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Algae
- 1. SUBMITTED BY JISNA .T BSc. BOTANY Govt.college chittur
- 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I take this opportunity to express my gratitude in few words and respect to all those who helped me in the completion of this project. It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to my teachers for valuable support , constant help and guidance at each and every stage
- 4. CONTENT Definition of algae Structure of algae Algal flagella Algal cell structure Habitat Organization of thallus Pigmentation Nutrition Food Reserve
- 5. ALGAE
- 6. ALGAE - STRUCTURE THALLUS – Undifferentiated plant body BLADE – leaf like flattened portion PNEUMATOCYST – gas filled chambers STIPE – seaweeds having support for holding blades HOLD FAST – Root like structure
- 8. ALGAL FLAGELLA They are the fine, protoplasmic , whip like threads in motile algae – flagella Isokont – equal in length Heterokont – unequal in length 2 kinds : whiplash – smooth surface [ acronematic ] tinsel – feathery appearance [ pantonematic ] Blepharoplast – a single granule at the base of each flagellum it has typical 9 + 2 pattern of arrangement of microtubules
- 9. ALGAL CELL 3 Kinds : 1.prokaryotic : blue green algae 2.eukaryotic : other groups 3.mesokaroytic : Dinophyceae
- 10. habitat
- 11. A] hydrophytes 1. Planktophytes – floating & drifting algae Euplanktophytes – non attached e.g., diatoms Tachyplanktophytes – initially attached & later free e.g., zygnema 2. Benthophytes – fixed or attached bottom dwelling algae Periphytes - attached to submerged aquatic plants e.g., nostoc Lithophytes – attached to rocks & stones e.g., polysiphonia
- 14. 3. Epactiphytes – fresh water algae growing along the banks of ponds & lakes e.g., oedogonium 4. Thermophytes – inhabiting hot springs e.g., blue green algae 5. Halophytes – inhabiting saline waters e.g., pediastrum 6. Epiphytes – attached to living plants e.g., coleochaeta 7. Epizoophytes – attached to living aquatic animals , such as turtles e.g., cladophora
- 17. 1. Saphophytes – soil surface e.g., botrydium 2. Cryptophytes – sub surface soil e.g., nostoc 3. Lithophytes - moist rocks , wet walls e.g., blue green algae 4. Psammophytes – sand , along sanndy shores B] EDAPHOPHYTES
- 19. The algae adapted for aerial mode of life . they grow on the leaves & bark of trees , on the bodies of animals 1. Epiphyllophytes – remains attached to leaves of trees e.g., phyllosiphon 2. Epiphloeophytes – grows on tree bark together with may mosses & liverworts e.g., haplosiphon 3. Epizoophytes - algae found on the bodies of land animals C] AEROPHYTES
- 20. AEROPHYTES
- 21. Algae found in snow & ice Responsible for red snow , green snow , violet snow etc.. D] CRYOPHYTES
- 22. Algae found within the body of aquatic animals e.g., zoochlorella in hydra viridis F] PARASITES E] ENDOZOOPHYTES Some algae exist as plant parasites e.g., Caphaleuros viresces [ parasite of tea ]
- 25. Algae existing in symbiotic association with other plants forming lichens e.g., chlorella with nitrogen fixing bacterium azotobactor G] SYMBIONTS Oophila amblystomatis - salmander
- 27. CHLAMYDOMONAS – MOTILE CHLORELLA - NONMOTILE UNICELLULAR
- 28. PEDIASTRUM - coenobium VOLVOX COLONY MULTICELLULAR
- 29. DINOBRYON – DENDROID FORM AMORPHOUS
- 30. CHARA - HETEROTRICHOUS ULVA - PARENCHYMATOUS
- 34. PIGMENTATION 3 major categories based on the chemical & physical properties 1. chlorophyll 2. carotenoids 3. phycobilins
- 35. 1. CHLOROPHYLL Fat soluble green pigment They absorbs blue region & reflects green light Responsible for green colour of algae 7 different types
- 37. STROMATOLITES Cyanobacteria can form rock - like structures in warm tidal areas
- 39. 2. CAROTENOIDS fat soluble yellow pigments accessory photosynthetic pigments there are 3 main groups : 1. carotenes 2. xanthophyll 3. carotenoid acids
- 40. CAROTENES absorbs blue - green light & transmit yellow – red light non oxygenated examples : ß carotene , lycopene & flavicine XANTHOPHYLL also called carotelos oxygenated hydrocarbon examples : lutein , zeaxanthin Carotenoid acids formed of a chain of carbon atoms
- 43. 3. PHYCOBILINS water soluble always bonded with protein called phycobiliproteins blue & red in colour strongly fluorescent emits orange or red light after fluorescence 3 main kinds : 1. phycoerythrins 2. phycocyanins 3. allophycocyanins
- 46. PLASTIDS Pigments are found in membrane bound organelles called plastids except blue green algae – plastids are absent pigments are found at peripheral cytoplasm [ chromoplasm ] plastids are of two types : leucoplast - colourless chromoplast - coloured
- 47. PLASTID FORMS IN ALGAE Cup Shaped - Chlorella , Chlamydomonas Spiral - Spirogyra Girdle - Ulothrix Stellate - Zygnema Discoid - Chara Reticulate - Oedogonium
- 48. ALGAL NUTRITION Photoautotrophs - using only inorganic medium for synthesizing organic foods Photoauxotrophs - using some organic substance like thiamine , biotin etc., Heterotrophs - do not synthesize organic food from inorganic substances but solely from organic constituents .
- 49. RESERVE FOOD Chlorophyceae : starch & oils Xanthophyceae : chrysolaminarin & oils Bacillariophyceae : volutine & oils Phaeophyceae : laminarin , mannitol & oils Rhodophyceae : floridean starch , fats Cyanophyceae : cyanophcean starch , cyanophycin
- 50. REFERENCES www.easybiologyclass.com S.Chand & company ltd publications – botany for degree students algae – B.R.Vashishta , Dr. A.K.Sinha , -1-13 K.K.Bhaskaran , A.R.Ajith Kumar Ramesh . Phycology , bryology , pteridology , published by Manjusha publications