1. DR.NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
VIJAYAWADA,ANDHRA PRADESH
ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF POST GRADUATE STUDENTS REGARDING
INFERTILITY BEFORE AND AFTER STRUCTURED TEACHING
PROGRAMME AT SELECTED POST GRADUATE COLLEGES,HYDERABAD.
PROFORMA FOR THE REGISTRATION OF
SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
Ms. VIJAYA JAHSSE
1 YEAR M Sc NURSING,
OBSTETRICAL & GYNECOLOGICAL NURSING,
2011-2013
EASHWARI BAI MEMORIALCOLLEGEOFNURSING,
WEST MAREDPALLY,
SECUNDERABAD-26,
ANDHRA PRADESH.
1

2. DR.NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
VIJAYAWADA,ANDHRA PRADESH
PROFORMA FOR THE REGISTRATION OF
SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
NAME OF CANDIDATE Ms. VIJAYA JAHSSE
1
AND ADDRESS 1 YEAR M Sc NURSING,EASHWARI
BAI
MEMORIALCOLLEGEOFNURSING,H.N
O.10-1-5/C,ROADNO-4,WEST
MAREDPALLY,
SECUNDERABAD-26,ANDHRA
PRADESH.
NAME OF THE EASHWARI BAI MEMORIALCOLLEGE
2
INSTITUTION OF NURSING
COURSE STUDY AND I YEAR M.SC. NURSING
3
SUBJECT OBSTETRICAL&GYNECOLOGICAL
NURSING
DATE OF ADMISSION 1/10/2011
4
TO COURSE
TITLE OF THE TOPIC ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF POST
5
GRADUATE STUDENTS REGARDING
INFERTILITY BEFORE AND AFTER
STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME
AT SELECTED POST GRADUATE
COLLEGES,HYDERABAD.
2

3. INTRODUCTION
“Pain during labour is tolerable but…emotional pain due to infertility is intolerable
- FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
In all societies the obvious biological difference between
men and women is used as a justification for forcing them into different social roles
which limit and shape their attitudes and behavior. That is to say, no society is content
with the natural difference of sex, but each insists on adding to it a cultural difference of
gender. The simple physical facts therefore always become associated with complex
psychological qualities.
Reproduction is a device that has evolved for the survival of
the living organisms of different species by producing continuous streams of new
generation of the specific species. Reproduction is an organism's way of creating a new
generation of its species. Reproduction is essential for preserving a species (carrying on
with the species), and replenishing the number of organisms in it to compensate for dead
organisms. Without reproduction, a species would die out in one generation.
Failure to this process results in infertility. Infertility is a tragic condition. Though
infertility does not claim an individual life, it inflicts devastating emotional trauma on the
individual for being unable to fulfil the biological role of parenthood for no fault of
his/her own.
Most experts define infertility as not being able to get
pregnant after at least one year of trying. Women who are able to get pregnant but then
have repeat miscarriages are also said to be infertile. It is accepted that the terms
infertility, childlessness or sterility all refer to the incapacity of couples to conceive or
bear children when desired. Primary infertility refers the couple had never conceived
despite cohabitation and exposure to the risk of pregnancy (absence of contraception) for
a period of 2 years. Secondary infertility refers the couple failed to conceive following a
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4. previous pregnancy, despite cohabitation and exposure to the risk of pregnancy (in the
absence of contraception, breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea) for a period of
2 years.
The common causes of fertility problems in women
include: blocked fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis,
physical problems with the uterus, uterine fibroids and many things can affect a woman's
ability to have a baby such as age, stress, poor diet, being over weight or under weight,
tobacco chewing, smoking, alcohol, sexually transmitted diseases and health problems
that cause hormonal changes.
Infertility is not always a woman's problem. In only about
one-third of cases is infertility due to the woman (female factors). In another one third of
cases, infertility is due to the man (male factors). The remaining cases are caused by a
mixture of male and female factors or by unknown factors. Infertility may have profound
psychological effects. Partners may become more anxious to conceive, ironically
increasing sexual dysfunction. Marital discord often develops in infertile couples,
especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions. Women trying to
conceive often have clinical depression rates similar to women who have heart disease or
cancer. Emotional stress and marital difficulties are greater in couples where the
infertility lies with the man.
