WWII, Containment, Dissolution of USSR

1. Ideology & Nationalism in aIdeology & Nationalism in a
Technological World:Technological World:
POWER POLITICSPOWER POLITICS
Russian Revolution(slides 2-9) &
Chinese Revolution (91-98)
WWII (10-59),
Cold War (68-82), Israel (60-63),
Russia (83-89)and China Today

2. Russia
Leninism
Stalinism

3. Russia: Overthrew Czarist Gov.
Provisional Gov ofProvisional Gov of
Kerensky wantedKerensky wanted:
• WWI
• Republic
• Natural Rights
• ““Soviets”Soviets” – local
councils make
decisions
• Workers, peasants,
soldiers, professional
class supported
Not very organized, though.

4. LENIN
Bolsheviks promised:Bolsheviks promised:
• PEACEPEACE: Out of WWI
• Lost some land
• LANDLAND – for peasants
• BREADBREAD – promise of
prosperity
• April ThesesApril Theses
• All POWERAll POWER to the
Soviets
• Communism over
liberalism or socialism

5. Vanguard of the RevolutionVanguard of the Revolution
• WHY?
• Most people did not
know how to organize!
• Not leaders
• Not understand
communism.

6. Lenin:Lenin: War CommunismWar Communism 1918-1921
• State control of industry,
railroads, foreign trade,
agriculture…
• Why? To provision the Red Army:
• Rationing & Redistribution
• Discipline for workers – punishment for strike =
shot!
• Obligatory labor duty was imposed on "non-working
classes".
• Private enterprise became illegal.

7. Lenin - NEPNEP
New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy
• Loosening of restrictions/Loosening of restrictions/
capitalistic aspects tocapitalistic aspects to
stimulate economy after warstimulate economy after war
• Farmers could sell some
produce for profit, but taxed
• Money reintroduced
• Salaries in cash, not goods
• Shorter work hours
• Limited labor unions ok
• Heavy industry,
transport, banking,
international trade
remained under
government control.

8. Joseph Stalin
• NEP too slow!!
• Five Year PlansFive Year Plans
• Collectivization of Ag.Collectivization of Ag.
• Huge state factoriesHuge state factories
• No choices, profits,
power for people… but
industrialized FAST!
USSR Industrialized quickly
And often brutally under
Stalin’s rule

9. Great PurgeGreat Purge
• Secret Police
• Doctored photos
• Fake trials
• Assassinations
• Gulag – agency that
administered labor camps
• Siberia
You’re either with us or against us!You’re either with us or against us!

10. GULAGSGULAGS
• Alekandr I.
Solzhenitzyn

11. MILLIONS disappeared
or were outright killed
in Stalin’s
Doctored photos…

12. EUROPEAN FASICISM
Italy
Germany
Spain

13. Fascism: Violent Reaction
Against…
FOR:
•The StateThe State over the
Individual
•Extreme Nationalism
•Militaristic / control
•Cult of Personality
•FASCIST STATES:
• Hitler - race
• Mussolini - corporate
• Franco - Catholic
Liberalism, Socialism, Communism

14. Italy - MussoliniItaly - Mussolini
• 1st
Fascist state
• “Called to Power”
• “March to Rome”  King
appointed Prime Minister.
• Constitutional changes 
totalitarian fascist regime.
• ““The Third Way”The Third Way” –
revolutionary & traditional
• “Black Shirts” – ex-WWI
soldiers restore order to
streets in hard economy
• Expansion to rally people.
“Il Duce” promised better economic
And political times ahead

16. Third WayThird Way
“This was a new system in
which the state seized
control of vital industries.
Under the banners of
nationalism and state
power, Fascism synthesized
the glorious Roman past with a
futuristic utopia.”

17. Italian Expansion:Italian Expansion:
Quest for Glory & Power!Quest for Glory & Power!
• Corfu
• Albania
• Greek Islands
• Ethiopia
• Libya
• Spanish Civil War
on Franco’s side
1939
Dreams of a Mare Nostrum!
• Entered WWII on
side of Germany

19. Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler
• National Socialist
Party (Nazi)
• Weimar, the Depression
• Reichstag solutions not
well accepted… too
slow!
• Extreme Racial /Extreme Racial /
Nationalist ideasNationalist ideas
• Dreams of renewed
greatness for Germany

20. Hitler’s Beliefs:
1. Social Darwinism1. Social Darwinism
• Jews, gypsies, slavs…
• Deportation
• ““Final Solution”Final Solution”
2. “Stab-in-the-Back Myth”
3. Right of German people to
Self Determination
• Unite the “Volk”“Volk”
• ““Lebensraum”Lebensraum”
5. “Third Reich”5. “Third Reich”
• Elected to Reichstag, took
control after became
Chancellor
6. “Fuehrerprincipe”6. “Fuehrerprincipe”
Unquestioning allegiance &
obedience to superiors.
No one questions Supreme
Leader.

