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Politics in
Victo"an England
B"tain	

•  Cons%tu%onal	
  Monarchy	
  
•  House	
  of	
  Windsor	
  
    –  Queen	
  Victoria	
  
       (1837-­‐1901)	
  
•  Era	
  of	
  material	
  progress,	
  
   literary	
  growth,	
  and	
  
   poli%cal	
  stability	
  
B"t$h Parliament 	
*  This	
  era	
  saw	
  the	
  realignment	
  of	
  poli%cal	
  
   par%es	
  in	
  the	
  House	
  of	
  Commons:	
  
    –  Tory	
  Party	
  	
  Conserva%ve	
  Party	
  	
  
       	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  under	
  Benjamin	
  Disraeli	
  
    –  Whig	
  Party	
  	
  Liberal	
  Party	
  under	
  	
  
       	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  William	
  Gladstone	
  
William Glad&one	
  
         Prime	
  Minister	
  4	
  %mes	
  between	
  1868-­‐1894	
  


o  Educa5on	
  Act	
  of	
  1870	
  –	
  state-­‐
   supported	
  public	
  educa5on	
  
o  Ballot	
  Act	
  of	
  1872	
  –	
  Secret	
  ballot	
  
o  Legalized	
  labor	
  unions	
  
o  Promoted	
  civil	
  service	
  exam	
  
o  Eliminated	
  sale	
  of	
  commissions	
  in	
  the	
  
   army	
  
o  Worker’s	
  compensa5on	
  
'e I"( Question	

•  Biggest	
  problem	
  =	
  Ireland	
  
•  Irish	
  na%onalists	
  sought	
  
   Home	
  Rule	
  (not	
  granted	
  
   un%l	
  1921)	
  
•  Home	
  Rule	
  =	
  control	
  of	
  
   local	
  gov’t	
  
'e Problems	
•  Bri%sh	
  –	
  Irish	
  =	
  subhuman	
  
•  Irish	
  Catholics	
  
    –  Tenant	
  farmers	
  
    –  Refused	
  to	
  pay	
  high	
  rent	
  to	
  
       landlords	
  
•  Irish	
  Protestants	
  	
  
    –  Landlords	
  
    –  OWen	
  lived	
  in	
  England	
  
       (“absentee”	
  Landlords)	
  
•  Middleman	
  System	
  
AP Victorian England
I"( Potato Famine	
•  1845-­‐1852	
  
•  Impact:	
  
    –  1	
  million	
  Irish	
  dead	
  
    –  1	
  million	
  Irish	
  fled	
  
•  Blight	
  struck	
  all	
  of	
  Europe	
  	
  
    –  Why	
  did	
  it	
  impact	
  Ireland	
  so?	
  
•  Video	
  Clip:	
  Moments	
  in	
  Time:	
  Famine	
  to	
  
   Freedom:	
  The	
  Great	
  Irish	
  Journey	
  
I"( Potato Famine	
•  Why	
  did	
  it	
  impact	
  
   Ireland	
  so?	
  
    –  Completely	
  
       dependent	
  on	
  potato	
  
    –  Avg.	
  Irish	
  person	
  
       consumed	
  14	
  lbs	
  of	
  
       potatoes/day!	
  
Glad&one & 'e I"( Question	


•  Two	
  major	
  legisla%ve	
  pieces:	
  
    –  1869	
  –	
  Disestablishment	
  Act:	
  Irish	
  Catholics	
  –	
  no	
  more	
  
       taxes	
  to	
  Anglican	
  church	
  
    –  1870	
  –	
  Irish	
  Land	
  Act:	
  absentee	
  Protestant	
  landowners	
  
       can’t	
  evict	
  Irish	
  Catholic	
  tenants	
  w/o	
  compensa%on	
  

•  Supported	
  Home	
  Rule	
  for	
  Ireland	
  
Benjamin D$raeli	
  
            Prime	
  Minister	
  1874-­‐1880	
  


•  Reform	
  Act	
  of	
  1867:	
  Expanded	
  
   electorate	
  
•  Public	
  Health	
  Act	
  of	
  1875:	
  
   Regulated	
  public	
  sanita5on	
  
•  Many	
  laws	
  to	
  protect	
  working	
  class	
  
   &	
  support	
  unions	
  
     –  1874	
  Factory	
  Act	
  

•  Ar5sans	
  Dwelling	
  Act	
  of	
  1875:	
  
