Running Head Discussion Board .docx

Running Head: Discussion Board
1
Discussion Board
3
Discussion Board
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
My topics for this discussion will lean on the immigration and
the plight of immigrants. This is a subject that will bring a good
platform to form an informative as well as persuasive speech. I
will specifically address the value of policy making in the
management of immigration trends that are increasing in the
USA as well as western countries (Zatz, & Rodriguez, 2015).
The topic will be “Do illegal immigrants deserve a hearing in
the countries they seek asylum or they should just be deported
impartially?” I think this is a contentious issue in the world
today.
There are many policies that have been established by various
international organizations such as UN in regard to
Immigration. The underlying issues in this matter still remain
dormant and unresolved. The fundamental question of concern
is addressing the parties that should be concerned with this
matter. I will be addressing the international community as my
audience, particularly the UN, countries. The speech will also
include recommendations that will be suggested for handling of
the matter. It will also give a discourse of the current situation
in different parts of the world such as USA and Europe. This
will paint a picture of the dire need of the situation and the
dangers that immigrants are facing every day. It will also

address the plight of illegal immigrants who I will argue that
they deserve humanly just and fair treatment whenever they are
met by the hand of the law. The speech is intended to bring an
evaluation of the essence of humanity in considering one
another and building bridges that alleviate instead of
perpetuating human suffering in the world.
References
Zatz, M. S., & Rodriguez, N. (2015). Dreams and nightmares:
Immigration policy, youth, and families. University of
California Press.
ASS12/assg-12.cppASS12/assg-12.cpp/**
*
* @description Assignment 12 Binary Search Trees
*/
#include<cassert>
#include<iostream>
#include"BinaryTree.hpp"
usingnamespace std;
/** main
* The main entry point for this program. Execution of this pro
gram
* will begin with this main function.
*
* @param argc The command line argument count which is the
number of
* command line arguments provided by user when they starte
d
* the program.
* @param argv The command line arguments, an array of chara
cter

* arrays.
*
* @returns An int value indicating program exit status. Usuall
y 0
* is returned to indicate normal exit and a non-zero value
* is returned to indicate an error condition.
*/
int main(int argc,char** argv)
{
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
cout <<"--------------- testing BinaryTree construction ---------
-------"<< endl;
BinaryTree t;
cout <<"<constructor> Size of new empty tree: "<< t.size()<<
endl;
cout << t << endl;
assert(t.size()==0);
cout << endl;
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
cout <<"--------------- testing BinaryTree insertion -------------
------"<< endl;
//t.insert(10);
//cout << "<insert> Inserted into empty tree, size: " << t.size() <
< endl;
//cout << t << endl;
//assert(t.size() == 1);
//t.insert(3);
//t.insert(7);
//t.insert(12);
//t.insert(15);
//t.insert(2);

//cout << "<insert> inserted 5 more items, size: " << t.size() <<
endl;
cout << endl;
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
cout <<"--------------- testing BinaryTree height ----------------
---"<< endl;
//cout << "<height> Current tree height: " << t.height() << endl;
//assert(t.height() == 3);
// increase height by 2
//t.insert(4);
//t.insert(5);
//cout << "<height> after inserting nodes, height: " << t.height()
// << " size: " << t.size() << endl;
cout << endl;
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
cout <<"--------------- testing BinaryTree clear ------------------
-"<< endl;
//t.clear();
//cout << "<clear> after clearing tree, height: " << t.height()
// << " size: " << t.size() << endl;
cout << endl;

// return 0 to indicate successful completion
return0;
}
ASS12/assg-12.pdf
Assg 12: Binary Search Trees
COSC 2336 Spring 2019
April 10, 2019
Dates:
Due: Sunday April 21, by Midnight
Objectives
� Practice recursive algorithms
� Learn how to construct a binary tree using pointers/linked
nodes
� Learn about binary tree traversal
Description
In this assignment you will be given the beginning of a
BinaryTree imple-
mentation using linked nodes via pointers. You will be
implementing some
of the basic function of a BinaryTree abstract data type. The
abstraction

