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Sociology Unit 2  Research Methods (AQA)
 Qualitative: involves opinions and values
  (words) Favoured by intrepretivists
 Quantitative: numerical data. Favoured by
  positivists.
 Primary data: collecting new data that hasnt
  been collected before and for the
  researchers purpose i.e. Surveys
 Secondary data: collected old data that has
  been available before and has been collected
  by someone else. i.e. Official statistics.
 PET-  Practical (funding, access to
  groups, time, cost) Ethical (informed
  consent, confidentiality, psychological harm)
  Theoretical ( if data is reliable: can it be
  replicated, valid: is it true accurate picture of
  research group)
 Research methods:
  experiment, questionnaire, interview, observation,
  official statistics, documents
 Positivism (advocated by durkhiem) look for
  correlations, objective facts
 Interpretive: interpret meaning of words, use
  qualitative data to do this.
 Selecting respondents to carry out research:
 Unit: individual of a population/ frame: list of all
  people in a population
 Random: everyone has an equal chance of being
  selected. Large sample needed. Most representative
 Stratified: population divided based on variables such
  as sex. Need sampling frame. Small sample
 Snowballing: members put researcher in touch with
  possible respondents. Not representative. Good for
  groups that are hard to identify.
 Opportunity: people put themselves forward and those
  who are easily accessible. Cant generalize. Easy,
  cheapest and quick
   Face2face: high response rate, opertionalize concepts. Interviwer
    bias, time consuming.
   Telephone: cheap, easy. Response rates
   Postal: cheap, easy. Response rates, generalize.
   Internet: cheap, quick. Response rate, limited to those with
    internet access.
   Fixedq: respondents restricted to limited answers i.e. Yes/no.
    Quantitative data, reliable. Hard to opertionalize concepts, cant
    get qualitative data.
   Openq: respondents allowed to provide their own response.
    Detailed data, opertionalize concepts. Time consuming,
    interviewer bias.
   OVERALL: Large amounts of data collected quickly, easy to
    compare results.
   People may act differently [hawthrone effect] data may be
    inaccurate, researches mat nor understand respondents reasoning.
 Structured: pre-set of questions. Easy to replicate and
  compare, less chance of interview bias. Lack of detail,
  hard to find out more
 semi- structured: some fixed questions. Researchers
  influence the route of interview. Reliability.
 Unstructured: few or no fixed questions. Researcher
  directs the interview, hard to replicate, time
  consuming, may go off track.
 Individual: less time consuming. cant observe
  interaction
 Group: closer to real life, may sway opinion
 OVERALL: validity may be affected. Larger sample can
  be used. Interprevists favour it.
 Participant>  overt (researcher can ask
  questions, difficult to become full
  participant, research group may not want to
  be observed>covert (respondents are not
  aware of researcher) act more
  naturally, difficult to access some
  groups, unethical.
 Overall: can be done with little
  preparation, in depth
  studies, unethical, samples may be too small
  to generalize, time consuming.
 Study   of same people over long period of
  time.
 Long term commitment, sample size can
  affect validity
 Look over process for long time, valid
 Triangulation: using different research
  methods to fill in data.
 i.e.Documents, diaries, official statistics
 Allow insight into peoples lives
 Cheaper, quicker
 Allow to study the past.
 May not be reliable
 May not be for the researcher purpose.
 Qualitative: historical data, content analysis
  (comparing media studies).
 May not be representative, may be
  untruthful, may be unreliablable.
   Case study-study in depth of something
   Collecitivits: grouping interests together
   Credibility: how believeable data is
   Factual survey: a survey collective detailed data
   Field experiments: conducted in natural setting
   Formal content analysis: analyis of media in numerical
    data
   Hypothese: a statement to be tested in research
   Objectivity: making truthful statements about the world
   Operationalizing: breaking down a concept so it can be
    measured.
   Official statistics: numberical data produced by the
    government
   Private documents :i.e. Diaries
   Response rate: people who return the questionnaire

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Sociology Unit 2 Research Methods (AQA)

  • 2.  Qualitative: involves opinions and values (words) Favoured by intrepretivists  Quantitative: numerical data. Favoured by positivists.  Primary data: collecting new data that hasnt been collected before and for the researchers purpose i.e. Surveys  Secondary data: collected old data that has been available before and has been collected by someone else. i.e. Official statistics.
  • 3.  PET- Practical (funding, access to groups, time, cost) Ethical (informed consent, confidentiality, psychological harm) Theoretical ( if data is reliable: can it be replicated, valid: is it true accurate picture of research group)  Research methods: experiment, questionnaire, interview, observation, official statistics, documents  Positivism (advocated by durkhiem) look for correlations, objective facts  Interpretive: interpret meaning of words, use qualitative data to do this.
  • 4.  Selecting respondents to carry out research:  Unit: individual of a population/ frame: list of all people in a population  Random: everyone has an equal chance of being selected. Large sample needed. Most representative  Stratified: population divided based on variables such as sex. Need sampling frame. Small sample  Snowballing: members put researcher in touch with possible respondents. Not representative. Good for groups that are hard to identify.  Opportunity: people put themselves forward and those who are easily accessible. Cant generalize. Easy, cheapest and quick
  • 5. Face2face: high response rate, opertionalize concepts. Interviwer bias, time consuming.  Telephone: cheap, easy. Response rates  Postal: cheap, easy. Response rates, generalize.  Internet: cheap, quick. Response rate, limited to those with internet access.  Fixedq: respondents restricted to limited answers i.e. Yes/no. Quantitative data, reliable. Hard to opertionalize concepts, cant get qualitative data.  Openq: respondents allowed to provide their own response. Detailed data, opertionalize concepts. Time consuming, interviewer bias.  OVERALL: Large amounts of data collected quickly, easy to compare results.  People may act differently [hawthrone effect] data may be inaccurate, researches mat nor understand respondents reasoning.
  • 6.  Structured: pre-set of questions. Easy to replicate and compare, less chance of interview bias. Lack of detail, hard to find out more  semi- structured: some fixed questions. Researchers influence the route of interview. Reliability.  Unstructured: few or no fixed questions. Researcher directs the interview, hard to replicate, time consuming, may go off track.  Individual: less time consuming. cant observe interaction  Group: closer to real life, may sway opinion  OVERALL: validity may be affected. Larger sample can be used. Interprevists favour it.
  • 7.  Participant> overt (researcher can ask questions, difficult to become full participant, research group may not want to be observed>covert (respondents are not aware of researcher) act more naturally, difficult to access some groups, unethical.  Overall: can be done with little preparation, in depth studies, unethical, samples may be too small to generalize, time consuming.
  • 8.  Study of same people over long period of time.  Long term commitment, sample size can affect validity  Look over process for long time, valid  Triangulation: using different research methods to fill in data.
  • 9.  i.e.Documents, diaries, official statistics  Allow insight into peoples lives  Cheaper, quicker  Allow to study the past.  May not be reliable  May not be for the researcher purpose.  Qualitative: historical data, content analysis (comparing media studies).  May not be representative, may be untruthful, may be unreliablable.
  • 10. Case study-study in depth of something  Collecitivits: grouping interests together  Credibility: how believeable data is  Factual survey: a survey collective detailed data  Field experiments: conducted in natural setting  Formal content analysis: analyis of media in numerical data  Hypothese: a statement to be tested in research  Objectivity: making truthful statements about the world  Operationalizing: breaking down a concept so it can be measured.  Official statistics: numberical data produced by the government  Private documents :i.e. Diaries  Response rate: people who return the questionnaire