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Chapter 11

 Architecture
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The mother art is architecture.
Without an architecture of our
 own, we have no soul of our
      own civilization.


       –Frank Lloyd Wright
Introduction
• What is architecture?
• Why is architecture important to us?
• Why does architecture, of all the arts,
  have the greatest impact on our lives?
• Why does architecture determine the
  quality of the environments in which
  we work, play, live, meditate, and rest?
Architecture
• Architecture - The art and science of
  designing buildings, bridges, and other
  structures to meet our personal and
  communal needs.
• It is also a vehicle for artistic expression
  in three-dimensions.
• The architect mediates between the
  client and the selected site
Architectural Materials
• Stone, Wood, Cast Iron, Steel Cage
Reinforced Concrete, Steel Cable, Shell
STONE ARCHITECTURE
• Massive and virtually indestructible.
• Symbol of strength and permanence.
• Expresses warmth
Terms:
• Kivas - Circular underground community
  centers created by the native American Cliff
  dwellers.
• Adobe - dried mud used in architectural
  construction.
Figure 11.1, p.214: Cliff Dwellings, Mesa Verde, Colorado. Native American, Pre-Columbian.
Post-and-Lintel Construction




     Figure 11.3a, p.215: Post-and-lintel construction.
Dry Masonry




Figure 11.4, p.216: Walls of Fortress of Machu Picchu, Urubamba Valley, Peru. Incan, 1490–1530.
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Stone as a favored material




Figure 11.5, p.216: Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak. Egyptian, XVIII dynasty, 1570–1342 BCE.
Arches
• Arches span distances.
• They support other structures, such as
 roofs.
• They can serve as an actual symbolic
 gateway, such as in the Arch of
 Triumph in Paris, France.
Rounded and Pointed
       Arches