Infertility can be treated with medicine, surgery, artificial
insemination, or assisted reproductive technology. Many times these treatments are
combined. In most cases infertility is treated with drugs or surgery.
Adopting a healthier lifestyle through simple lifestyle
changes in diet, maintaining body weight or staying up to date with regular health checks
and tests, may help to prevent infertility.
NEED FOR THE STUDY
Parenthood is undeniably one of the most universally desired
goals in adulthood, and most people have life plans that include children. However, not
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5. all couples who desire a pregnancy will achieve one spontaneously and a proportion of
couples will need medical help to resolve underlying fertility problems.
Infertility has been recognized as a public health issue
worldwide by the World Health Organization (WHO). “According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), the worldwide incidence of infertility is about 10 per cent. The
WHO data further concludes that in most developing countries, one of four couples in the
reproductive age is infertile because of primary or secondary infertility.”
WHO estimates that approximately 8-10% of couples
experience some form of infertility. On a worldwide scale, this means that 60-80 million
people suffer from infertility with men and women in almost identical proportion.
Infertility is exclusively a female problem in 30-40% of cases and male in 10-30% of
cases.
One of the factors that leads to increasing infertility
amongst women is that most of them do not want to get married before 30 and even if
they get married in their 20s they don’t usually plan their baby soon enough. Doctors say
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6. that women’s infertility rate is 10 to 15 percent when they are in their 20s and goes up
25% in their 30s.
A global review of infertility from the World Fertility Survey
and others estimated similar rates of infertility in other settings in South Asia, such as 4%
in Bangladesh, 6% in Nepal, 5% in Pakistan and 4% in SriLanka. One estimate of overall
primary and secondary infertility in South Asia, on the basis of women at the end of their
reproductive lives in the age group 45-49 years, suggests an infertility rate of
approximately 10%: 8% in India, 10% in Pakistan, 11% in Sri Lanka, 12% in Nepal and
15% in Bangladesh.
Supporting the statement, Dr P Rama Devi, founder
& medical director, Dr Rama’s Institute for Fertility, says, “Today, infertility has
become a global health issue and in 40 percent of the cases, problem lies exclusively with
the male, 40 per cent with the female, 10 percent with both partners and in another 10 per
cent of the cases, the cause is idiopathic in nature.” In India, the incidence and prevalence
of infertility also seems to be increasing steadily.
The report said that in India, 13 percent of ever-
married women aged 15-49 years were childless in 1981 (rural 13.4 percent and urban
11.3 percent) which increased to 16 percent in 2001 (rural 15.6 percent and urban 16.1
percent). Over half of married women aged 15-19 years were childless in 1981, which
increased to 70 percent in 2001.
"Out of 250 million individuals conservatively estimated
to be attempting parenthood at any given time...13 to 19 million couples are likely to be
infertile," the Union minister of health had sounded the alarm in 2010. It is estimated that
globally 60-80 million couples suffer from infertility every year, of which probably
between 15-20 millions (25%) are in India alone according to the statistics of 2011 in
which both male and female are affecting in equal proportions.
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7. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF POST GRADUATE STUDENTS REGARDING
INFERTILITY BEFORE AND AFTER STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME
AT SELECTED POST GRADUATE COLLEGES,HYDERABAD.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
♦ To assess the knowledge of post graduate students regarding infertility .
♦ To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme among post graduate
students regarding infertility .
♦ To find out the significant association between the knowledge scores with their
selected demographic variables regarding infertility.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
♣ Assess :the process of finding out the effectiveness of structured teaching
programme among post graduates .
♣ Knowledge: In this study, knowledge refers to correct responses given by the
postgraduate students regarding infertility using a structured questionnaire.
♣ Post graduates: students who are doing a two year post graduate course at a
selected college in Hyderabad.
♣ Infertility : Failure to conceive after one year of regular intercourse without
contraception.
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8. ♣ Structured teaching programme :A teaching programme related to infertility
which is structured by the investigator,which includes definition, types,risk
factors& causes, management..
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
♦ The study is limited to the post graduate students at selected colleges in
Hyderabad..
♦ Post graduate students who are willing to participate in the study.
♦ Post graduate students who are available at the time of data collection.
CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION:
Inclusion Criteria:
 Post graduate students who are willing to participate in study.
 Post graduate students who are available at the time of study.
 Post graduate students who are able to speak /read English.
Exclusion Criteria:
 Post graduate students who are not willing to participate in the study.
 Post graduate students who are not available at the time of study.
 Post graduate students who are not able to speak/read English.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1: There will be significant difference between the pre and post test knowledge of
post graduate students regarding infertility.
H2: There will be significant association between the knowledge scores of
postgraduate students with their selected demographic variables.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Every piece of ongoing research needs to be connected with the work already done, to
attain an overall relevance and purpose. The review of literature thus becomes a link
between the research proposed and the studies already done. It tells the reader about
aspects that have been already established or concluded by other authors, and also gives a
8

9. chance to the reader to appreciate the evidence that has already been collected by
previous research, and thus projects the current research work in the proper perspective.
Review of literature extensive,exhaustive and systematic examination of publications
relevant to the research project.(Basavanthappa,B.T,2003).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of literature is divided into the following sections.
 Section-I :Literature related to knowledge assessment of infertility
 Section-II : Literature related to risk factors and etiology of infertility.
 Section-III : Literature related to prevalence of infertility.
 Section-IV : Literature related to treatment modalities of infetility.
 Section-I :Literature related to knowledge assessment of infertility
A prospective study was conducted by Chhabra S., Srujana D. and Annapurna M.A
(2012) Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences,
Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, over two years to findout the advice-seeking
scenario of women with infertility. A total of 1000 infertile women from culturally
diverse, urban and rural communities, attending outpatient care were the study subjects
were interviewed with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire in the women's first
language, about their awareness of conception events, and advice seeking practices; and
the information collected were analysed. Results showed that 76.8% of women had little
knowledge about conception events, possible treatment options for infertility .
 Section-II: Literature related to prevalence of infertility
A descriptive study was conducted by Tracey Bushnik, Jocelynn L. Cook, A. Albert
Yuzpe (2011) to estimate the the prevalence of infertility in Canada. Data from the
infertility component of the 2009–2010 Canadian Community Health Survey were
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10. analyzed for married and common law couples with a female partner aged 18–44 by
randomized sampling. The three definitions of the risk of conception were derived
sequentially starting with birth control use in the previous 12 months, adding reported
sexual intercourse in the previous 12 months, then pregnancy intent. Prevalence and odds
ratios of current infertility were estimated by selected characteristics. The results showed
that the prevalence of current infertility ranged from 11.5% (95% CI 10.2, 12.9) to 15.7%
(95% CI 14.2, 17.4). The present study suggests that the prevalence of current infertility
has increased in Canada, and is associated with the age of the female partner and parity.
Couples with lower parity (0 or 1 child) had significantly higher odds of experiencing
current infertility when the female partner was aged 35–44 years versus 18–34 years.
A descriptive study was conducted by Sule J.O., P. Erigbali, L. Eruom (2008) to assess
the prevalence of infertility in Women in a Southwestern Nigerian Community . The
study was conducted in women aged between 15 and 55 years was assessed in four
hospital centers in Osun State, located in the SouthWestern part of Nigeria. A survey of a
consecutive sample of 200 cases of infertility were carried out in four hospital centers
with a total of 50 cases of infertility evaluated in each of the centers between 2001 –
2003. The incidence of high infertility in women was established in all the centers;
(Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife), 59.4%, (Obafemi Awolowo
University Teaching Hospital, Ilesa), 47.7%, (Ladoke Akintola University Teaching
Hospital, Oshogbo), 54.8% and (General Hospital, Ikire), 44.2%. 77.5% was recorded for
a high rate of secondaryInfertility, while Primary Infertility was 22.5%.
A retrospective study was conducted by Rajvi H Mehta, Sanjay MakwanaGeetha
M Ranga, R J Srinivasan,etal., (2006) to determine whether there was any regional
variation in the prevalence of azoospermia, oligozoospermia and mean sperm counts in
male partners of infertile couples from different parts of India. 16 714 semen samples
were collected an analyzed over the past five years from six different laboratories located
in five cities of India. Results revealed that there was a regional variation in the
prevalence of azoospermia. The prevalence of azoospermia was extremely high in
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11. Kurnool and Jodhpur (38.3 % and 37.4 %, respectively). There was also a regional
variation in the prevalence of oligozoospermia (51 %) in Kurnool.
