MPA 205 Public Policy and Program Management

1. RATIONALE FOR
PUBLIC POLICY
Prepared by: SILVERIO L. MANGAOANG III
MPA 205

2. WHAT IS PUBLIC
POLICY?
• Means by which a government maintains order
or address the needs of its citizens through
actions defined by its constitution
• An attempt by the government to address
public issue by instituting laws, regulations,
decisions, or actions pertinent to the problem
at hand

3. PUBLIC POLICY
• Goal-directed course of action, taken by government, to
deal with a public problem.
• Governments use public policy to solve social
problem( housing, welfare), to counter threat (crime,
illegal drugs), or to pursue an objective (revenue
generation).
• Choice made by official government bodies and
agencies that affect public interest
• Public policy making involves a series of activities that
leads ultimately to a policy decision and application of
that decision

4. PURPOSE
• seek to achieve a goal that is considered to be the best
interest of all members of society
• captures the intentions of the government that
without a policy there can be no governance
• enables the public to measure the achievements of
the government
• government can be critiqued and pulled up for not
implementing its policies
• democracy becomes more visible and goals of
deliberation, consensus and awareness are achieved

5. PUBLIC ISSUES/INTERESTS
• Peace & Order
• Education
• Foreign Policy
• Health
• Social Welfare
• Poverty
• Employment
•

6. MAJOR TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICY
REGULATORY PUBLIC POLICY
•Main goal is to maintain order and prohibit behaviors that
endangers the society
•Government accomplishes this goal by restricting citizens,
groups, or corporations from engaging in those actions that
negatively affect the political and social order
Examples:
Administration of voting procedures
Provision of traffic ordinances
Prohibition in the use of a certain drug

7. • Another goal of regulatory policy is to protect economic
activities and business markets by prohibiting industry
from practicing activities detrimental to the free
market, such as creation of monopolies.
• Evident in the use of laws designed to protect the
workplace and the environment
REGULATORY POLICY

8. DISTRIBUTIVE POLICY
• Aimed at ensuring proper distribution of opportunities,
goods, services among different sections of society
• uses tax revenues to provide benefits to individuals or
groups by means of grants or subsidies
Examples:
Tax Abatements
Farm Subsidies
Tax Write-Offs (Promotion of Housing Industry)

9. REDISTRIBUTIVE PUBLIC POLICY
• Main purpose is to promote equality
• Government redistributes societal wealth from one group to
another group
EXAMPLES:
Income Stabilization-support to unemployed or retired
Social Welfare- direct payments to indigents
Health Care Programs
Progressive Taxation-tax rates increases as income increases

10. COMPONENTS IN POLICY CREATION
PROBLEM- issue that needs to be addressed
PLAYER- individual or group that is influential
in forming a plan to address the
problem in question
POLICY- finalized course of action decided upon
by the government

11. STEPS IN MAKING PUBLIC
POLICIES (ROY SYLVAN)
STEP 1
Identify problem that needs improvement or solution
STEP 2
Develop alternative solutions that can improve or solve the problem
STEP 3
Adopt an alternative or combination of alternatives
STEP 4
Implement the adopted policy
STEP 5
Evaluate the effect of the policy on the problem it addressed & on the people
affected

12. Public Policy Process in the Philippines
Policy Cycle POLICY STAGES in the PHILIPPINES Institutions
Agenda Setting Public sector’s development requirements; Amendments to
current policies; Sectoral advocacies, etc.
State actors – legislators,
executive offices,
Non-state actors –
development agencies, industry,
private business, NGOs/Pos, etc.
Policy FORMULATON Policymakers in the legislative and executive
(national and local) take up the agenda
Congress (Republic Acts)
Executive (Implementing Rules
and Regulations, Exec Order,
Admin Order, Dept. Order,
Memo Circular, etc)
LGUs (Council Resolutions)
Policy ADOPTION Formal enactment of the official and legal policy
instrument after a series of dialogues and consultations
with state and non-state sectors; presentation of optionsPolicy FORMALIZATION
Policy
IMPLEMENTATION
Translation of the policy into programs and
projects at the executive branch - from the President
to the line agencies and concerned institutions at the
national and local levels;
Mobilization of resources - funds, personnel, etc.
Executive Branch –
Departments, Agencies, LGUs,
Budget Department Office, Civil
Service, Regulatory and
Oversight Agencies
Policy Evaluation Policy Implementation Review and Evaluation towards
Agenda Setting

13. AGENDA SETTING
• Certain problems are viewed as needing action while others
are postponed; competing claims & prioritization gain or
decline in prominence over time
• Many people contribute in shaping up public
opinion(president, members of congress, executive branch
officials, political parties, interest groups, media & general
public)
• From many & competing claims, policy makers select issues
to be given priority & those to be filtered out
• Confluence of 3 streams of events: policy recognition, policy
generation & political action

