this is contain of many many lessons

1. LESSON
FOOD CHAIN

4. FOOD CHAIN
Every organism needs to
obtain energy in order
to live. For example,
plants get energy from
the sun, some animals
eat plants, and some
animals eat other
animals.

5. FOOD CHAIN
A food chain is the
sequence of who eats
whom in a biological
community an
ecosystem to obtain
nutrition. A food chain
starts with the primary
energy source, usually
the sun or boiling-hot
deep sea vents.

6. PRODUCER
Producers organisms
that make their own
food from sunlight and
chemical energy from
deep sea vents are
the base of every food
chain - these
organisms are called
autotrophs.

7. CONSUMER
• Primary consumers are animals
that eat primary producers; they
are also called herbivores (plant-
eaters.
• Secondary consumers eat primary
consumers. They
are carnivores meat-eaters
and omnivores animals that eat
both animals and plants.
• Tertiary consumers eat secondary
consumers.
• Quaternary consumers eat
tertiary consumers.
• Food chains "end" with top
predators, animals that have little
or no natural enemies.

8. HERBIVORES

9. HERBIVORES
A herbivore is
an animal anatomically and
physiologically adapted to
eating plant material, for
example foliage, for the main
component of its diet. As a
result of their plant diet,
herbivorous animals typically
have mouthparts adapted to
rasping or grinding.Horses and
other herbivores have wide flat
teeth that are adapted to
grinding grass, tree bark, and
other tough plant material.

10. OMNIVORES

11. OMNIVORES
An omnivore is a kind of
animal that eats either other
animals or plants. Some
omnivores will hunt and eat
their food, like carnivores,
eating herbivores and other
omnivores. Some others are
scavengers and will eat dead
matter. Many will eat eggs
from other animals.

12. CARNIVORES

13. CARNIVORES
A carnivore meaning meat eater. meat
or flesh and vorare meaning to
devour is anorganism that derives its
energy and nutrient requirements
from a diet consisting mainly or
exclusively of animal tissue,
whether
through predation or scavenging.
Animals that depend solely on
animal flesh for their nutrient
requirements are
called obligate carnivores while
those that also consume non-animal
food are called facultative .

14. QUESTIONS

15. Write true or false.
____1.Carnivores eat plants only.
____2.Omnivorse eat meats only.
____3.Herbivores eat both flesh
plants and meat.
____4.Worm is example of
herbivores.
____5.Producer depends on
consumer.

16. Write O if omnivores C if
carnivorse and H if
herbivores
___1.eat flesh meats.
____2. eat flesh plants.
____3.eat both flesh meats
and plants.

17. LESSON
FOOD WEB

20. FOOD WEB
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural
interconnection of food chains and generally
a graphical representation (usually an image)
of what-eats-what in an ecological
community. Another name for food web is
a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can
broadly lump all life forms into one of two
categories called trophic levels: 1)
the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To
maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and
to reproduce, autotrophs
produce organic matter
from inorganic substances, including
both minerals and gases such as carbon
dioxide. These chemical
reactions require energy, which mainly comes
from the sunand largely by photosynthesis,
although a very small amount comes
from hydrothermal vents and hot springs.

21. FOOD WEB
A gradient exists between
trophic levels running from
complete autotrophs that
obtain their sole source of
carbon from the atmosphere, to
mixotrophs (such
as carnivorous plants) that are
autotrophic organisms that
partially obtain organic matter
from sources other than the
atmosphere, and
complete heterotrophs that
must feed to obtain organic
matter.

22. FOODWEB
The linkages in a food web
illustrate the feeding pathways,
such as where heterotrophs
obtain organic matter by
feeding on autotrophs and
other heterotrophs. The food
web is a simplified illustration
of the various methods of
feeding that links an
ecosystem into a unified
system of exchange.

23. FOOD WEB
There are different kinds of
feeding relations that can be
roughly divided
into herbivory, carnivory, scave
nging and parasitism. Some of
the organic matter eaten by
heterotrophs, such as sugars,
provides energy. Autotrophs
and heterotrophs come in all
sizes, from microscopic to
many tonnes -
from cyanobacteria to giant
redwoods, and
from viruses and bdellovibrio to
blue whales.