we are using for the BinaryTreeNode and the BinaryTree are
similar to
the Sha�er BSTNode (pg. 156,161) and the BST abstract class
and linked
pointer implementation (Sha�er pg. 171), but we will de�ne
our own version
and simplify some of the functions and interface.
You have been given a BinaryTree.[cpp|hpp] �le that de�nes
the BinaryTreeNode
structure and BinaryTree class. This class is current not
templatized, the
constructed trees only hold items of simple type int (one of the
extra credit
opportunities suggests you templatize your resulting class). The
BinaryTree
has a constructor, and you have been provided a tostring()
method and
an overloaded operator�() so that you can display the current
contents of
the tree.
For this assignment you need to perform the following tasks.
1
1. In order to test your class, we �rst have to get a working
capability to
insert new items into the BinaryTree, which isn't the simplest
task to
start with, but we can't really test others until we can add new
items.
For many of the functions in this assignment, you will be
required to

implement them using a recursive function. Thus many of the
func-
tions for your BinaryTree will have a public function that asks
as the
interface that is called by users of the BinaryTree, and a private
ver-
sion that actually does the work using a recursive algorithm. I
will
give you the signature you need for the insert() functions:
class BinaryTree
{
private:
BinaryTreeNode* insert(BinaryTreeNode* node, const int item);
public:
void insert(const int item);
}
Lets start �rt with the public insert() function. This function is
the
public interface to insert a new item into the tree. Since we are
only
implementing a tree of int items, you simply pass in the int
value that
is to be inserted. This function basically only needs to call the
private
insert() function, passing in the current root of the tree as the
�rst
parameter, and the item to be inserted as the second parameter.
Notice

that the private insert() returns a pointer to a BinaryTreeNode.
The private insert() function is a recursive function. The base
case
is simple. If the node you pass in is NULL, then that means you
have
found the location where a new node should be created and
inserted.
So for the base case, when node is NULL you should
dynamically create
a new BinaryTreeNode item, assign the item and make sure that
the
left and right pointers are initialized to NULL. When you create
a new
node like this, you should return the newly created
BinaryTreeNode as
a result from the insert() function (notice that the private
insert()
should always return a BinaryTreeNode*). This is because,
when a
new node is allocated, it gets returned and it needs to be
assigned to
something so it gets inserted into the tree. For example, think of
what
happens initially when the BinaryTree is empty. In that case the
root
of the tree will be NULL. When you call the recursive insert()
on the
initially empty tree, you need to assign the returned value back
into
2
root in the non-recursive function (and you also need to

increment the
nodeCount by 1 in your public non-recursive function).
The general cases for the recursion are as follows. Since we are
imple-
menting a binary search tree, we need to keep the tree
organized/sorted.
Thus in the general case, remember that we have already tested
that
the node is not NULL, thus there is an item in the node->item.
So for
the general case, if the item we are inserting is less than or
equal to
node->item, then we need to insert it into the left child subtree
(it
is important to use <= comparison to determine if to go left
here). To
do this you will basically just call insert() recursively with the
item
to be inserted, and passing in node->left as the �rst parameter.
Of
course, in the case that the item is greater than the one in the
cur-
rent node, you instead need to call insert() on the node->right
child
subtree.
And �nally, make sure you take care of correctly returning a
result
from the recursive insert(). Here when you call insert() on ei-
ther the left or right child subtree, the function should return a
BinaryTreeNode*. For example, imagine that you are inserting
into
the left child, and there is no left subtree, and thus left will be
NULL. In that case the recursive call to insert() will create a
new node

dynamically and return it. So the return value from calling
insert()
needs to be assiged back into something. If you are calling
insert()
on the left child, the returned result should be assigned back
into
node->left, and if you are calling on the right child, the returned
re-
sult should be assigned back into node->right. Again this is
because
when we �nally �nd where the node needs to be linked into the
tree,
we will do it at either an empty left or right subtree child. Thus
in order to link the newly created node into the tree, we need to
as-
sign the returned pointer back into either node->left or node-
>right
appropriately. And �nally, after you call insert() recursively in
the
general case, you do have to remember that you always have to
return
a BinaryTreeNode*. For the base case, when you dynamically
create
a new node, the new node is what you return. But in the general
case,
you should simply return the current node. This will get
(re)assigned
when you return back to the parent, but this is �ne and
expected.
To summarize, you need to do the following to implement the
insert()
functionality:
� The public insert() should simply call the private insert() on