14. POLICY FORMULATION
• Development of formal policy statements that are viewed as
legitimate (Republic Acts, Executive Orders, Administrative
Order, Department Order, etc.)
• Procedure in Legislation:
A bill is introduced & referred to a committee & a sub-
committee, hearings are held, the committee reports to
the larger body, a vote is taken in both houses, a conference
committee works out differences in the 2 versions, and the bill
is sent to the Chief Executive for his signature

15. POLICY FORMULATION
• President has formal & informal means of influencing
legislation thru program initiatives & budget proposals
• Other government officials interact with Congress on a
regular basis & may also affect policy outcomes
• Individual citizens &interest groups also seek access &
influence
• Government Agencies usually send program proposals
to the legislature for its consideration
• Agency personnel are often called upon to provide
testimony regarding particular proposals due to their
expertise on public issues

16. POLICY FORMALIZATION
• To make it official or legitimate by the
observance of proper procedure
• Enactment of the official and legal policy
instrument
• Provide solid legal basis for the enactment of
the policy
• Adherence to proven principles and strategies
consistent with international standards

17. POLICY ADOPTION
• It is the most political stage of the policy process
• It involves bargaining , compromising, and negotiation
• Politicians often use policy-negotiating tactics such as
pork barrel politics
• Proposals must be consistent with the political realities
- consistent with prevailing political climate
- favored by incumbent administration & legislative
majority
- support of interest groups

18. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
• Legislation leaves a great deal of discretion to
public managers in working out details of a
particular program
• Managers develop administrative rules or policies
to give detail to legislation or fill in the gaps
• Legislators cannot foresee questions that may
come up during implementation
• Legislation is general & lacks details

19. POLICY EVALUATION
• Validation if the policy created was the real
solution to the issue
• Using social science methodology
(Anthropology, Political Science, History,
Economics, Psychology)
• Evaluators designs a valid means of
collecting data to find out how the program
is addressing the original policy issue

20. Selected Phil IID Policies
Criteria – a) critical inclusive growth driver; b) has a formally adopted
legal/policy basis; c) went through the policy processes; d) under implementation
PDP 2011-2016 Public
Policies
Program Implementing
Institutions
Infrastructure RA 7718
EO 8
EO136
Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
Program
NGA, NEDA-ICC GOCCs,
LGUs,
Social
Development
RA 10354 Reproductive Health Program DOH, LGUs
EO 221
AO 15
Conditional Cash Transfer Program
(Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program – 4Ps)
DSWD, DOH, DepEd, LGUs
RA 8425 KALAHI-CIDDS NAPCC, DSWD, HDPRC,
LGUs
Environment
RA 10121 Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Program
NDRRMC, LGUs

21. Profiling the Public Policies (1)
Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) Policy
Policy Cycle
Policy Formulation Emanated from constitutional provision on the role of private sector in development; Private sector
finance regarded as resource under the development assistance program
Policy Adoption RA 7718 – (Amended BOT Law, 1994) - Enacted to provide solid legal basis to engage private
sector financing and technology in critical infrastructure and development sectors; IRR committee
created to develop Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) which was amended in 2012
Executive Order # 8 (2010) – Formalized PPP Program; Established a PPP Center as main
coordinating agency; Mandated implementing agencies (IAs/GOCCs/LGUs) to develop PPP projects;
create PPP units
Executive Order 136 (2013) – Established a PPP Governing Board
Policy Formalization
Policy Implementation PPP Center established to provide project development and capacity building interventions to
IAs/GOCCs/LGUs; DBM mobilized funds for the PPPC and its Project Development Monitoring
Facility (PDMF), DOF (Contingent Liability Fund) and Infra Agencies (Strategic Support Fund)
Current Pipeline of PPP Projects – 6 Awarded Projects (PhP45 B); 4 Projects Under Bidding
(PhP121 B); 16 Projects Under Review and Structuring; 18 projects under study
Policy Evaluation Proposed amendment to RA 7718 submitted to Congress; Certified priority bill

22. Profiling the Public Policies (2)
Reproductive Health Policy
Policy Cycle
Policy Formulation Draws historical basis on 1967’s Declaration on Population by 12 countries including the Phil
whereby population be considered a principal element for long term economic development;
Proposed by the health department as a comprehensive response to guarantee universal access to
methods on contraception; fertility control, sex education and maternal care
Policy Adoption Republic Act 10354 (2012) – Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act
While there was general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child care, there
remains a huge debate about its mandate that the state and private sector will fund and
undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices, birth control pills and IUDs and
government continues to disseminate information on their use in health centers
Policy Formalization
Policy Implementation Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) has yet to be developed
Funding allocation has yet to be mobilized through DOH and other agencies with specific roles –
FDA, LGUs, etc.
Family planning and responsible parenthood component to be integrated in anti poverty programs
(Chapter 12)
Policy Evaluation A petition questioning the constitutionality of the RH Law was raised to the Supreme Court which
voted, in March 2013, to issue a status quo ante order halting its implementation