24. QUESTIONS

25. Answer the questions below.
____1. Who is the producer.
____2 .Who is the consumer
____3. Who is the 2nd consumer.
____4. Who is the third consumer.
____5.How many can you make from
the picture.

26. LESSON
THE ENERGY PYRAMID

29. THE ENERGY PYRAMID
• What is an energy pyramid
• Energy pyramid
• An energy pyramid is a
graphical model of energy
flow in a community. The
different levels represent
different groups of
organisms that might
compose a food chain. From
the bottom-up, they are as
follows:

30. THE ENERGY PYRAMID
Producers — bring energy from
nonliving sources into the
community
Primary consumers — eat the
producers, which makes them
herbivores in most communities
Secondary consumers — eat the
primary consumers, which makes
them carnivores
Tertiary consumers — eat the
secondary consumers
In some food chains, there is a fourth
consumer level, and rarely, a fifth.
Have you ever wondered why there
are limits to the lengths of food
chains?

31. Why are energy pyramids
shaped the way they are?
An energy pyramid’s shape
shows how the amount of
useful energy that enters
each level — chemical energy
in the form of food —
decreases as it is used by the
organisms in that level. How
does this happen?

32. Why are energy pyramids
shaped the way they are?
Recall that cell respiration
“burns” food to release its
energy, and in doing so,
produces ATP, which carries
some of the energy as well as
heat, which carries the rest.
ATP is then used to fuel
countless life processes.

33. THE ENERGY PYRAMID
The consequence is that even
though a lot of energy may be
taken in at any level, the energy
that ends up being stored there –
which is the food available to the
next level — is far less. Scientists
have calculated that an average
of 90% of the energy entering
each step of the food chain is
“lost” this way (although the total
amount in the system remains
unchanged).

34. THE ENERY PYRAMID
The consumers at the top of a food
pyramid, as a group, thus have
much less energy available to
support them than those closer to
the bottom. That’s why their
numbers are relatively few in most
communities. Eventually, the
amount of useful energy left can’t
support another level. That’s why
energy flow is depicted in the shape
of a pyramid. The energy that
enters a community is ultimately
lost to the living world as heat.

35. BRAIN DRILL

36. CHOOSE
THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT
ANSWER
Who bring the energy from non-living
sources into the community?
a. Consumer b. Producer c. Decomposer
Scientists have calculated that an
average of ____ of the energy entering
each step of the food chain is ____
this way
a.40% lost b. 60% found c. 90% lost

37. LESSON
THE NUTRIENT CYCLE

40. THE NUTRIENT CYCLES
A nutrient cycle or ecological
recycling is the movement
and exchange of organic
and in organic matter back
into the production of living
matter. The process is
regulated by food web
pathways that decompose
matter into mineral nutrients.
Nutrient cycles occur within
ecosystems.

41. THE NUTRIENT CYCLES
The process is
regulated by food
web pathways
that decomposematter
into mineral nutrients.
Nutrient cycles occur
within ecosystems.

42. THE NUTRIENT CYCLES
Ecosystems are
interconnected systems
where matter and energy
flows and is exchanged as
organisms feed, digest, and
migrate about. Minerals and
nutrients accumulate in
varied densities and uneven
configurations across the
planet.

43. THE NUTRIENT CYCLES
Ecosystems recycle locally,
converting mineral
nutrients into the
production of biomass, and
on a larger scale they
participate in a global
system of inputs and
outputs where matter is
exchanged and transported
through a larger system
ofbiogeochemical cycles.

44. THE NUTRIENT CYCLES
The nutrient cycle is nature's recycling
system. All forms of recycling have
feedback loops that use energy in the
process of putting material resources
back into use. Recycling in ecology is
regulated to a large extent during the
process of decomposition.[2] Ecosystems
employ biodiversity in the food webs that
recycle natural materials, such
as mineral nutrients, which
includes water. Recycling in natural
systems is one of the many ecosystem
services that sustain and contribute to
the well-being of human societies.