   Regulated	
  housing	
  condi5ons	
  for	
  
   poor	
  
Lab*r Pa+y	
•  Est.	
  1900	
  
•  Worked	
  closely	
  w/	
  Liberals	
  
•  Result:	
  	
  
    –  Liberals	
  in	
  power	
  from	
  1906-­‐1916	
  
    –  Set	
  up	
  massive	
  social	
  welfare	
  programs	
  
         •  Sickness,	
  accident,	
  old-­‐age,	
  and	
  unemployment	
  insurances	
  
            were	
  all	
  adopted	
  
         •  Progressive	
  tax	
  established	
  (wealthy	
  pay	
  a	
  higher	
  %	
  rate	
  of	
  tax	
  
    –  Conserva%ves	
  pushed	
  for	
  more	
  laissez-­‐faire	
  gov’t	
  
Victo"an Society
Role Model	

•  Queen	
   Victoria	
   was	
   seen	
   as,	
   “the	
   very	
  
   model	
   of	
   marital	
   stability	
   and	
   domes%c	
  
   virtue…”	
  
•  She	
  represented	
  “a	
  kind	
  of	
  femininity	
  which	
  
   was	
   centered	
   on	
   the	
   family,	
   motherhood,	
  
   and	
  respectability.”	
  

Quotes	
  from	
  BBC	
  Victorian	
  Britain   	
  
Victo"a & Albe+
Life in Victo"an England	

•  Victorian	
  Buzzwords	
  
   o  Family	
  
   o  Propriety	
  
   o  Modesty	
  
   o  Morality	
  
   o  Ra%onality	
  
   o  E%queke	
  
   o  Virtue	
  
Expectations	

•  True	
  ladies	
  &	
  gents	
  
    –  High	
  moral	
  standing	
  	
  
    –  Spent	
  %me	
  in	
  respectable,	
  produc%ve	
  manner	
  
    –  Ac%vi%es	
  	
  good	
  for	
  both	
  the	
  soul	
  and	
  for	
  the	
  
       country	
  
How to Be a Gent for Dummies	


•  Books	
   on	
   how	
   to	
   be	
   a	
   proper	
   Bri%sh	
   ci%zen	
  
       abounded	
   to	
   assist	
   the	
   middle	
   class	
   on	
   the	
   road	
  
       to	
  morality	
  
•  The	
   book,	
   Happy	
   Homes	
   and	
   the	
   Hearts	
   that	
  
       Make	
  Them	
  (1882)	
  suggests,	
  
   	
   “The	
   true	
   gentleman	
   is	
   one	
   who	
   has	
   been	
  
       fashioned	
   a?er	
   the	
   highest	
   models…his	
   qualiBes	
  
       depend	
   not	
   on	
   fashion	
   or	
   manners	
   but	
   on	
   moral	
  
       worth	
   -­‐	
   not	
   on	
   personal	
   possessions	
   but	
   upon	
  
       personal	
  qualiBes.”	
  
Manners	

•  A	
  gentleman	
  should	
  not	
  bow	
  from	
  a	
  window	
  to	
  a	
  lady	
  on	
  the	
  street,	
  though	
  he	
  may	
  
   bow	
   slightly	
   from	
   the	
   street	
   upon	
   being	
   recognized	
   by	
   a	
   lady	
   in	
   a	
   window.	
   Such	
  
   recogni%on	
   should,	
   however,	
   generally	
   be	
   avoided,	
   as	
   gossip	
   is	
   likely	
   to	
   akach	
  
   undue	
  importance	
  to	
  it	
  when	
  seen	
  by	
  others.	
  	
  

•  A	
  man	
  always	
  escorts	
  a	
  woman	
  everywhere,	
  to	
  where	
  she	
  needs	
  to	
  go.	
  Unmarried	
  
   couples	
  who	
  are	
  not	
  "publicly	
  engaged"	
  together	
  do	
  not	
  wander	
  off	
  together.	
  

•  Anyone	
   with	
   bright	
   red	
   hair	
   and	
   a	
   florid	
   complexion	
   should	
   marry	
   someone	
   with	
  
   jet-­‐black	
   hair.	
   The	
   very	
   corpulent	
   should	
   marry	
   the	
   thin	
   and	
   spare,	
   and	
   the	
   body,	
  
   wiry,	
   cold-­‐blooded	
   should	
   marry	
   the	
   round-­‐featured,	
   warmhearted,	
   emo%onal	
  
   type.	
  
