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1,[object Object],A Reconstruction of: James Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],Jeffrey C. Witt,[object Object],Boston College,[object Object],February 10, 2011,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],2,[object Object],Section I: Sir Robert Filmer on Property and the Interpretation of Genesis 1:28,[object Object],Genesis 1:28: God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground.”,[object Object],Patriarcha (1680),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],3,[object Object],Filmer’s Critique of Grotius,[object Object],“Filmer pounces on the apparent inconsistency that natural law is said to sanction common property in the state of nature and private property in political society” (Tully, pp. 102-103).,[object Object],Of Grotius, Filmer writes: “Grotius says that by the law of nature all things were first common, and yet teacheth, that after propriety was brought in, it was against the law of nature to use community. He does thereby not only make the law of nature changeable, which he saith God cannot do, but he also makes the law of nature contrary to itself. (Filmer, Patriarcha and other political works, ed P. Laslett (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1949), p. 274).,[object Object],The Contradiction is:if everything, from Nature (by Natural Law), first belongs exclusively to no one, how can it also be that later, again by Nature, property belongs to someone privately? It must be either one or the other. [Power is either natural or arbitrary.],[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],4,[object Object],Filmer’s Alternative to Grotius – His Interpretation of Genesis,[object Object],Property: ,[object Object],God’s gift to Adam,[object Object],As paraphrased by Locke: ,[object Object],“This Fatherly Authority then, or Right of Fatherhood, in our A_’s sense is a Divine unalterable Right of Sovereignty, where a Father or a Prince hath an Absolute, Arbitrary, Unlimited, and Unlimitable Power, over the Lives, Liberties, and estates of his Children and Subjects; so that he may take or alienate their Estates, sell, castrate, or use their Persons as he pleases, they being all his slaves, and he Lord or Proprietor of every Thing, and his unbounded Will their Law”(Locke I.9; cf. Tully, p. 110).,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],5,[object Object],Section  II: Rights and Property in the Scholastic Natural Law Tradition,[object Object],Francisco de Vitoria (1492-1546),[object Object],FranciscoSuárez (1548-1617) ,[object Object],Thomas Aquinas (1225-1277),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],6,[object Object],Objective and Subjective Rights,[object Object],Subjective Right (R2),[object Object],A subjective right is a right which an individual is said to have or to possess, such as a right to education or to a material object” (Tully, p. 103),[object Object],Objective Right (R1),[object Object],“This is distinguished from the objective concept  of right, when we say that such and such is right or the right thing to do” (Tully, p. 103),[object Object],The late scholastics wanted to tether and ground subjective rights is some objective feature about the world.  ,[object Object],Example: ,[object Object],Because it is right (R1) and good that human beings should learn, you have the right (R2) to learn or get an education.,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],7,[object Object],Two ‘Objective’ Uses of the Word “Right”‘ius’,[object Object],Justice /(R1)Right:,[object Object],A general word for (R1G): ,[object Object],“that which is just” (De legibusac Deolegislatore(1612), I.2.4-5; Tully, p. 104),[object Object],A specific word for (R1S):,[object Object],“that which is equitable” (De legibus, I.2.4-5; Tully, p. 104),[object Object],“’Right’ in the specific sense, the object of justice in the specific sense, refers to the equity which is due to each individual as a matter of justice” (Tully, p. 104),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],8,[object Object],Two Subjective Rights (R2) Grounded in Justice/Right as Equity (R1S),[object Object],A right to “that which is rightfully his own” (ius in re) (cf. Tully, p. 104),[object Object],R2 in re:,[object Object],A right to “that which is due to him”) (cf. Tully, p. 104),[object Object],R2 ad rem:,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],9,[object Object],Train Analogy,[object Object],Inclusive Right  claim right iusus ad rem,[object Object],iusus in re  right to exclude  Exclusive Right,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],10,[object Object],Suarez’s Interpretation of Genesis,[object Object],“Nature has conferred upon all men in common dominion over all things, and consequently has given to every man a power to use those things; but nature has not so conferred private property with that domain.” (Suarez, de legibus, 2.14.14; qtd. in Tully, p. 106),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],11,[object Object],Distribution of Private Property,[object Object],Like in the Train Example: ,[object Object],The Common Dominion as a Clam Right means:,[object Object],We have an exclusive right to SOME of what we possess in common. . .,[object Object],HOW MUCH?,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],12,[object Object],The Most Important Take-Away,[object Object],“The striking feature of this sort of theory is that private and common property are interdependent rather than mutually exclusive concepts” (Tully, p. 107),[object Object],Dominion ,[object Object],(Property in a generic sense),[object Object],As opposed to . . .,[object Object],Common ,[object Object],(as Claim Right),[object Object],Private ,[object Object],(as Exclusive Right),[object Object]