45. THE NUTRIENT CYCLES
There is much overlap between the terms
for biogeochemical cycle and nutrient cycle. Most
textbooks integrate the two and seem to treat
them as synonymous terms. However, the terms
often appear independently. Nutrient cycle is more
often used in direct reference to the idea of an
intra-system cycle, where an ecosystem functions
as a unit. From a practical point it does not make
sense to assess a terrestrial ecosystem by
considering the full column of air above it as well
as the great depths of Earth below it. While an
ecosystem often has no clear boundary, as a
working model it is practical to consider the
functional community where the bulk of matter and
energy transfer occurs.

46. BRAIN EXERCISE

47. FILL THE BLANK CHOOSE
THE CORRECT ANSWER
Ecosystems are _______systems
where _____and _____flows and is
exchanged as organisms feed,
digest, and migrate about.
______and nutrients accumulate in
varied ________and uneven
configurations across the planet.
Matter Interconnected Energy
Densities Minerals

48. LESSON
OXYGEN AND CARBON
CYCLES

51. OXYGEN AND CARBON CYCLES
We usually refer to the cycling of carbon and oxygen in our
atmosphere together because of how they are
extremely interconnected.
With the exception of certain bacteria all animals,
including aquatic, animals need oxygen to survive.
Even though our bodies are 80% water, Carbon is the most
abundant element our bodies. It is carbon that combines to
produce sugars necessary for energy.
A cycle is a constant chain of events; there is no beginning and
no end.
A Process is a series of steps involves in creating something.

52. OXYGEN AND CARBON
CYCLES
The Carbon/Oxygen
Cycle
involves three major pr
ocesses and one minor
process: photosynthesi
s, respiration,
combustion and
decomposition

53. OXYGEN AND CARBON
CYCLES
• Photosynthesis:
– Green plants/trees take in
Carbon Dioxide and water
using the chlorophyll in their
leaves and energy from the sun
they release Oxygen, sugar and
water vapor.
– The
chemical formula for photosynt
hesis is:
– C02+H02+SUNs
ENERGY+chlorophyll

54. OXYGEN AND CARBON
CYCLES
• Like most living things, you need
oxygen to survive.
• The atmosphere, which is 20
percent oxygen, supplies you and
other air-breathing organisms with
this vital gas.
• Oxygen from the atmosphere that
has dissolved in water is breathed
by fish and other aquatic organisms.
• Clearly, living things would have
used up the available oxygen supply
in the atmosphere millions of years
ago if something did not return the
oxygen to the air.
• But what could that something be?

55. OXYGEN AND CARBON CYCLES
• Consider this:
• When you inhale, you take in oxygen.
• When you exhale, you release the
waste gas carbon dioxide.
• If something used carbon dioxide and
released oxygen, it would balance
your use of oxygen.
• That something is producers such as
green plants and certain
microorganisms.

56. OXYGEN AND CARBON CYCLES
• These producers use carbon dioxide
gas, water, and the energy of sunlight
to make carbon containing
compounds that are often referred to
as "food."
• During the food making process, the
producers also produce oxygen, which
is released into the environment.
• Through this process, known as the
oxygen cycle, there is always a
plentiful supply of oxygen available for
air-breathing organisms.

57. BUT WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
CARBON IN FOOD?
In order to extract energy from food,
organisms must digest the food, or
break it down into simpler
substances.
Energy entering ecosystems as sunlight
is transferred by producers into
chemical energy through
photosynthesis and then from
organism to organism through food
webs.

58. How is it transformed
back into carbon
This process ultimately
produces water and
carbon dioxide, which
are released back into
the environment.

59. BRAIN EXERCISE

60. FILL THE BLANKS. CHOOSE
THE CORRECT ANSWER
The _______/Oxygen Cycle
______three major _______ and on
e minor process: ________respira
tion, combustion and ________.
Involves Photosynthesis Processes
Decomposition Carbon

61. LESSON
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN ORGANISM
AND ECOSYSTEM

63. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ORGANISYMS AND ECOSYSTEM
• Abiotic vs. Biotic Components
• Ecosystem Roles and Energy Flow
through Ecosystems
• Population Dynamics
• Niches
• Energy Flow
• The Effect of Populations on
Ecosystems

65. Biotic v.s. biotic components.
• Abiotic components of ecosystems are those that are
non-living. These include:
– amount of water present,
– nutrient and mineral availability,
– soil structure and substrate,
– climate,
– amount of sunlight available.
• Biotic components of ecosystems are those that are
living or were previously living.
• The biotic and abiotic components shape how species
have adapted over time, and what species can exist in
any given ecosystem.
• Matter can alternate between the abiotic and biotic
environment in cycles. For example, carbon can be
incorporated as sugar in a plant (biotic), but can later
be released into the atmosphere after it is consumed in
the form of carbon dioxide (abiotic).