Manners	

•  Ladies	
   first.	
   A	
   gentleman	
   should	
   perform	
   chivalrous	
   acts	
   such	
   as	
   offering	
   the	
   lady	
   a	
  
   hand	
  to	
  go	
  up	
  her	
  carriage.	
  Ladies	
  are	
  never	
  seen	
  opening	
  their	
  own	
  doors	
  in	
  the	
  
   presence	
  of	
  a	
  man,	
  or	
  carrying	
  anything	
  heavy.	
  	
  

•  When	
  crossing	
  the	
  pavement,	
  a	
  lady	
  should	
  raise	
  her	
  dress	
  with	
  the	
  right	
  hand,	
  a	
  
   likle	
  about	
  the	
  ankle.	
  To	
  raise	
  the	
  dress	
  with	
  both	
  hands	
  is	
  vulgar	
  and	
  can	
  only	
  be	
  
   excused	
  when	
  mud	
  is	
  very	
  deep.	
  

•  To	
   greet	
   someone	
   by	
   saying	
   "Hello,	
   old	
   fellow"	
   indicates	
   ill-­‐breeding.	
   If	
   you	
   are	
  
   approached	
  in	
  this	
  vulgar	
  manner,	
  it	
  is	
  beker	
  to	
  give	
  a	
  civil	
  reply	
  and	
  address	
  the	
  
   person	
   respecqully,	
   in	
   which	
   case	
   he	
   is	
   quite	
   likely	
   to	
   be	
   ashamed	
   of	
   his	
   own	
  
   conduct.	
  
Oscar Wilde	

•  Irish	
  Author/Playwright	
  
•  Aesthe%c	
  movement:	
  	
  
   –  “L’art	
  pour	
  l’art”	
  	
  
   –  art	
  should	
  exist	
  solely	
  for	
  its	
  own	
  
      sake,	
  independent	
  of	
  social	
  and	
  
      moral	
  concerns	
  
   –  Only	
  purpose	
  =	
  to	
  look	
  preky	
  
•  An%thesis	
  of	
  Victorian	
  
   Ideals	
  
Aes,etes in a
        Victo"an World	

•  Victorian	
  Buzzwords	
     •  Aesthe%cism	
  Buzzwords	
  
   o  Family	
                     o  Decadence	
  
   o  Virtuous	
                   o  Symbolism	
  
   o  Modesty	
                    o  Decora%on	
  
   o  Morality	
                   o  Materialism	
  
   o  Ra%onality	
                 o  Extravagance	
  
   o  E%queke	
                    o  Caprice	
  
Wilde’s Words of W$dom	




	
  In	
  all	
  unimportant	
  maFers,	
  style,	
  not	
  sincerity	
  
    is	
   the	
   essenBal.	
   In	
   all	
   important	
   maFers,	
  
    style,	
  not	
  sincerity	
  is	
  the	
  essenBal.	
  
Wilde’s Words of W$dom	




      	
   	
   	
   We	
   can	
   forgive	
   a	
   man	
   for	
   making	
   a	
   useful	
  
                    thing	
  as	
  long	
  as	
  he	
  does	
  not	
  admire	
  it.	
  The	
  
                    only	
   excuse	
   for	
   making	
   a	
   useless	
   thing	
   is	
  
                    that	
   one	
   admires	
   it	
   intensely.	
   All	
   art	
   is	
   quite	
  
                    useless.	
  
Wilde’s Words of W$dom	




	
   I	
   wonder	
   who	
   it	
   was	
   that	
   defined	
   man	
   a	
  
    raBonal	
  animal.	
  It	
  was	
  the	
  most	
  premature	
  
    definiBon	
   ever	
   given.	
   Man	
   is	
   many	
   things,	
  
    but	
  he	
  is	
  not	
  raBonal.	
  