3
the root node.
� In the public insert() the return result should be assigned
back
into root.
� The public insert() is also responsible for incrementing the
nodeCount
member variable.
� For the private recursive insert() the base case occurs when a
NULL node is received, in which case a new BinaryTreeNode is
dynamically created and returned.
� For the general case, if node is not NULL, then you instead
either
need to call insert() recursively on the left or right subchild,
depending on if the item to be inserted is <= or > the node-
>item
respectively.
� Don't forget in the general case, that the returned result from
calling insert() needs to be assigned back into left or right as
appropriate.
� And �nally, the recursive insert() always returns a value, and
in the general case you should simply just return the node as the
result.
2. Next we have a relatively easier set of tasks to accomplish.
Once
you have insert() working and tested, we will implement a

function
to determine the current height() of the tree. You should read
our
textbook to make sure you know the de�nition of the height of
a tree.
height() needs 2 functions again, a public function which is the
in-
terface, and a private function that is recursive and does the
actual
work. Both the public and private height() functions should be
de-
clared as const functions, as they do not actually modify the
contents
of the tree. Both functions return an int result. The public
function
doesn't have any input parameters, but the private function
should
take a single BinaryTreeNode* as its input parameter.
The public height() function should be very simply, it should
simply
call the private height() on the root node of the binary tree, and
return the resulting calculated height.
For the private height() function, the base case is that if node is
NULL
then the height is 0, so you should return 0 in that case.
Otherwise,
in the general case, the height is conceptuall 1 plus the height
of the
bigger of the heights of the two subtree children left and right.
Thus
4

to calculate the height for a given node, recursive calculate
height on
both the left and right children, �nd the maximum of these two,
add
1 to it, and that is the height of the node.
3. The third and �nal task is to implement the clear() abstract
function.
The clear() function basically clears out all of the stored items
from
the tree, deallocating and returning the memory used for the
node
storage back to the OS.
As with all of the functions for this assignment, clear() needs
both
a public function that acts as the interface, and a private
recursive
version that does all of the work. The implementation of the
pub-
lic clear() is almost as simple as the previous height() function.
The public clear() should simply call the private clear(), passing
in the current root of the tree. Both the public and private
versions
of clear() should be void functions, they do not return any result
or
value.
The private recursive clear() is a void function, as we
mentioned,
and it takes a single BinaryTreeNode* parameter as its input.
This
function is also relatively rather easy. The base case is that, if
node is

NULL then you don't have to do anything, simply return, as you
have
reached the end of the recursion in that case. For the general
case,
all you need to do is simply call clear() recursively on the left
and
right subtree children �rst. Then after this you can safely call
delete
on the node, because all of the nodes in the two subtree children
will
have been deleted by the recursion, and now you can safely
delete and
free up the memory for the node.
In this assignment you will only be given 3 �les in total. The
"assg-
12.cpp" �le contains tests of the BinaryTree insert(), height()
and clear()
functions you are to implement. You will also be given
"BinaryTree.hpp"
which is a header �le containing the de�nition of the
BinaryTreeNode struc-
ture and BinaryTree class, including initial implementations for
constructors
and for displaying the tree as a string.
Here is an example of the output you should get if your code is
passing
all of the tests and is able to run the simulation. You may not
get the
exact same statistics for the runSimulation() output, as the
simulation is
generating random numbers, but you should see similar values.
--------------- testing BinaryTree construction ----------------

<constructor> Size of new empty tree: 0
5
size: 0 items: [ ]
--------------- testing BinaryTree insertion -------------------
<insert> Inserted into empty tree, size: 1
size: 1 items: [ 10 ]
<insert> inserted 5 more items, size: 6
size: 6 items: [ 2 3 7 10 12 15 ]
--------------- testing BinaryTree height -------------------
<height> Current tree height: 3
<height> after inserting nodes, height: 5 size: 8
size: 8 items: [ 2 3 4 5 7 10 12 15 ]
--------------- testing BinaryTree clear -------------------
<clear> after clearing tree, height: 0 size: 0
size: 0 items: [ ]
Assignment Submission
A MyLeoOnline submission folder has been created for this
assignment. You

should attach and upload your completed
"BinaryTree.[hpp|cpp]" source �les
to the submission folder to complete this assignment. You do
not need to
submit your "assg-12.cpp" �le with test. But please only submit
the asked
for source code �les, I do not need your build projects,
executables, project
�les, etc.
Requirements and Grading Rubrics
Program Execution, Output and Functional Requirements
1. Your program must compile, run and produce some sort of
output to
be graded. 0 if not satis�ed.
2. (40 pts.) insert() functionality is implemented correctly. Base
and
general cases are written as described. Functions work for trees
with
items and when tree is empty.
6
3. (30 pts.) height() functionality is implemented correctly.
Correctly
implement stated base and general cases using recursion.
4. (30 pts.) clear() functionality is implemented correctly.
Correctly
implement stated base and general cases using recursion.

