Pilgrimages

1. The Height of the Pilgrimage
Peregrino = per ager = el que va por el campo = viajero

2. QUESTIONS
Why was it so important to make pilgrimages in the Middle Ages?
What was there to make such a dangerous thing worth it?

3. MENTALITY
• RELIGION is everywhere, is the basis of all behaviour
• Life is just a passage to the real life in Heaven.
• Saints can intercede on our behalf; even things that used to
belong to a Saint can be “powerful”= RELICS

4. WHAT IS A RELIC?
• Pieces of the body, generally bones but also
clothes, hair, blood, even the male foreskin …

5. A CHURCH WITH A RELIC
• Attracts more people
• The more important the Saint the more powerful the
relic
• Having a relic was really important for a church.
There were even some fights and relics being stolen
by neighbor churches!

6. • JERUSALEM
Life & dead of Jesus
 THE 3 MOST IMPORTANT PLACES FOR CHRISTIANS

7. • ROME
Saint Peter, Saint
Paul
& the Pope

8. • SANTIAGO
St. James Tomb

9. Pilgrimages were something dangerous
• No roads

10. • No bridges

11. • Bridges when there, were private = $

12. • With different money in every territory

13. • Different languages

14. • No maps

15. • Often crossing territories on war

16. • With basic footware

17. • Without a police force

18. • Without professional guides…

19. Pilgrimage to Santiago was specially dangerous
because:

20. • FINIS TERRAE: it was a trip to the end of the
known world

21. • It was the FRONTIER WITH ISLAM = it was risky
and had a crussade meaning.

22. Then, why these pilgrimages?

23. The motivations
1.- Devotion.

24. 2.- Miracles.
The motivations

25. 3.- Adventure, bussiness.
The motivations

26. 4.- Penitence. Sometimes the Church gave the oportunity to
some prissioners to redime their jail if completing the
pilgrimage to santiago
The motivations

27. 5.- Professional pilgrims making the
pilgrimage for rich (lazy?) people
The motivations

28. SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM
• Walking stick to help the walking and protect
themselves .

29. • Broad-brim hat
SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM

30. • Squash for water
SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM

31. • Cape, cloak
SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM

32. • Bag
SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM

33. • SCALLOP
SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM

34. THE XIth
CENTURY

35. CHRISTIAN KINGS HELP THE PILGRIMAGE
• MONASTERIES
• HOSTELS
• HOSPITALS
• ROADS
• BRIDGES
THEY BUILD

36. • No taxes for pilgrims
• New laws to protect them
• The Order of Santiago
• The Pope granted Santiago with the Holy Years

37. CODEX CALIXTINUSCODEX CALIXTINUSTHE FIRST GUIDEBOOK

38. • It’s a compilation of five books relating to
St James and the pilgrimage
• It’s called Calixtinus because it is prefaced
by a letter attributed to Pope Calixtus II
• Was written in the XIIth
century
• It’s also called LIBER SANCTI IACOBI

39. BOOK V: LIBER PEREGRINATIONIS
Written by a French monk (Aymerich Picaud)
• 1- de los caminos a Santiago
• 2- de las jornadas del camino de Santiago
• 3- de los nombres de los que repasaron el camino
• 4- de los tres buenos edificios del mundo
• 5- de los hombres que repararon el camino
• 6- de las aguas amargas y dulces del camino
• 7- de las cualidades de las tierras y gentes del camino
• 8- de las visitas a los cuerpos de santos del camino
• 9- de la calidad de la ciudad y la iglesia de Santiago
• 10- de la distribución de las limosnas del altar de Santiago
• 11- del digno recibimiento a los peregrinos

40. The Codex was stolen in 2011
from the archive of the Cathedral of Santiago
and found about a year later in a near basement.
An ex-electrician of the Cathedral was imprissioned.

41. MILITARY ORDERSMILITARY ORDERS
PRAY & FIGHT

42. MILITARY ORDERSMILITARY ORDERS
The principal feature of the military order is the combination of military
and religious ways of life.
Military orders appeared following the First Crusade (1099 d. C.)
They protected the Holy Places and the pilgrims as well as fighting
invading Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula.