21. Why the “Third Reich?”
The Nazis sought to legitimize their power historiographically by portraying their ascendancy to rule as
the direct continuation of an ancient German past. They adopted the termDrittes Reich ("Third Empire" –
usually rendered in English in the partial-translation "the Third Reich"), first used in a 1923 novel by
Arthur Moeller van den Bruck,[7]
that counted the mediaeval Holy Roman Empire as the first and the
1871–1918 monarchy as the second, which was then to be followed by a "reinvigorated" third one. This
ignored the previous 1918–1933 Weimar period, which the Nazis denounced as a historical aberration,
contemptuously referring to it as "the System". In the summer of 1939 the Nazis themselves actually
banned the continued use of the term in the press, ordering it to use expressions such
as nationalsozialistisches Deutschland ("National Socialist Germany"),Großdeutsches Reich ("
Greater German Reich"), or simply Deutsches Reich (German Reich) to refer to the German state instead.
[8]
Although the term "Third Reich" is still in common use to refer to this historical period, the terms "First Reich" and "Second
Reich" for the earlier periods are seldom found outside Nazi propaganda. To use the terms "First Reich" and "Second
Reich", as some commentators did in the post-war years, is generally frowned upon as accepting Nazi historiography.[citation needed
]
During and following the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria in 1938 Nazi propaganda also used the political slogan Ein
Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer("One people, one Reich, one leader"), in order to enforce pan-German sentiment.
The term Altes Reich ("old Reich"; cf. French ancien regime for monarchical France) is sometimes used to refer to the
Holy Roman Empire. The term Altreich was also used after the Anschluss to denote Germany with its pre-1938 post-WWI
borders. Another name that was popular during this period was the term Tausendjähriges Reich ("Thousand-Year Reich"),
the millennial connotations of which suggested that Nazi Germany would last for a thousand years to come; in reality it was
ousted after a mere 12 years.
The Nazis also spoke of enlarging the then-established Greater German Reich into a "
Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation" (Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation) by gradually annexing all the
historically Germanic countries and regions of Europe (Flanders, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden etc.) directly
into the Nazi state.[9]

22. Seriously… ?
• 1933- Rebuilt German
Military
• Violated Treaty of
Versailles
• No objection from Europe
• 1933 - Withdrew from
League of Nations

23. Spanish Civil War
• Instability – Transition:
1931: Monarchy
democracy, but then…
• Civil War: Franco’s Fascist
“Nationalist” troops
installed dictatorship: 1939
• Support from Hitler & Italy
• Europe did nothing.
General Francisco Franco
d. 1975

25. Guernica
Pablo Picasso

26. Conquest Really Began…
• 1935- “Restores” Rhineland to Germany
• 1937 – Alliance with Japan
• 1938 – Annexed Austria,
Took Sudetenland
from Czechoslovakia

27. APPEASEMENTAPPEASEMENT
• Munich ConferenceMunich Conference, 1938
• Hitler, Mussolini, Neville
Chamberlain
• Gifted Sudetenland
(northern part of Czech.)
w/o consent of Czech.
• Promise to stop expansion

28. “Peace for Our Time”

29. Whatever…
• 1939- Invaded rest of
Czechoslovakia
• Europe did not react

30. Gearing up with Pacts!
• GB & France:
Non- Aggression Pact
• Greece, Turkey, Romania, Poland
• If one attacked, all go to war
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact
• Germany would not invade Russia
if Russians stay out
• Divided Eastern Europe for future:
• Germany to get Lithuania & E.
Poland
• Russia to get Poland, Finland,
Baltic States

31. Falling Dominoes…
• Poland, 1939Poland, 1939
• GB declared war on Germany
• France also declared.

32. Where was the USA?
• 1939 – Cash and carry policy –
• US sold the British war materiel.
• Cash only basis. Sailed away their new
ships.
• 1941 – Lend-Lease Program
• ““Lent”Lent” destroyers and other war goodsdestroyers and other war goods
to Britishto British in return for lease of navalin return for lease of naval
basesbases..
• Later, added Soviets, Chinese to
program.

33. BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg
• ““Lightening War”Lightening War”
• Terrifyingly FAST
• Terrifyingly
destructive
• Overwhelming!
Shock and Awe!!Shock and Awe!!

34. Total War!Total War!

35. Example: Blitzkrieg in Poland

36. 1940…
• Holland
• Belgium
• FranceFrance – 2 days later!

38. Occupied France
• Vichy France
• Petain surrendered to
Hitler
• Resistance
• Charles De Gaulle led
Resistance

40. Winston Churchill
• Prime Minister of Great Britain

41. Winston Churchill
• “We shall fight…
never surrender.”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mNV-MPmDTw
• “This was their finest
hour”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsKDGM5KTBY&feature=related

42. Battle of Britain
• Air only
• ““the Blitz”the Blitz”
• Air Raid
Warnings
• Blackouts,
Shelters
• Radar!Radar!

43. RAF
“Never have so
few done so much
for so many.”
- Churchill

44. Germany Invaded Russia - 1941
• Relieved pressure on Britain
• Stalin moved industry east
• Red Army Troops ready in weeks
• Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad – 19421942
• Protracted street fighting
• ““Not one step back!”Not one step back!”
• Turned the tide of the warTurned the tide of the war
• Russians moved West for 3 years
• Then, at Yalta- Russia asked for help from Allies

45. Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference – Feb. 1945
Big ThreeBig Three
• Stalin wanted
help on Western
Front
• Roosevelt wanted
help in Pacific
• Churchill did not
trust Uncle Joe
• Allies stalled…as
Russia was torn apart

46. War in the Pacific
• Japan invaded China,Japan invaded China,
1931,1931, BEGINNINGBEGINNING
WORLD WAR IIWORLD WAR II
Manchuria  “Manchukuo”
• Rape of NanjingRape of Nanjing – 19371937
• Started WWII
• Brutal atrocities

47. Japanese Imperialism
• Continued to
expand in China
• Indochina (Vietnam)
• Already had Korea
(Manchukuo)
1942: Height of Japanese
Power in Pacific

48. Where was the USA?
• US frozeUS froze
Japanese assetsJapanese assets
in USin US
• Imposed trade sanctionstrade sanctions on
Japanese business in US
• When the US refused to lift
sanctions…

49. Pearl Harbor
• Dec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941
• “A date that will live in
Infamy”
• Germany & Japan declared
war on the USA.
BUT, the whole US fleet
WAS NOT destroyed…

50. Infusion of Men, Money, Machines
• 1943- Allies took Italy
• 1944- D-Day:D-Day:
Normandy InvasionNormandy Invasion

51. Manhattan Project
• Atomic Bomb
• J. Robert
Oppenheimer

52. May 1945May 1945
• Russians and
Americans raced to
Berlin
• Hitler committed
suicide

53. V-E DayV-E Day
• May 8, 1945

54. War in Pacific
• Dragged on…
• Island HoppingIsland Hopping
• Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway
• Iwo JimaIwo Jima
• Loss of life … and
Money

55. War in Pacific Time Line
• March 18-June 23, 1945: Battle of OkinawaBattle of Okinawa. 85,000+ US
military casualties and losses, and 140,000+ to Japanese.
Approximately one-fourth of the Japanese civilian
population died resisting the invasion… Including in mass
suicides.
• July 26, 1945: Potsdam DeclarationPotsdam Declaration was issued. Truman
tells Japan,
"Surrender or suffer prompt and utter"Surrender or suffer prompt and utter
destruction."destruction."
• July 29: Japan rejected the Potsdam Declaration.
•

56. Let’s end this thing…
• Japanese refused to have
Emperor surrender.
• Hammering out details…
• Truman decided to use A-
Bomb
• Fewer casualties
• Immediate
• Less expensive

57. Hiroshima: 6 August, 1945Hiroshima: 6 August, 1945
• Enola Gay
• “Little Boy”
• 140,000 dead
• ½ on day of bombing

58. NagasakiNagasaki
• Aug. 9, 1945
• 2nd
Atomic Bomb,
• 1st
plutonium bomb
• “fat man”
• Dead: 73,900
• Injured: 74,900
• Many died later…
• Cancer, leukemia…

59. V-J DayV-J Day
• Sept. 2, 1945 – surrender formally signed

60. ““Peace” SettlementPeace” Settlement
• US & USSR  Superpowers
• Japan demilitarized
& democratized
• Marshall PlanMarshall Plan:
• US aided W. European recovery
• E. Europe under umbrella of USSR- Molotov Plan

61. Holocaust Horrors Exposed

62. Holocaust HorrorsHolocaust Horrors
• Mass graves
• Gas chambers
• “Scientific”
Experiments

63. ZionismZionism
• Theodor HerzelTheodor Herzel – Austro-Hungarian
journalist
• late 1800/s
• Political movement encouraged Jewish
migration to the Biblical “Land of Israel”
• ““Self Determination for the JewishSelf Determination for the Jewish
People”People”
• Today 40% of the world's Jews live in
Israel. A similar number live in the US.

