized Capacitor : In which capacitor is either charged
in +ve or -ve direction .
Schematic Symbol:
24

25. Polarized Capacitor
Axial Electrolytic Capacitor
Radial Electrolytic
Capacitor
Surface
Mount
Electrolytic
Capacitor
25

26. Polarized Capacitor
CAN
Capacitor
Tantalum
Capacitor
SMD Tantalum
Capacitor
Application : Power Supply Circuits, Timer, Coupling
Capacitor
26

27. Non-Polarized Caps
 Def: which can be charged in only direction or doesn’t
have any polarities.
 Schematic Symbol:
 Types :
Ceramic
Capacitor
27

28. Conversion tables
Dielectric
Y5F
Cap Value
102 = 1000pF
Cap Tolerance
C = +/-.25pF K = +/-10%
D = +/-.5pF
M = +/-20%
F = +/-1%
Z = +80%/-20%
G = +/-2%
Dielectric
J = +/-5%
Y5P
Voltage
1KV = 1000VDC
Cap Value
103 = 0.01uF
Voltage
1KV = 1000VDC
Example shown
P/N: NCD102K1KVY5F
Example shown
P/N: NCD103K1KVY5PTR
28

29. Metalized Polyester
Film Capacitor
Metalized Polypropylene
Capacitor
Transparent Polymer
Film Capacitor
High Voltage Film Capacitor
29

30. High Voltage Ceramic
Capacitor
Multi Layer Ceramic
Capacitor
Application : Phase Shift Ckt, Noise Filter,
Snubber, Motor Stators, Signal Processing
30

31. TRIMMER
Variable Capacitor
GANG Capacitor
APPLICATION : Impedance Matching in
Radio , Tuned Ckt, TV Tuners , Oscillators
31

32. Introduction
to
Inductors
32

33. Inductors
DEF: is a passive electrical component that can
store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric
current passing through it.
L
Schematic Symbol
Measured in HENRY Practically
available value will be in terms Micro
Henry & Milli Henry.
Like capacitors, inductors
temporarily store energy.
Types of Inductance : Self
Inductance & Mutual Inductance
33

34. Behavior & Description
• Inductors store energy
in a
magnetic field, not an electric field.
• It Pass DC , Block AC. Along with
Henry inductance is abbreviated in
terms of Current also.
• It’s a coil of wire which can be
wound on air or on a Magnetic
material.
• The number of factors affecting
inductance value are :
Number of coil turns
Diameter of coil.
Spacing between turns.
Size of the wire used.
Type of material inside the coil
34

35. Types of Inductor
 Fixed Types: With irrespective any parameter changing,
value of inductor remains constant or fixed.
Ferrite core
Air wound inductor toroidal inductor
SMT Inductors
35

36. Axial Power Inductor
Radial Lead Inductor
SMD
Power
Inductor
Beads Inductor36

37. Variable Inductors
 DEF : if the value of the inductor can be varied within the
specified limit, then its Variable Inductor.
Adjustable
Air-Wound Inductor
Variable Inductor
37

38. Variable Inductor
APPLICATION
Tuner CKT
Impedance
matching
Adjustable
Inductor
38

39. Transformer
 Def: it static devices works on the principle of mutual
inductance, which transfer the signal from primary
winding to secondary winding
Schematic Symbol
39

40. Description & Types
 Works on the principle of Mutual Inductance.
 Basic Type: Step -Down & Step – Up.
 Def : If the secondary windings in greater than primary
winding, then is know as Step – Up.
 Area of application: R&D Lab, Transmission station.
 Def : If the secondary winding is lesser than Primary winding,
then it is know as Step-Down.
 Area of Application: House Hold Appliance, Labs , Adapter,
Mobile Chargers.
40

41. Types of Transformer

Isolation Transformer

Pulse Transformer

Auto Transformer or Variac

Current & Voltage transformer

Leakage Transformer

Intermediate Frequency Transformers.
41

42. Testing Procedure
 Two Types of Testing Procedures :
a) Cold Check
b) Hot Check
 Cold check : By using ohmmeter in MM , check the
resistance of the Primary & Secondary winding by
Connecting the probes of MM to both sides of coil .
 Note down the reading
 For step down: Secondary resistance will be lesser than
Primary
 For Step Up: Secondary resistance will be more than
Primary
42

43. Introduction
to
Active Components
43

44.  Def: If a components have inner capacity to change
energy format from one form to another, then it is
known as Active Components
 Its actions can be controlled & it require external
source to work
 All Semi- Conductor Devices like Diode ,
Transistors, IC
44

45. Diodes
 It’s a two terminal & layer devices formed using P-type &
N-types SC, which can conduct in only direction. Its
consists of terminal like anode & cathode.
Other Diode :
• PN Junction Diode
• Switching / Signal Diode
• Zener Diode
• Photo Diode
• LED
• Schottky Diode
• Studs
45