 Section-III: Literature related to risk factors and etiology of infertility.
A descriptive study was conducted by Kristi L. Lenz, Amy W. Valley(2011) conducted
to know the incidence of infertility after chemotherapy. A Medlines search of articles
from 1998 conducted using the terms infertility, antineoplastics, amenorrhea, azospermia,
oogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Additional references were identified using review
articles and pharmacology textbooks. All human studies reported in English language
were included. The incidence and severity of antifertility effects are dependent on the
total dosage delivered, duration of therapy, and age at exposure were taken as criteria for
the study. The results found that infertility is a common late complication of cancer
chemotherapy that is receiving increasing attention as the number of cancer survivors
increases.
A descriptive study was conducted by Laura Bunting and Jacky Boivin(2008) to
assess the fertility knowledge more broadly in young people and investigated three areas
of knowledge, namely risk factors associated with female infertility (e.g. smoking),
beliefs in false fertility myths (e.g. benefits of rural living) and beliefs in the illusory
benefits of healthy habits (e.g. exercising regularly) on female fertility.149 samples
consisted of 110 female and 39 male postgraduate and undergraduate university students
(average age 24.01, SD = 7.81) were selected by nonrandomized method. Knowledge
scores were based on a simple task requiring the participants to estimate the effect a
factor would have on a group of 100 women trying to get pregnant. Items (n = 21) were
grouped according to three categories: risk factors (e.g. smoking; 7 items), myths (e.g.
living in countryside; 7 items) and healthy habits (e.g. being normal weight; 7
items).Results revealed that young people were significantly better at correctly
identifying the effects of risks compared with null effects of healthy habits (P < 0.001) or
fertility myths (P < 0.001). Young people are aware that the negative lifestyle factors
reduce fertility but falsely believe in fertility myths and the benefits of healthy habits.
11

12. A case-control study of was conducted by Friday Okonofua, Uche Menakaya, S
O Onemu, etal., (2006) in Nigeria to evaluate the association between selected potential
socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors and infertility in Nigerian men. There
were two groups in this study. One group consisted of 150 men with proven male
infertility, and the other consisted of 150 fertile men with normal semen parameters. Both
were matched for age, place of residence and key socio-demographic variables. They
were compared for sexual history, past medical and surgical history, past exposures to
sexually transmitted infections and treatment, past and current use of drugs as well as
smoking and alcohol intake history. Results of the study found that infertile men were
significantly more likely than fertile men to report having experienced penile discharge,
painful micturition and genital ulcers, less likely to seek treatment for these symptoms
and more likely to seek treatment with informal sector providers.
A prospective study was conducted by Chhabra S., Srujana D. and Annapurna M.A
(2012) over two years to find out the advice-seeking scenario of women with infertility.
A total of 1000 infertile women from culturally diverse, urban and rural communities,
attending outpatient care were the study subjects.They were interviewed with the help of
a semi-structured questionnaire about the causes of infertility. Results found that in
10.79% couples, male factor was the obvious cause; in 32.21% female factors, and in
20% couples, both male and female had obvious reasons responsible for infertility. In
37% cases, infertility appeared unexplained. Out of female factors, around 40% women
had tubal factors, 30% had anovulation, endocrine disorders (thyroid disorders,
hyperprolactinemia, polycystic ovarian disorders, luteal phase defect, diabetes etc.) were
in 13%, and uterine causes (hypoplasia, malformed uterus, tuberculous endometritis,
fibroid uterus, synechiae etc.,) in 10% cases. There were other pelvic causes (pelvic
inflammatory disease, endometriosis) and cervical mucous problems in 5% of the cases
and 2% had coital problems. Male factors (10.79%) included aspermia, azoospermia,
oligospermia, teratospermia, erectile dysfuction, premature ejaculation, hypoactive sexual
desire, etc.