23. Profiling the Public Policies (3)
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Policy
Policy Cycle
Policy Formulation Drew urgency from old law’s (P.D. 1566) disaster management policy focused only around the
hazard and the impacts of a disaster. It assumed that disasters cannot be avoided. Most of the
plans were on the provision of relief goods and infrastructure. The DRRM Act came as a response
to increasing risk of disasters in the face of intensified global climate change.
Policy Adoption Republic Act 10121 – DRRM Act Amending previous policies and providing a
comprehensive DRRM Program. The DRRM Act adopts and adheres to principles &
strategies consistent with the international standards set by the Hyogo Framework for Action
(HFA), a comprehensive, action oriented response to international concern on disaster impact on‐
individuals, communities & national development.
Policy Formalization
Policy
Implementation
Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) – Focus on integrated priorities for action towards
disaster risk reduction – a) disaster preparedness; b) risk assessment; c) vulnerability reduction;
d) knowledge management and, e) governance
Inter-agency National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)
with defined roles for government agencies, local governments, civil society, private sector and the
affected local communities
Policy Evaluation Evaluation of policies, processes and institutional roles reiterated in the light of recent disasters
that highlighted readiness and coordination challenges between national and local governments

24. Profiling the Public Policies (4)
Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan- Comprehensive Integrated
Delivery of Social Services (KALAHI-CIDSS)
Policy Cycle
Policy Formulation Framed from the National Anti-Poverty Program (Social Reform Act)
Consolidated the lessons and strategies of the two poverty reduction programs – CIDSS (DSWD)
and Kecamatan Development Program (Indonesia)
Policy Adoption Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8125 - 1998)
Embodied in Philippine Development Plan (PDP 2011-2016) and NAPC’s community driven
development (CDD) thrust .
Scaling up of the CDD through the Human Development and Poverty Reduction Cluster -
NAPC, DAR, DA, DepEd, DOE, DILG, DOLE, etc.
Policy Formalization
Policy Implementation First Phase (KC-1) 2003-2010 – 42 poorest provinces (over 50% nationwide) assisted in small
scale but responsive to community-identified needs (e.g. school buildings, health stations,
day-care centers, post-harvest facilities, etc)
By end of 2010, the project funded partially by WB has covered a total of 5,543 barangays
(villages) in 200 municipalities
Millennium Challenge Account Phil (MCA-Phil) funded KC-II (Aug 2011) and benefited
160 municipalities in 24 provinces, as 2,672 subprojects completed including 249 school buildings,
198 water systems, 117 day-care centers, 99 health stations, 45 flood and river control systems
Policy Evaluation Consolidation of lessons and challenges (c/o DSWD) particularly on the role of local governments
- towards policy, process and implementation improvements

25. Case Study - Conditional Cash Transfer
Guidelines (Pantawid Pamilya Program)
Policy Cycle CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED
Policy
Formulation
Translation of policy objectives into specific implementing guidelines covering various
sectors (education, health) , levels of implementation (national and local governments
and communities) and the multi-sector participants and stakeholders (private/NGO
conduits, development agencies
Policy Adoption • Clarification of mandates/roles/deliverables of concerned public institutions and
private/non-public actors/participants
• Monitoring and evaluation framework and mechanics
• Accountability mechanisms (systems, processes, institutions, fiscal, etc)
Policy
Formalization
Policy
Implementation
• Local constraints and realities – database/documentation and ICT concerns
• Location/distance concerns relative to disbursements, tracking, monitoring
• Political and community considerations relative to selection, verification,
transparency and accountability
• Creativity and Innovation in handling/managing challenges
• Public Communications

26. ROLE OF THE STATE
DEFENSIVE FUNCTION- includes defense from external aggression and maintenance of law and order
ADMINISTRATIVE F UNCTION-setting up of administrative structure and agencies for administering and
controlling the different departments in the country
SOCIAL SECURITY- insurance against accident, assistance to the poor, the sick and unemployed
- promotion of natural and human resources by providing education, medical aid,
housing, library, public parks, sports grounds, museums
ECONOMIC FUNCTION- assess, explore and make optimum utilization of natural resources
-ensure growth by maintaining economic stability
- reduce economic disparities by minimizing the gap between the rich and the poor
and providing socio economic justice
- increasing economic growth by arranging necessary raw material, machinery and
foreign assistance & making and executing economic plans

27. REFERENCES
•www.angelo.edu/faculty/ljones/gov3301/block6/objective5.ht
m
•www.aspap.org
•www.study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-public -policy-htm.
•http://ecampus.itcilo.org/pluginfile.php/13976/mod_resource/co
.
•www.wisegeek.com/what-is-public-policy-htm.