5. (5 pts. extra credit) Of course it is not really useful to have a
BinaryTree
container that can only handle int types. Templatize your
working
class so it works as a container for any type of object. If you do
this,
please make a new version of "assg-12.cpp" that works for your
tem-
platized version, passes all of the tests for an <int> container,
and add
tests for a di�erent type, like <string>.
6. (5 pts. extra credit) Implement a printTree() method. The
tostring()
method I gave you doesn't really show the structure of the tree.
Of
course if you had a graphical environment you could draw a
picture of
the tree. But if you only have a terminal for output, you can
display
the tree as a tree on its side relatively easy. To do this, you need
again
both a public and private printTree() method. The private
method is
the recursive implementation, and as usual it takes a
BinaryTreeNode*
as a parameter, and a second parameter indicate the o�set or
height of
this node in the tree. If you perform a reverse preorder traversal
of the
tree, spacing or tabbing over according to the tree height, then
you can
display the approximate structure of the tree on the terminal.
Recall
that preorder traversal is performed by visiting left, then
ourself, then

our right child. So a reverse preorder is performed by �rst
visiting our
right, then ourself, then our left child.
7. (10 pts. extra credit) The BinaryTree is missing a big piece of
fun-
cionality, the ability to remove items that are in the tree. You
can read
our textbook for a description of how you can implement
functions to
remove items from the tree. It is a good exercise, and quite a bit
more
challenging than the insert(). The simplest case is if you want to
remove a node that is a leaf node (both left and right are NULL,
indicating no child subtrees). When removing a leaf, you can
simply
delete the node and set the parent pointer in the tree to this node
to
NULL. When the node only has 1 subtree, either the left or the
right,
you can also still do something relatively simple to assign the
orphaned
subtree back to the parent, then delete the node with the item
that is
to be removed. But when the node to be deleted also has both
left
and right child subtrees, then you need to do some
rearrangements
7
of the tree. The Sha�er textbook discusses how to implement
removal
from a binary tree as an example you can follow.

Program Style
Your programs must conform to the style and formatting
guidelines given
for this class. The following is a list of the guidelines that are
required for
the assignment to be submitted this week.
1. Most importantly, make sure you �gure out how to set your
indentation
settings correctly. All programs must use 2 spaces for all
indentation
levels, and all indentation levels must be correctly indented.
Also all
tabs must be removed from �les, and only 2 spaces used for
indentation.
2. A function header must be present for member functions you
de�ne.
You must give a short description of the function, and document
all of
the input parameters to the function, as well as the return value
and
data type of the function if it returns a value for the member
functions,
just like for regular functions. However, setter and getter
methods do
not require function headers.
3. You should have a document header for your class. The class
header
document should give a description of the class. Also you
should doc-
ument all private member variables that the class manages in
the class

document header.
4. Do not include any statements (such as system("pause") or
inputting
a key from the user to continue) that are meant to keep the
terminal
from going away. Do not include any code that is speci�c to a
single
operating system, such as the system("pause") which is
Microsoft
Windows speci�c.
8
ASS12/BinaryTree.cppASS12/BinaryTree.cpp/**
*/
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<sstream>
#include"BinaryTree.hpp"
usingnamespace std;
/** BinaryTree default constructor
* Default constructor for a BinaryTree collection. The default
* behavior is to create an initially empty tree with no
* items currently in the tree.
*/
BinaryTree::BinaryTree()
{
root = NULL;
nodeCount =0;

}
/** BinaryTree destructor
* The destructor for a BinaryTree. Be a good manager of mem
ory
* and make sure when a BinaryTree goes out of scope we free
* up all of its memory being managed. The real work is done
* by the clear() member function, whose purpose is exactly this
,
* to clear all items from the tree and return it back to an
* empty state.
*/
BinaryTree::~BinaryTree()
{
// uncomment this after you implement clear in step X, to ensure
// when trees are destructed that all memory for allocated nodes
// is freed up.
//clear();
}
/** BinaryTree size
* Return the current size of this BinaryTree. Here size means t
he
* current number of nodes/items currently being managed by th
e
* BinaryTree.
*
* @returns int Returns the current size of this BinaryTree.
*/
intBinaryTree::size()const
{
return nodeCount;
}