Figure 11.3b, p.215: Rounded arches enclosing square bay.
Figure 11.3c, p.217: Pointed arches enclosing rectangular bay.
Figure 11.7, p.217: EERO SAARINEN. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO
(1966).
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Terminology
• Bricks
• Voussiors - wedge shaped blocks of
  stone
• Centering
• Keystone
• Compressive strength
• Tiers
Vaults Terminology
• Vault - an extended   •   Gothic
  arc                   •   Pointed arcs
• Barrel (or tunnel)
                        •   Ottonian
  Vault
• Groin vault           •   Romanesque
• Buttressing           •   Clerestory
• Bay                   •   Fenestration
• Ribs
• Webbing
Figure 11.3d, p.215: Tunnel or barrel vault.
Figure 11.3e, p.215: Groin vault.
Figure 11.3f, p.215: Groin vault showing ribs that carry greatest loads.
Figure 11.3g, p.215: Flying buttress.
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Stone is an elegant Gothic structural
  element for examples of vaults see:
• The lacy buttressing and ample
  fenestration of
  – Laon Cathedral,
  – Cathedral of Notre-Dame,
  – and Chartres Cathedral (ch. 14)
Domes
Domes are hemispherical forms
  – They are rounded when viewed from underneath
  – They are extensions of the principle of the arch
  – They are capable of enclosing a vast amount of
    space
• Pendentives - triangular surfaces used to
  support the dome on a square base
• Piers - structures under the pendentives that
  the load of the dome is transferred onto
• Veneers - thin facades
Figure 11.3j, p.215: Dome.
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A prominent example of Roman coffering, employed to lighten the weight of the dome
     and increase structural strength can be found in the ceiling of the Pantheon.
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Figure 11.25, p.227: BUCKMINSTER FULLER. United States Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).
Other Uses of Stone
     in Construction
• Stone is rarely used today as a
  structural material.
• Expensive to quarry and transport
• Mostly stone veneers are used
  – Decorative stone used on façades
• Stone slabs are used for entry halls,
  patios, and gardens.
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WOOD ARCHITECTURE
Advantages:                           Disadvantage:
•   Attractive
•   Versatile                         • Warps
•
•
    Abundant
                                      • Cracks
    Renewable
•   Light                             • Highly flammable
•   Can be worked onsite with
    portable hand tools               • Termites
•   Variety of colors and grains
•   Weathers well
•   Can be painted
•   Can be used on the façade or as
    a structural material
Post-and-Beam
        Construction
• Similar to post-and-lintel construction
• Vertical and horizontal timbers are cut
 and pieced together with wooden pegs
• The beams allow for windows, doors,
 and interior supports
• Supports another story or roofs
Figure 11.10a, p.222: Post-and-beam construction.
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Trusses
Trusses - Lengths of wood, iron, or steel
  pieced together in a triangular shape.
  – Trusses span large distances.
  – Trusses are used as design and engineering
    elements.
Figure 11.10b, p.220: Trusses.
Balloon Framing
• An American construction building
  technique.
• A product of the Industrial Revolution (early
  20th century).
• Mass production and assembly of materials
• Originally “balloon framing” was an
  insulting term due to the fact that people
  were skeptical that it would work.
Figure 11.10c, p.220: Balloon framing.
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CAST-IRON
         ARCHITECTURE
Cast-Iron
  – Was also a product of the 19th century’s Industrial
    Revolution
  – Changed the realm of architecture
  – It was a welcome alternative to stone and wood.
  – Allowed for the erection of taller buildings with
    thinner walls
  – Has great strength but is heavy
Prefabrication
Steel-cage construction
Figure 11.14, p.222: Engraving of Sir Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, London (1851).
Figure 11.15, p.222: GUSTAVE EIFFEL. Eiffel Tower, Paris (1889).
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Steel-Cage Architecture
• Very strong metal with some carbon and
  other metals
• Harder than cast iron and very expensive;
  however, less of the material needs to be used
• Skeletal forms of steel result in “steel cages”
• Façades and inner walls are hung from the
  skeleton
Terms
• Steel - strong metal of iron alloyed with
  small amounts of carbon and a variety
  of other metals.
• Steel cages - skeletal forms on to which
  I-beams can be riveted or welded.
• Pilasters
• Cornice
Figure 11.16, p.223: Steel-cage construction.
Figure 11.17, p.223: Louis Sullivan. Wainwright Building, St. Louis, MO (1890).
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Less is more.

–Ludwig Miës van der Rohe
REINFORCED CONCRETE
           ARCHITECTURE
Reinforced Concrete - (or ferroconcrete)
• Invented by gardener Jacques Monier in 1860s
• Steel rods and/or steel mesh are inserted into wet
  concrete.
• Steel is inserted at points of greatest stress before
  hardening.
   Advantages:
   – Less susceptible to pulling apart at stress points.
   – The concrete prevents the steal from rusting.
   – Can span greater distances then stone.
   – Supports more weight then steel.
   – Can take on more natural shapes.
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Figure 11.22 p. 226 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT. Kaufmann House (“Fallingwater”), Bear Run, PA
                                    (1936).
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Figure 11.23 p.226 MOSHE SAFDIE. Habitat, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).
STEEL-CABLE ARCHITECTURE

Steel-cable bridges are not new. The Asian
  culture has made suspension bridges for
  thousands of years.
Steel Cable - many parallel wires are
  intertwined so that they share the stress of the
  load.
Advantages:
• Strong
• Flexible
• Can sway during weather and traffic conditions
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SHELL ARCHITECTURE
• Modern materials and engineering methods
  now enclose spaces with inexpensive shell
  structures.
• Shells are capable of spanning greater spaces.
• Constructed from reinforced concrete, wood,
  steel, paper, etc.
• Concepts as old as the tent, or new as a
  geodesic dome
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NEW MATERIALS, NEW
      VISIONS
• New idea in architecture: “If you can think it,
  we can build it.”
• Global architects now adopt high-tech metals
  and methods.
• Different visions concerning assembling
  designs and buildings have created new and
  interesting buildings.
• Architects are also using unorthodox building
  materials.
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New Materials, New
 Visions in Architecture
• Frank Gehry’s Ray and Maria Stata Center
  for Computer, Information and Intelligence
  Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA

• Peter Testa and Devyn Weisner, Testa
  Architecture and Design’s Carbon Tower

• Shigeru Ban’s Nomadic Museum
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Chapter11 copy

  • 3. The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own, we have no soul of our own civilization. –Frank Lloyd Wright
  • 4. Introduction • What is architecture? • Why is architecture important to us? • Why does architecture, of all the arts, have the greatest impact on our lives? • Why does architecture determine the quality of the environments in which we work, play, live, meditate, and rest?
  • 5. Architecture • Architecture - The art and science of designing buildings, bridges, and other structures to meet our personal and communal needs. • It is also a vehicle for artistic expression in three-dimensions. • The architect mediates between the client and the selected site
  • 6. Architectural Materials • Stone, Wood, Cast Iron, Steel Cage Reinforced Concrete, Steel Cable, Shell
  • 7. STONE ARCHITECTURE • Massive and virtually indestructible. • Symbol of strength and permanence. • Expresses warmth Terms: • Kivas - Circular underground community centers created by the native American Cliff dwellers. • Adobe - dried mud used in architectural construction.
  • 8. Figure 11.1, p.214: Cliff Dwellings, Mesa Verde, Colorado. Native American, Pre-Columbian.
  • 9. Post-and-Lintel Construction Figure 11.3a, p.215: Post-and-lintel construction.
  • 10. Dry Masonry Figure 11.4, p.216: Walls of Fortress of Machu Picchu, Urubamba Valley, Peru. Incan, 1490–1530.
  • 13. Stone as a favored material Figure 11.5, p.216: Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak. Egyptian, XVIII dynasty, 1570–1342 BCE.
  • 14. Arches • Arches span distances. • They support other structures, such as roofs. • They can serve as an actual symbolic gateway, such as in the Arch of Triumph in Paris, France.
  • 15. Rounded and Pointed Arches Figure 11.3b, p.215: Rounded arches enclosing square bay.
  • 16. Figure 11.3c, p.217: Pointed arches enclosing rectangular bay.
  • 17. Figure 11.7, p.217: EERO SAARINEN. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO (1966).
  • 20. Terminology • Bricks • Voussiors - wedge shaped blocks of stone • Centering • Keystone • Compressive strength • Tiers
  • 21. Vaults Terminology • Vault - an extended • Gothic arc • Pointed arcs • Barrel (or tunnel) • Ottonian Vault • Groin vault • Romanesque • Buttressing • Clerestory • Bay • Fenestration • Ribs • Webbing
  • 22. Figure 11.3d, p.215: Tunnel or barrel vault.
  • 23. Figure 11.3e, p.215: Groin vault.
  • 24. Figure 11.3f, p.215: Groin vault showing ribs that carry greatest loads.
  • 25. Figure 11.3g, p.215: Flying buttress.
  • 27. Stone is an elegant Gothic structural element for examples of vaults see: • The lacy buttressing and ample fenestration of – Laon Cathedral, – Cathedral of Notre-Dame, – and Chartres Cathedral (ch. 14)
  • 28. Domes Domes are hemispherical forms – They are rounded when viewed from underneath – They are extensions of the principle of the arch – They are capable of enclosing a vast amount of space • Pendentives - triangular surfaces used to support the dome on a square base • Piers - structures under the pendentives that the load of the dome is transferred onto • Veneers - thin facades
  • 37. A prominent example of Roman coffering, employed to lighten the weight of the dome and increase structural strength can be found in the ceiling of the Pantheon.
  • 40. Figure 11.25, p.227: BUCKMINSTER FULLER. United States Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).
  • 41. Other Uses of Stone in Construction • Stone is rarely used today as a structural material. • Expensive to quarry and transport • Mostly stone veneers are used – Decorative stone used on façades • Stone slabs are used for entry halls, patios, and gardens.
  • 43. WOOD ARCHITECTURE Advantages: Disadvantage: • Attractive • Versatile • Warps • • Abundant • Cracks Renewable • Light • Highly flammable • Can be worked onsite with portable hand tools • Termites • Variety of colors and grains • Weathers well • Can be painted • Can be used on the façade or as a structural material