A descriptive study was conducted by Sule J.O., P. Erigbali, L. Eruom (2008)
Department of Physiology, Niger Delta University., Bayelsa State, Nigeria regarding
12

13. common causes of infertility in women aged between 15 and 55 years was assessed in
four hospital centers in South Western part of Nigeria. A survey of a consecutive sample
of 200 cases of infertility were carried out in four hospital centers with a total of 50 cases
of infertility evaluated in each of the centers between 2004 –2006. The commonest
causes of infertility in this environment were, the tubal factor, uterine factor, and ovarian
factor representing 39.5%, 30% and 13% respectively. The least common cause were
cervical factor, Pelvic Infection Disease (PID), and endometriosis which was seen in 3%,
5.5% and 2.5% of the subjects respectively.
 Section-IV: Literature related to treatment modalities of infertility.
An experimental study was conducted by Sinikka Nuojua-Huttunen, Leena
Tuomivaara(2004) to evaluate the effectiveness of intrafollicular insemination (IFI) for
the treatment of non-tubal infertility was investigated in a pilot study. A total of 50
infertility patients with normal tubal function verified by laparoscopy or
hysterosalpingography were stimulated with clomiphene citrate/human menopausal
gonadotrophin. Washed spermatozoa were injected into one to three pre-ovulatory
follicles via vaginal puncture 12 or 30 hrs after human chorionic gonadotrophin
administration. Natural progesterone was given for luteal support. One normal intra-
uterine pregnancy resulted. The results indicate that by comparison with other assisted
reproductive technologies IFI is very inefficacious for treating non-tubal infertility. Our
data suggest that the intrafollicular environment in the pre-ovulatory period is not
favourable for fertilization.
A prospective study was conducted by A M Clark, B Thornley, L Tomlinson,etal.,
(2004) to assess the Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in
reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. A weight loss programme was
assessed to determine whether it could help obese infertile women, irrespective of their
infertility diagnosis, to achieve a viable pregnancy, ideally without further medical
intervention. 150 subjects were taken as samples by convenient sampling method who
underwent a weekly programme aimed at lifestyle changes in relation to exercise and diet
for 6 months those that did not complete the 6 months were treated as a comparison
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14. group. Results showed that women in the study lost an average of 10.2 kg/m2, with 60 of
the 67 anovulatory subjects resuming spontaneous ovulation, 52 achieving a pregnancy
(18 spontaneously) and 45 a live birth. Thus weight loss should be considered as a first
option for women who are infertile and overweight.
A prospective randomized study was conducted by Jan Gerris1, Diane De Neubourg,
Kathelijne Mangelschots,(2003) comparing single embryo transfer with double embryo
transfer after in-vitro fertilization or intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) was
carried out. First, top quality embryo characteristics were delineated by retrospectively
analysing embryos resulting in ongoing twins after double embryo transfer. A top quality
embryo was characterized by the presence of 4 or 5 blastomeres at day 2 and at least 7
blastomeres on day 3 after insemination, the absence of multinucleated blastomeres and
<20% cellular fragments on day 2 and day 3 after fertilization. Using these criteria, a
prospective study was conducted in women <34 years of age, who started their first
IVF/ICSI cycle. Of 194 eligible patients, 110 agreed to participate of whom 53 produced
at least two top quality embryos and were prospectively randomized. In all, 26 single
embryo transfers resulted in 17 conceptions, 14 clinical and 10 ongoing pregnancies
[implantation rate (IR) = 42.3%; ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) = 38.5%] with one
monozygotic twin; 27 double embryo transfers resulted in 20 ongoing conceptions with
six (30%) twins (IR = 48.1%; OPR = 74%). We conclude that by using single embryo
transfer and strict embryo criteria, an OPR similar to that in normal fertile couples can be
achieved after IVF/ICSI, while limiting the dizygotic twin pregnancy rate to its natural
incidence of <1% of all ongoing pregnancies.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem.It is a blue print of how
the research activities should be carried out.It is a set of methods and principles used to
perform a particular activity.The researcher must carefully select the research design as it
has an important role in conducting the study.The research design determines how the
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15. study should be organized,when the data should be collected,and when interventions are
to be implemented.
RESEARCH APPROACH
The research approach is a broad based procedure for stydying the selected problem and
drawing conclusions.The research approach refers to a general set of ordinary disciplined
procedure used to acquire dependable and useful information.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the conceptual structure with in which the research should be
conducted. It provides the back bone of the study. The research design is a platform from
which the researcher explores new knowledge in an effort to better describe and
understand phenomena, clarify plausible explanations and identify potential factors. In
this study, pre experimental design i.e.,one group pretest-post test design will be used.