13,[object Object],Section IV: Conflation of “Dominion” with Private Property in Grotius,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],14,[object Object],Collapse of two subjective rights into one with only one corresponding object,[object Object],Dominion,[object Object],Commons,[object Object],Unclaimed,[object Object],(No Inclusive Right),[object Object],Private,[object Object],(Exclusive Right),[object Object],Dominion,[object Object],When Grotius discusses the origin of property he uses dominium and proprietas interchangeably, since they both denote the same exclusive right. . .” (Tully, p. 108),[object Object],Common ,[object Object],(as Claim Right),[object Object],Private ,[object Object],(as Exclusive Right),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],15,[object Object],Theater Analogy,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],16,[object Object],Section V: Locke’s Re-Interpretation of Genesis,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],17,[object Object],Review of Filmer’s Interpretation of Genesis,[object Object],Property: ,[object Object],God’s gift to Adam,[object Object],As paraphrased by Locke: “This Fatherly Authority then, or Right of Fatherhood, in our A_’s sense is a Divine unalterable Right of Sovereignty, where a Father or a Prince hat an Absolute, Arbitrary, Unlimited, and Unlimitable Power, over the Lives, Liberties, and estates of his Children and Subjects; so that he may take or alienate their Estates, sell, castrate, or use their Persons as he pleases, they being all his slaves, and he Lord or Proprietor of every Thing, and his unbounded Will their Law (Treatise 1.9; cf. Tully, p. 110),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],18,[object Object],Review of Grotius’ interpretation,[object Object],Of Grotius, Filmer writes: “Grotius says that by the law of nature all things were first common, and yet teacheth, that after propriety was brought in, it was against the law of nature to use community. He does thereby not only make the law of nature changeable, which he saith God cannot do, but he also makes the law of nature contrary to itself.” ,[object Object],(Filmer, Patriarcha and other political works, ed. P. Laslett (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1949), p. 274; qtd. In Tully, p. 103),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],19,[object Object],Locke’s Interpretation of Genesis(in the language of Suarez),[object Object],I shall shew . . .  That by this grant God gave him not Private Dominion over the Inferior Creatures, but right in common with all mankind; so neither was he Monarch, upon the account of the Property here given him.”,[object Object],(First Treatise on Government, 1.24; qtd. In Tully, p. 111),[object Object],“Whatever God gave by words of this Grant . . . It was not to Adam in particular, exclusive of all other men; whatever Dominion he had thereby, it was not a Private Dominion, but a Dominion in common with the rest of mankind ,[object Object],(First Treatise on Government, 1.29; qtd. In Tully, p. 111),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],20,[object Object],Derivation of Exclusive Right from Natural Law,[object Object],Claim Right ,[object Object],(Inclusive),[object Object],Duty 1: Preserve yourself = Right 1: The right to preserve yourself,[object Object],Duty 2: Preserve oneself and others = Right 2: The right to preserve yourself and others ,[object Object],Claim Right ,[object Object],(Inclusive),[object Object],“Men, being once born, have a right to their Preservation, and consequently to Meat and Drink, and other such things, as Nature affords for their Subsistence” (Second Treatise on Government 2.25; qtd in Tully, p. 113),[object Object],Right 3: ,[object Object],Right to Property,[object Object],Exclusive Right,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],21,[object Object],Section V. The self-limiting nature of exclusive rights and the limits of government,[object Object],St. Anthony, Patron of the Poor,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],22,[object Object],What is Robbery? Is it ever Justified?,[object Object],His natural right, or property, gives the needy the moral justification to take what they need from the conventional property of others.”,[object Object],(Tully, p. 113),[object Object],Why?,[object Object],“The moral claim to the means of preservation overrules the purely legal description of such an act as theft. The man’s need creates a title in the goods of another, thus individuating his natural right not to be excluded from the means of preservation.” ,[object Object],(Tully, p. 113),[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],23,[object Object],What are the political implications of the self-limiting nature of property?,[object Object],Locke’s Second Treatise on Government, chapter 13, n. 149,[object Object],	“Yet the legislative being only a fiduciary power to act, there remains still in people a supreme power to remove or alter the legislative, when they find the legislative act contrary to the trust reposed in them. . .,[object Object],	“. . . And thus the community perpetually retains a supreme power of saving themselves from the attempts and designs of any body, even of their legislators, whenever they shall be so foolish, or so wicked, as to lay and carry on designs against the liberties and properties of the subject.”,[object Object],	“For no man, or society of men having a power to deliver up their preservation, or consequently the means of it, to the absolute will and arbitrary dominion of another; whenever any one shall go about to bring them into such a slavish condition, they will always have a right to preserve what they have not a power to part with; and to rid themselves of those who invade this fundamental, sacred, and unalterable law of self-preservation, for which they entered society.”,[object Object]
Reconstruction of Tully’s “The Framework of Natural Rights in Locke’s Analysis of Property”,[object Object],24,[object Object],Conclusion,[object Object],We now know that the unalterable claim right to not be excluded from the MEANS needed for self-preservation, means being allowed to have an exclusive right to the MEANS necessary for this preservation.,[object Object],Just as a case could be made for legitimate robbery, so a case can be made for legitimate insurrection.,[object Object],To Hobbes, Locke replies: peace is not enough. I must also have the means to care for myself and others or peace is not worth having.,[object Object]

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  • 23.
  • 24.