64. Balfour Declaration of 1917Balfour Declaration of 1917
Formal statement of policy by the British government:
"His Majesty's government views with favour the
establishment in Palestine of a national home for the
Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to
facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly
understood that nothing shall be done which may
prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-
Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and
political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."[

65. Creation of the State of Israel
• 14 May, 1948
• Anti-Semitism, pogroms, Holocaust
• Growth of nationalism for ethnic
groups – Self Determination
• 1 month after partition of India, UN
recommended partition of Palestine, a
British Mandate

66. And the Palestinians?

67. War Crimes Tribunal
• Nuremberg: Crimes Against Humanity
• Geneva Conventions violations
John E. Dolibois,
Translator

68. WWII Casualties - Europe
Each symbol indicates
100,000 dead in the
appropriate theater of
operations
Count the US flags…
Russian flags…
The Stars of David …
Skulls…

69. WWII Casualties - Pacific
Each symbol indicates
100,000 dead in the
appropriate theater of
operations
Count the US flags…
The Civilian Chinese
skulls & Chinese flags…

70. Women
• Worked during war
• Expected to go back
home when the men
returned to work…

71. Policy of ContainmentPolicy of Containment
• Division of Berlin & Berlin Wall
• NATO
• Marshall Plan
• SEATO
• Truman Doctrine – 1947
• US will assist any government
resisting Communism
• Iron Curtain Speech –
• Churchill
 NATO

72. Policy of Containment
• Warsaw Pact
• Molotov Doctrine
Check Point Charlie- Berlin

74. Cold War WORLD
IF you’re not with us, you’re against us?
Or you’re “UNALIGNED”

75. Kitchen Debates
American
“Consumer
Economy”
vs.
Russian
“Command
Economy”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CvQOuNecy4

76. Communism at Our Doorstep!
• “We will bury you!”
• November, 1956
• Bay of Pigs
• April, 1961.
• CIA, Cuban nationals
• Cuban Missile Crisis
October 1962.

77. Opportunities for Peaceful
Co-existence…
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• SEATO
• United Nations
• World Court
• Geneva Conventions

78. Containment
Perceptions of Great Powers that
each other needed to be
“contained,” and that “losses” for
one side were “gains” for the other.
Perceived the world locked in a
fatal struggle, with all nations
aligned.

79. Division and Competition
• Berlin
• Democratic West, USSR
East
• Berlin Blockade- USSR cut
off trade West of Berlin
• Berlin Airlift – West
brought food, fuel & info
via air
• Berlin remained divided
• 1961 Soviets built wall
• Wall came down in 1990
with economic collapse of
USSR
• Korea
• Had been Japanese
• Occupied by USSR - North
& USA- South
• 1948- 2 govt’s: 38th
• 1950- North Korea attacked
South
• General McArthur & UN
• China sided with North
• Armistice 1953
• Today…?

80. Decline of Colonialism
• India
• Gandhi, Nehru,
• Creation of Pakistan
• Jinnah
• Africa
• Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana - peaceful
• Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya – violent (Mau Mau)
• Algerian Indep

81. Vietnam
• Nationalists = Vietminh
• Guerilla warfare – 1954
• Divided @ 17th
parallel
• Ho Chi Minh
• Communist North
• Ngo Dihn Diem
• Democratic South

82. Decolonization? Civil War?
Communist Takeover?
• Ho Chi Minh supported Communists
/guerillas in South  unity
• US/France supported Democracy in South

83. Soviets in Afghanistan 1979- 89Soviets in Afghanistan 1979- 89
• ““Liberation”Liberation” from “repressive regime,” and
introducing Soviet ‘Socialism’ to region.
• Against Islamic FundamentalismAgainst Islamic Fundamentalism, which was a
destabilizingdestabilizing effect on their borders, and even
across Soviet borders.
• Strategic ReasonsStrategic Reasons – to gain access to the Indian
Ocean through Afghanistan & friendly India.
• Demonstration of Soviet military mightDemonstration of Soviet military might – show
the west, possible separatist rebels in eastern bloc.