43. The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon
KNIGHTS TEMPLARKNIGHTS TEMPLAR

44. KNIGHTS TEMPLARKNIGHTS TEMPLAR
So called because their original site was the old
Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem
Rapidly assumed extensive feudal powers. They
became extremely rich, acting as bankers for kings

45. KNIGHTS TEMPLARKNIGHTS TEMPLAR
In 1305 Pope Clement V, based in France, and the Templar
Grand Master Jacques de Molay discussed charges that had
been made two years prior by an ousted Templar.
Clement sent King Philip IV of France a written request for
assistance in the investigation.
THE END
of the

46. KNIGHTS TEMPLARKNIGHTS TEMPLAR
King Philip was already deeply in debt to the Templars
He began pressuring the Church to take action against the Order
On Friday, October 13, 1307 Philip ordered de Molay and scores
of other French Templars to be simultaneously arrested.
THE END
of the

47. KNIGHTS TEMPLARKNIGHTS TEMPLAR
The Templars were charged with numerous offences
(including apostasy, idolatry, heresy, obscene rituals and
homosexuality, financial corruption and fraud)
Many of the accused confessed to these charges under torture
After more bullying from Philip, Pope Clement then issued the
papal bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae, which instructed all
Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize
their assets.
THE END
of the

48. KNIGHTS TEMPLARKNIGHTS TEMPLAR
Pope Clement finally agreed to disband the Order
Grand Master Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charney,
Preceptor of Normandy, insisted on their innocence
Both men were declared guilty of being relapsed heretics, and
they were sentenced to burn alive at the stake in Paris on March
18, 1314.
THE END
of the

49. JACQUES DE MOLAY
the legend
He called out from the
flames that both Pope
Clement and King Philip
would soon meet him
before God.

50. Pope Clement died only a month later, and
King Philip died in a hunting accident before
the end of the year…

51. 1175
ORDER OF SANTIAGO
the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword

52. -Was originally a small military brotherhood based near Caceres
in Extremadura.
-Their initial purpose was to provide protection for the pilgrims
traveling to and from the tomb of Saint James at Compostela
-They too provide hospital services to sick pilgrims.
-Like the Templars, the Order of Santiago rapidly assumed
extensive feudal powers.
ORDER OF SANTIAGO

53. When acquiring new estates, whether by gift or conquest, the Order
would typically establish some kind of defensible buildings
The area around would necessarily be dedicated to the production of food for the
garrison and networks of villages and peasant communities would be joined by
primitive roads radiating from the centre.

54. THEIR SYMBOL WAS THE SWORD-CROSS
Sword representing:
- The martyrdom of Santiago
- The fight for Christ
Its origin:
Crusaders used to carry a “cross-knife”
they could use anywhere just by
stabbing it to the floor.

55. NOBILITY
To qualify for membership
candidates had to prove four
noble quartering
Today the Grand Master of the
Order is the King of Spain

56. Santiago’s cross is everywhere along the Camino

57. Monasteries
"Ora et labora"

58. Monasteries
• The word monastery comes from
the Greek word μοναστήριος -monasterios “to
live alone”
• Abbot (Arameic abba, father)
• They were centers of intellectual progression
and education.
• The monastery is the keeper of knowledge
during the Middle Ages

59. • Saint Benedict, founder of western monasticism.
• His "Rule of Saint Benedict" was adopt by most of the religious
communities throughout the Middle Ages.
• Organises the monastic day into regular periods of communal
and private prayer, sleep, spiritual reading, and manual labour
• Ora et Labora
MONASTERIES

60. • The Horarium
• Matins - 12 pm Religious office
• Lauds - 3 am Morning office & sleep
• Prime - 6 am Wash & office. Instructions for the day.
Private Mass or spiritual reading or work
• Terce - 9 am Office & High Mass
• Sext - 12 am Office, midday meal & Rest
• None - 3 pm Office, farming & housekeeping work
• Vespers - 6 pm Evening prayer
• Compline - 9 pm Night prayer & sleep
MONASTERIES

61. • Monasteries offered respite for weary pilgrim travelers, monks
were obligated also to care for their injuries or emotional needs.
• Over time, people started to make pilgrimages to monasteries
instead of just using them as a stopover.
• Families would donate money, land or a son in return for
blessings.
• MONEY = POWER
Monasteries

62. THE IMPORTANCE OF MONASTERIES
• They kept the knowledge in their scriptorium.
• They spread new forms of art throughout the Christendom.
• They helped repopulate conquered territories.
• They protected & helped pilgrims

63. Típico Monasterio Benedictino

64. Cluny

66. THE ROLE OF CLUNY
• The process of repopulating the recaptured areas in the
Iberian Peninsula was assisted by the royal encouragement of
Frankish (French) settlement on privileged terms.
• The French Road
• King Alfonso VI invited the Cluniacs to establish a chain of
religious houses along the Roman thoroughfares that crossed
the reconquered territories.

68. • Consolidate territorial gains and the Christian presence along
the frontier.
• Care for pilgrims.
• Encourage the long journey to the shrine of St James.
• The Monks of Cluny also brought to Spain new solutions in
construction and ideas in art….
THE IMPORTANCE OF CLUNY