Wilde’s Words of W$dom	




      	
   The	
   only	
   way	
   to	
   get	
   rid	
   of	
   a	
   temptaBon	
   is	
   to	
  
          yield	
   to	
   it.	
   Resist	
   it	
   and	
   your	
   soul	
   grows	
   sick	
  
          with	
  longing	
  for	
  the	
  things	
  it	
  has	
  forbidden	
  to	
  
          itself…	
  
Y* Li-le Bug.r…	



•  Wilde’s	
  Woes	
  
    –  Court	
  -­‐	
  wri%ngs	
  used	
  against	
  him	
  
    –  Guilty:	
  “Gross	
  Indecency”	
  	
  
    –  Jail	
  %me…	
  
Goodbye, Oscar	


•    Died	
  -­‐	
  Nov.	
  30,1900	
  	
  
•    Meningi%s	
  
•    Paris	
  Hotel	
  
•    Final	
  Words…	
  

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AP Victorian England

  • 2. B"tain •  Cons%tu%onal  Monarchy   •  House  of  Windsor   –  Queen  Victoria   (1837-­‐1901)   •  Era  of  material  progress,   literary  growth,  and   poli%cal  stability  
  • 3. B"t$h Parliament *  This  era  saw  the  realignment  of  poli%cal   par%es  in  the  House  of  Commons:   –  Tory  Party    Conserva%ve  Party                                                under  Benjamin  Disraeli   –  Whig  Party    Liberal  Party  under                                                William  Gladstone  
  • 4. William Glad&one   Prime  Minister  4  %mes  between  1868-­‐1894   o  Educa5on  Act  of  1870  –  state-­‐ supported  public  educa5on   o  Ballot  Act  of  1872  –  Secret  ballot   o  Legalized  labor  unions   o  Promoted  civil  service  exam   o  Eliminated  sale  of  commissions  in  the   army   o  Worker’s  compensa5on  
  • 5. 'e I"( Question •  Biggest  problem  =  Ireland   •  Irish  na%onalists  sought   Home  Rule  (not  granted   un%l  1921)   •  Home  Rule  =  control  of   local  gov’t  
  • 6. 'e Problems •  Bri%sh  –  Irish  =  subhuman   •  Irish  Catholics   –  Tenant  farmers   –  Refused  to  pay  high  rent  to   landlords   •  Irish  Protestants     –  Landlords   –  OWen  lived  in  England   (“absentee”  Landlords)   •  Middleman  System  
  • 8. I"( Potato Famine •  1845-­‐1852   •  Impact:   –  1  million  Irish  dead   –  1  million  Irish  fled   •  Blight  struck  all  of  Europe     –  Why  did  it  impact  Ireland  so?   •  Video  Clip:  Moments  in  Time:  Famine  to   Freedom:  The  Great  Irish  Journey  
  • 9. I"( Potato Famine •  Why  did  it  impact   Ireland  so?   –  Completely   dependent  on  potato   –  Avg.  Irish  person   consumed  14  lbs  of   potatoes/day!  
  • 10. Glad&one & 'e I"( Question •  Two  major  legisla%ve  pieces:   –  1869  –  Disestablishment  Act:  Irish  Catholics  –  no  more   taxes  to  Anglican  church   –  1870  –  Irish  Land  Act:  absentee  Protestant  landowners   can’t  evict  Irish  Catholic  tenants  w/o  compensa%on   •  Supported  Home  Rule  for  Ireland  
  • 11. Benjamin D$raeli   Prime  Minister  1874-­‐1880   •  Reform  Act  of  1867:  Expanded   electorate   •  Public  Health  Act  of  1875:   Regulated  public  sanita5on   •  Many  laws  to  protect  working  class   &  support  unions   –  1874  Factory  Act   •  Ar5sans  Dwelling  Act  of  1875:   Regulated  housing  condi5ons  for   poor  
  • 12. Lab*r Pa+y •  Est.  1900   •  Worked  closely  w/  Liberals   •  Result:     –  Liberals  in  power  from  1906-­‐1916   –  Set  up  massive  social  welfare  programs   •  Sickness,  accident,  old-­‐age,  and  unemployment  insurances   were  all  adopted   •  Progressive  tax  established  (wealthy  pay  a  higher  %  rate  of  tax   –  Conserva%ves  pushed  for  more  laissez-­‐faire  gov’t  
  • 14. Role Model •  Queen   Victoria   was   seen   as,   “the   very   model   of   marital   stability   and   domes%c   virtue…”   •  She  represented  “a  kind  of  femininity  which   was   centered   on   the   family,   motherhood,   and  respectability.”   Quotes  from  BBC  Victorian  Britain  
  • 16. Life in Victo"an England •  Victorian  Buzzwords   o  Family   o  Propriety   o  Modesty   o  Morality   o  Ra%onality   o  E%queke   o  Virtue  