O1 X O2
Pre-test planned teaching post-test
RESEARCH VARIABLES
Variable is a measurable factor, characteristic, or attribute of an individual or a system
that varies and which takes on different values.
1) INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
In this study, planned teaching programme on infertility is the independent
variable. The planned teaching programme contains prevalence, risk factors&
etiology, management.
Planned teaching programme will be prepared after referring text books and other
references.
2) DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The knowledge of the post graduate students in the selected post graduate colleges
regarding infertility.
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16. DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
The demographic variables are age, educational qualifications, gender,
SETTING OF THE STUDY
The setting refers to the area /place where the study will be conducting. The researcher
selects a post graduate colleges in Hyderabad.
POPULATION
In this study, the population consist of postgraduate students at selected post graduate
colleges at Hyderabad.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE
A sample is a selected proportion of the defined population.The samples will be the
postgraduate students in selected postgraduate college at Hyderabad and the sample size
is 40.
CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION
Inclusion criteria
a) Postgraduate students in selected postgraduate colleges at Hyderabad.
b) Postgraduate students who are willing to participate in the study.
c) Postgraduate students who are able to understand and read English.
Exclusion criteria
a) Postgraduate students who are absent at the time of data collection.
b) Postgraduate students who donot know to read and speak English.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The sampling technique is the non-probability convenient sampling .
TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION
SectionA; structured questionnaire regarding demographic data.
SectionB: It is divided into subparts like.
Part(A): structured questionnaire on definition, prevalence, etiology&risk factors of
infertility.
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17. Part(B):structured questionnaire on types and treatment modalities.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Phase1: After obtaining permission from concerned authorities, informed consent from
the samples , the researcher will collect the data pertaining to the demographic variables
and assess the existing knowledge with the structured questionnaire.
Phase2: Planned teaching programme will be conducted.
Phase3; After five days self administered,structured questionnaire will be administered to
assess the post test knowledge of the postgraduate students.
SCORE INTERPRETATION
Each correct answer will be given a score of one and wrong answer as zero.Score
interpretation will be based on knowledge score in terms of percentages.The knowledge
score will be considered into three classes;
 Below 33.33% - below average knowledge.
 33.33% -66.66%- average knowledge.
 Above 66.66% - above average knowledge.
VALIDITY
To evaluate the content validity,the tool will be given to the experts in related fields like
obstetrics, gynaecology, and nursing.
RELIABILITY
The reliability of the tool will be tested by test retest method with a time gap of five days
and the correlation co-efficient will be calculated by Karl Pearson formula.
PILOT STUDY
The pilot study will be conducted to assess the practicability, feasibility and
appropriateness of the tool.
PLANS FOR DATA ANALYSIS
17

18. The collected data will be analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.In
descriptive statistics frequency, percentage, distribution, means and standard deviation.
Inferential statistics Paired “t” test to compare the pre test and the post test
knowledge,chi-square test to assess the association between the knowledge of post
graduate students with their selected demographic variables will be assessed.
PROJECT OUTCOME
The study will help the postgraduate students to have better knowledge regarding
infertility in selected postgraduate colleges at Hyderabad.
ETHICAL CLEARANCE
Informed consent will be obtained from the hospital authorities and subjects privacy,
confidentiality, and anonymity will be guaranteed. Scientific objectivity of the study will
be maintained with honesty and impartiality.
18

19. Sample Registration System (SRS) Estimates of Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
in Andhra Pradesh from 1981-2010.
Name 1981 1991 2001 2007 2010
19

20. Andhra
pradesh 4.0 3.0 2.4 1.9 1.8
India 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5
Source : Family Welfare Statistics in India - 2006-2010; MoH&FW, GoI; SRS - 2010
(April, 2012)
http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0904/tab_207.pdf
Read more at: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/infertility-on-the-rise/1/103037.html
http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/10/2581.abstract
http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/f/female_infertility/stats-country.htm
http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?md08031
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21. http://www.nature.com/aja/journal/v7/n4/abs/aja200563a.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237240
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