46. Types of diode
 PN Junction
or
 Rectifier Diode
 Zener Diode :
46

47.  Signal Diode :
 LED :
47

48.  Stud :
 SMD Diode :
48

49. Bridge Rectifier
49

50. Testing Procedure
• Step 1 : Connect the MM +ve
terminal of to anode & -ve terminal to
cathode, then diode moves into Forward
Bias.
• MM will show the value between 0.40
to 0.65.
• Step 2 : Connect the MM, - ve terminal
to anode &
+ve terminal to cathode , then diode
move into Reverse Bias.
• MM will show the value 0.L
• If any one of the condition fails, Diode is
faulty
50

51. Transistor
 DEF: It’s a three terminal & two junctions devices which
transfer signal from low resistance to high resistance
region.
 Emitter, Base, Collector
C
NPN
B
E
PNP
C
B
E
Schematic Symbol
51

52. Types of transistor
 Transistor are Classified into three main groups :
 Low Power
Commonly used : BC 547, 549, 2n 3904,2n3906, BC 337,
BC 639, BEL 188 , 187, BF 194
52

53.  Medium Power :
E
C
B
 Commonly Used: Sk 100, BEL 100, CD 100, BD 115,
BD 139, BD140, 2N2222, 2N2955, HC100,BC109,
53

54.  High Power :
B C
E
Commonly Used : BUX 84,
2N3055, MJE 13005, KSE
13007,13008, TIP 120,121,122,
2N 2955, TIP 42, 2N 6543,
2N 3773, 2N5685
54

55. Testing Procedure
55

56. Applications
 Amplifier
 Oscillator
 Switching Ckt
 Comparator
 Series Regulator Ckt
 Sensors & Photo Transistor
56

57. Field Effect Transistor
N – Channel FET
P – Channel FET
• It four terminal devices consisting of Drain, Source & Gate(G1 & G2)
• Space between the Drain & Source is know as Channel.
• It a Current Controlled devices .
• It has more advantage than transistor .
• Commonly available FET: BFW10,11, 2SK2155,2SK241,2SK3955, BF245c,
57

58. Testing Procedure
 Select Diode Operation in MM.
 On Condition: Connect +ve terminal to gate & -ve to source.
MM should show OL
 Verifying On: Connect +ve terminal to Drain & -Ve terminal to
Source. MM should show short circuit.
 OFF condition: Connect +ve terminal to source & -ve terminal
to gate .MM should indicate OL
 Verifying Off Condition: Connect +ve terminal to Drain & -ve
terminal to Source .MM Should indicate OL
 Reverse the MM polarity & check, then MM should indicate
resistance value.
58

59. Characteristic & Application
 Consume Less Power
 High Input Impedance
 Low Source to Drain Resistance
 Constance current Source
Application:
 Amplifiers
 Analog Switch
 Oscillators
 Comparators
 Sensors
59

60. Uni Junction Transistor
 Def : Simply two layer Junction devices works on the
principles of Avalanche break Down
Schematic
Symbol
Equivalent circuit
Commonly available UJT :
2N2646,2N2642,2N491,2N4871,2N4870,
60

61. Testing Procedure
Forward Bias condition
Reverse Bias condition
61

62. Application
 Relaxation Oscillator
 Switching Transistor
 Saw tooth Generator
62

63. Integrated Chips
 Def : An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniature ,low cost
electronic circuit consisting of active and passive
components fabricated together on a single crystal of
silicon.
Schematic Symbol
63

64. Advantages

Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.

Cost reduction due to batch processing.

Increased system reliability due to the elimination of
soldered joints.

Improved functional performance.

Matched devices.

Increased operating speeds.

Reduction in power consumption
64

65. Types
 Metal Packages :
SIP PACKAGE
65

66. Types
Dip Package
Flat Quad Package
66

67. Types
Micro processors
PLCC
67

68. IC Regulator
 Def : A higher end regulator which gives a Fixed/Constant
voltage output for varying Input voltage.
Types of regulator :
 +ve regulator
 -ve regulator
 Variable regulator
68

69. Types
 +ve Regulator : Always Identified with 7800 series.
 Pin 1 = Input
 Pin 2 = GND
 Pin 3 = Output
 Commonly available :
7805,7809,7812,7815, 7818, 7824.
69

70. Types
-ve regulator : Always identified with 79 Series
Pin 1 = Ground
Pin 2 = Input
Pin 3 = Output
Commonly available:
7905,7912,7915,7918,7924
70

71. Types
 Variable Regulator : Always identified with LM series
 Area of Application : Power Supply section,
DC Adapter, Chopper Circuits.
71

72. T
H
A
N
K
Y
O
U
72