67. Ecosystem roles and energy
flows
• The three main ecosystem roles an
organism can occupy are producers,
consumers, and decomposers.
• Producers can synthesize sugars for
energy from an abiotic source in
processes such as the following.
– Photosynthesis in plants and algae, where
the energy in sunlight is absorbed and
transformed into the chemical bonds of
sugar.
– Chemosynthesis in deep ocean bacteria,
where the oxidation of inorganic compounds
exuded from hydrothermal vents act as an
energy source. This is done in the absence
of light.

68. Ecosystem roles and energy
flows
• Consumers rely on the consumption of
other organisms as a source of organic
compounds, other nutrients, and energy
– Herbivores, organisms which consume only
plants, are known as primary consumers.
– Carnivores, organisms which predate on
(“eat”) other animals, are known as higher
level consumers (secondary, tertiary,
quaternary, etc).
• Decomposers obtain energy and organic
compounds from decaying dead
organisms, recycling nutrients (mainly
nitrogen and phosphorus) back to
producers in the process.

70. POPULATION DYNAMICS
• The size and growth of a population depends on
the rates of births, deaths, immigration and
emigration. If a population’s size is constant,
these rates are in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
• Factors that affect birth and death rates (and
therefore population growth) can be dependent
on or independent of population density (the
number individuals in an amount of space).
• Density dependent factors lead to repeating
cycles in population size.
• Principles of population ecology are used
extensively in the management of wildlife.
Hunting seasons, catch limits, size restrictions,
and quotas used for fish, seafood, and game are
all ways in which governments of the world
promote healthy and sustainable population sizes
for these organisms.

72. NICHES
• Niche represents the sum total of all the
ways it utilizes resources in its environment:
its habitat, diet, time of activity, method and
time of reproduction, space utiization, and
other factors.
• If two species share the same or a similar
niche, they will both compete for the same
resources and the worst competitor will be
driven to extinction (in that area). This is
called competitive exclusion.
• Habitats that are more complex (in food
sources, prey refuges, soil substrates, etc.)
have more potentially available niches, and
therefore tend to have higher diversity of
species of organisms.

74. ENERGY FLOWS
• Ecosystems include autotrophs (organisms, such
as plants, that manufacture their own food from
external sources of energy) and heterotrophs
(consumers, such as animals, fungi and many
protists).
• Once energy enters an ecosystem, it is passed
from one organism to another by ingestion (as
food) or decomposition.
• Primary producers convert light energy or, rarely
energy from chemosynthesis, into chemical
bonds.
• Consumers rely on producers for their energy
sources.
• All food chains begin with producers, followed by
primary consumers, secondary consumers and
tertiary consumers.

76. The effect of population on
ecosystem
• Species can affect one another and ecosystems
in a variety of ways.
• Communities tend to become more complex over
time. This process, known as succession, leads
to changes in soil, and the populations of
organisms that are present.
• Primary succession takes place when organisms
gradually inhabit a bare substrate (such as rock),
leading to the development of soil and gradual
increases in the numbers of kinds and species.
Over time, as conditions change, different groups
of organisms become prevalent.
• Secondary succession occurs in an area where a
disturbance, such as fire, has occurred.

77. The effect of population on
ecosystem
• In general, early stages of succession are
characterized by fast-growing (or weedy)
species that tolerate extreme conditions,
known as r-selected species. Gradually,
these early invaders are replaced by other
species (K-selected species) that compete
more effectively in the environment that has
been colonized (and changed) by the weedy
colonizers.
• Invasive species are those that are
introduced into a new habitat, where they out
compete native species that share similar
niches. Invasive species can have drastic
effects on biodiversity and energy flow in
communities.

78. QUESTIONS

79. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS
1. What is the abiotic component?
2. What is the biotic component?
3. What is the three ecosystem roles?
4. How does the population effect the
ecosystem?
5. What is autotrophs