  • 44. Post-and-Beam Construction • Similar to post-and-lintel construction • Vertical and horizontal timbers are cut and pieced together with wooden pegs • The beams allow for windows, doors, and interior supports • Supports another story or roofs
  • 45. Figure 11.10a, p.222: Post-and-beam construction.
  • 47. Trusses Trusses - Lengths of wood, iron, or steel pieced together in a triangular shape. – Trusses span large distances. – Trusses are used as design and engineering elements.
  • 49. Balloon Framing • An American construction building technique. • A product of the Industrial Revolution (early 20th century). • Mass production and assembly of materials • Originally “balloon framing” was an insulting term due to the fact that people were skeptical that it would work.
  • 50. Figure 11.10c, p.220: Balloon framing.
  • 52. CAST-IRON ARCHITECTURE Cast-Iron – Was also a product of the 19th century’s Industrial Revolution – Changed the realm of architecture – It was a welcome alternative to stone and wood. – Allowed for the erection of taller buildings with thinner walls – Has great strength but is heavy Prefabrication Steel-cage construction
  • 53. Figure 11.14, p.222: Engraving of Sir Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, London (1851).
  • 54. Figure 11.15, p.222: GUSTAVE EIFFEL. Eiffel Tower, Paris (1889).
  • 56. Steel-Cage Architecture • Very strong metal with some carbon and other metals • Harder than cast iron and very expensive; however, less of the material needs to be used • Skeletal forms of steel result in “steel cages” • Façades and inner walls are hung from the skeleton
  • 57. Terms • Steel - strong metal of iron alloyed with small amounts of carbon and a variety of other metals. • Steel cages - skeletal forms on to which I-beams can be riveted or welded. • Pilasters • Cornice
  • 58. Figure 11.16, p.223: Steel-cage construction.
  • 59. Figure 11.17, p.223: Louis Sullivan. Wainwright Building, St. Louis, MO (1890).
  • 61. Less is more. –Ludwig Miës van der Rohe
  • 62. REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCHITECTURE Reinforced Concrete - (or ferroconcrete) • Invented by gardener Jacques Monier in 1860s • Steel rods and/or steel mesh are inserted into wet concrete. • Steel is inserted at points of greatest stress before hardening. Advantages: – Less susceptible to pulling apart at stress points. – The concrete prevents the steal from rusting. – Can span greater distances then stone. – Supports more weight then steel. – Can take on more natural shapes.
  • 64. Figure 11.22 p. 226 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT. Kaufmann House (“Fallingwater”), Bear Run, PA (1936).
  • 66. Figure 11.23 p.226 MOSHE SAFDIE. Habitat, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).
  • 67. STEEL-CABLE ARCHITECTURE Steel-cable bridges are not new. The Asian culture has made suspension bridges for thousands of years. Steel Cable - many parallel wires are intertwined so that they share the stress of the load. Advantages: • Strong • Flexible • Can sway during weather and traffic conditions
  • 73. SHELL ARCHITECTURE • Modern materials and engineering methods now enclose spaces with inexpensive shell structures. • Shells are capable of spanning greater spaces. • Constructed from reinforced concrete, wood, steel, paper, etc. • Concepts as old as the tent, or new as a geodesic dome
  • 76. NEW MATERIALS, NEW VISIONS • New idea in architecture: “If you can think it, we can build it.” • Global architects now adopt high-tech metals and methods. • Different visions concerning assembling designs and buildings have created new and interesting buildings. • Architects are also using unorthodox building materials.
  • 81. New Materials, New Visions in Architecture • Frank Gehry’s Ray and Maria Stata Center for Computer, Information and Intelligence Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA • Peter Testa and Devyn Weisner, Testa Architecture and Design’s Carbon Tower • Shigeru Ban’s Nomadic Museum