  • 17. Expectations •  True  ladies  &  gents   –  High  moral  standing     –  Spent  %me  in  respectable,  produc%ve  manner   –  Ac%vi%es    good  for  both  the  soul  and  for  the   country  
  • 18. How to Be a Gent for Dummies •  Books   on   how   to   be   a   proper   Bri%sh   ci%zen   abounded   to   assist   the   middle   class   on   the   road   to  morality   •  The   book,   Happy   Homes   and   the   Hearts   that   Make  Them  (1882)  suggests,     “The   true   gentleman   is   one   who   has   been   fashioned   a?er   the   highest   models…his   qualiBes   depend   not   on   fashion   or   manners   but   on   moral   worth   -­‐   not   on   personal   possessions   but   upon   personal  qualiBes.”  
  • 19. Manners •  A  gentleman  should  not  bow  from  a  window  to  a  lady  on  the  street,  though  he  may   bow   slightly   from   the   street   upon   being   recognized   by   a   lady   in   a   window.   Such   recogni%on   should,   however,   generally   be   avoided,   as   gossip   is   likely   to   akach   undue  importance  to  it  when  seen  by  others.     •  A  man  always  escorts  a  woman  everywhere,  to  where  she  needs  to  go.  Unmarried   couples  who  are  not  "publicly  engaged"  together  do  not  wander  off  together.   •  Anyone   with   bright   red   hair   and   a   florid   complexion   should   marry   someone   with   jet-­‐black   hair.   The   very   corpulent   should   marry   the   thin   and   spare,   and   the   body,   wiry,   cold-­‐blooded   should   marry   the   round-­‐featured,   warmhearted,   emo%onal   type.  
  • 20. Manners •  Ladies   first.   A   gentleman   should   perform   chivalrous   acts   such   as   offering   the   lady   a   hand  to  go  up  her  carriage.  Ladies  are  never  seen  opening  their  own  doors  in  the   presence  of  a  man,  or  carrying  anything  heavy.     •  When  crossing  the  pavement,  a  lady  should  raise  her  dress  with  the  right  hand,  a   likle  about  the  ankle.  To  raise  the  dress  with  both  hands  is  vulgar  and  can  only  be   excused  when  mud  is  very  deep.   •  To   greet   someone   by   saying   "Hello,   old   fellow"   indicates   ill-­‐breeding.   If   you   are   approached  in  this  vulgar  manner,  it  is  beker  to  give  a  civil  reply  and  address  the   person   respecqully,   in   which   case   he   is   quite   likely   to   be   ashamed   of   his   own   conduct.  
  • 21. Oscar Wilde •  Irish  Author/Playwright   •  Aesthe%c  movement:     –  “L’art  pour  l’art”     –  art  should  exist  solely  for  its  own   sake,  independent  of  social  and   moral  concerns   –  Only  purpose  =  to  look  preky   •  An%thesis  of  Victorian   Ideals  
  • 22. Aes,etes in a Victo"an World •  Victorian  Buzzwords   •  Aesthe%cism  Buzzwords   o  Family   o  Decadence   o  Virtuous   o  Symbolism   o  Modesty   o  Decora%on   o  Morality   o  Materialism   o  Ra%onality   o  Extravagance   o  E%queke   o  Caprice  
  • 23. Wilde’s Words of W$dom  In  all  unimportant  maFers,  style,  not  sincerity   is   the   essenBal.   In   all   important   maFers,   style,  not  sincerity  is  the  essenBal.  
  • 24. Wilde’s Words of W$dom       We   can   forgive   a   man   for   making   a   useful   thing  as  long  as  he  does  not  admire  it.  The   only   excuse   for   making   a   useless   thing   is   that   one   admires   it   intensely.   All   art   is   quite   useless.  
  • 25. Wilde’s Words of W$dom   I   wonder   who   it   was   that   defined   man   a   raBonal  animal.  It  was  the  most  premature   definiBon   ever   given.   Man   is   many   things,   but  he  is  not  raBonal.  
  • 26. Wilde’s Words of W$dom   The   only   way   to   get   rid   of   a   temptaBon   is   to   yield   to   it.   Resist   it   and   your   soul   grows   sick   with  longing  for  the  things  it  has  forbidden  to   itself…  
  • 27. Y* Li-le Bug.r… •  Wilde’s  Woes   –  Court  -­‐  wri%ngs  used  against  him   –  Guilty:  “Gross  Indecency”     –  Jail  %me…  
  • 28. Goodbye, Oscar •  Died  -­‐  Nov.  30,1900     •  Meningi%s   •  Paris  Hotel   •  Final  Words…