/** BinaryTree tostring
* This is the recursive private function that does the actual
* work of creating a string representation of the BinaryTree.
* We perform a (recursive) inorder traversal, constructing a
* string object, to be returned as a result of this function.
*
* @param node The BinaryTreeNode we are currently processi
ng.
*
* @returns string Returns the constructed string of the BinaryT
ree
* contents in ascending sorted order.
*/
string BinaryTree::tostring(BinaryTreeNode* node)const
{
// base case, if node is null, just return empty string, which
// stops the recursing
if(node == NULL)
{
return"";
}
// general case, do an inorder traversal and build tring
else
{
ostringstream out;
// do an inorder traversal
out << tostring(node->left)
<< node->item <<" "
<< tostring(node->right);
return out.str();
}
}

/** BinaryTree tostring
* Gather the contents and return (for display) as a string.
* We use an inorder traversal to get the contents and construct
* the string in sorted order. This function depends on operator
<<
* being defined for the item type being held by the BinaryTree
Node.
* This function is actually only the public interface, the
* actual work is done by the private recursive tostring() functio
n.
*
* @returns string Returns the constructed string of the BinaryT
ree
* contents in ascending sorted order.
*/
string BinaryTree::tostring()const
{
ostringstream out;
out <<"size: "<< nodeCount
<<" items: [ "<< tostring(root)<<"]"<< endl;
return out.str();
}
/** BinaryTree output stream operator
* Friend function for BinaryTree, overload output stream
* operator to allow easy output of BinaryTree representation
* to an output stream.
*
* @param out The output stream object we are inserting a strin
g/
* representation into.
* @param aTree A reference to the actual BinaryTree object to

be
* displayed on the output stream.
*
* @returns ostream Returns reference to the output stream after
* we insert the BinaryTree contents into it.
*/
ostream&operator<<(ostream& out,constBinaryTree& aTree)
{
out << aTree.tostring();
return out;
}
ASS12/BinaryTree.hpp
/**
*/
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/** Binary Tree Node
* A binary tree node, based on Shaffer binary tree node ADT,
pg. 156.,
* implementation pg. 161. The node class is not the tree. A
binary
* search tree consists of a structure/colleciton of binary tree
nodes,
* arranged of course as a binary tree. A binary tree nodes
purpose is to
* store the key/value of a single item being managed, and to
keep links
* to left and right children.

*
* We assume both key and value are the same single item here.
This
* version is not templatized, we create nodes that hold simple
int
* values, but we could parameritize this to hold arbitrary value
* types.
*
* @value item The item held by this binary tree node. This
item is
* both the key and the value of the item being stored. In
* alternative implementations we might want to split the key
and
* value into two separate fields.
* @value left, right Pointers to the left child and right child
nodes
* of this node. These can be null to indicate that not left/right
* child exists. If both are null, then this node is a leaf node.
*/
struct BinaryTreeNode
{
int item;
BinaryTreeNode* left;
BinaryTreeNode* right;
};
/** Binary Tree
* A binary search tree implementation, using pointers/linked
list, based
* on Shaffer example implementation pg. 171. This is the class
that
* actually manages/implements the tree. It contains a single
* pointer to the root node at the top (or bottom depending on
how you
* view it) of the tree. We also maintain a count of the number

of nodes
* currently in the tree. This class will support insertion
* and searching for new nodes.
*
* @value root A pointer to the root node at the top of the
* tree. When the tree is initially created and/or when the tree
is
* empty then root will be null.
* @value nodeCount The count of the number of nodes/items
currently in
* this binary tree.
*/
class BinaryTree
{
private:
BinaryTreeNode* root;
int nodeCount;
// private helper methods, do actual work usually using
recursion
string tostring(BinaryTreeNode* node) const;
public:
// constructors and destructors
BinaryTree();
~BinaryTree();
// accessor methods
int size() const;
// insertion, deletion and searching
// tree traversal and display
string tostring() const;
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const BinaryTree&
aTree);

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