84. Technology vs.
Insurgents/Guerillas
?

85. Superpower Lessons
• US in Vietnam
• Defeat of Superpower by
small but determined
nation
• Desire to avoid another
Vietnam
• USSR in Afghanistan
• Defeat of Superpower by
small but determined
nation
• Desire to avoid another
Afghanistan
INSURGENCY / GUERILLA / UNPOPULAR
REGIONAL WAR CANNOT BE WON BY
TECHNOLOGY& SUPERIOR FIRE POWER

86. USSR / Russia
1911 - Present

87. Collapse of Soviet Union
Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev
• 1985
• Glasnost – openness
• Perestroika-
restructuring of
Soviet economy
• By 1991 Cold War
was over.

88. 1985 - 1991
• Privatization of parts of Economy
• Nuclear Reduction Treaties with US
• SALT
• Denounced Stalin’s Great Purge
• USSR  Russia
• Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia  indep.
Countries
• Poland & other states independent
• Lots of Constitutional Democracies w/
capitalistic economic systems

89. Rebellion vs. USSR
• Hungarian Revolution 1956-
• Student Demonstration  violent
• Soviet troops squashed rebellion
• Prague Spring 1968 – Parliament:Alexander
Dubcek & President: Vaclav Havel
• Velvet Revolution – nonviolent

90. Rebellion vs. USSR
• Poland - 1989
• Solidarity Labor Party
• Lech Walesa – 1st
Pres.
• Romania – 1989
• Overthrew Ceausescu
• Only Eastern Bloc country
to violently overthrow its
leaders, and execute them.

91. Berlin Wall
• Started: Hungary - Government
started May 2 to tear down
• Sept. 11 – Thousands of East Germans
crossed  unrest
• 9 Nov GDR said ok to crossings.
• Parts of wall chipped away over few
weeks by euphoric public.
• 3 October, 1990 – Germany reunited
officially.

92. Russia Today
• President Prime Minister President
Vladimir Putin
• Ex-President Medvedev
Oil rich, and concerned
about Security.

93. China
1911 - Present

94. Chinese Revolution
• 1911
• No more Emperor
• Sun Yat SenSun Yat Sen
• NationalistNationalist
• Three Principles of the People
• Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy
• Guomingdang = his political party

95. China
• Chiang Kai-shek
• Successor to Sun Yat Sen
• WWII- Japanese invasions, Communists
building strength
• Sometimes Communists & Nationalists fought
together against Japan

96. After WWII
Mao ZedongMao Zedong – CCP - 1949
• Long MarchLong March
• Swept Nationalists south 
exile on Formosa/Taiwan
• People’s Republic of China

97. Early Maoist Communism
• CollectivizationCollectivization of
Agriculture  Famine
• Collectivization of
Industry (not have much)
• Social ReformSocial Reform –
• Banished religion / rituals
political meetings,
propaganda meetings
• Women in society:
• Eradicate child marriage,
concubinage, foot binding.
Allowed divorce.
• Increased Rural Education

98. Loss of Soviet Support
• Chinese Military build-up
• First A-Bomb - 1964

99. Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward 1958-1963
• CollectivizationCollectivization  industrialization of
agriculture and manufacturing
• Communal kitchens; NO private plots
• Backyard steel furnaces, but discovered
required manufacture with even coal heating
• Some construction projects, but w/o engineers
• Self-sufficient co-ops paid with points, not cash
• Experimental Agricultural practices  faminefamine
• Weather, poor choices

100. Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution 1966-1976
• Purpose: Renew the Spirit of
the Chinese Revolution
• Replace his designated successors with
more faithful
• Provide China's youth with a revolutionary
experience
• Red Guard – urban youth
• Closed universities for 4 years; sent students
& teachers to fields
• Reopened: taught only Communism &
vocational training
• Achieve some specific policy changes to
make the educational, health care, and
cultural systems less elitist.
• Retake personal control of Communist
Party

101. Opening with the West
• 1971
• Nixon met w/
Chairman Mao &
Premier
Zhou en-Lai

102. Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping
• 1976
• After Mao’s death
• Economics westernizedEconomics westernized
• Joint ventures with foreign companies
• Some free-market elements
• Limited business & property ownership 
stimulated hard work & innovation

103. Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
• 1989
• 1M demonstrators
called for
democratic reform
• Troops opened fire;
hundreds were
killed.

104. China Today
• Hu JintaoHu Jintao
• Leader of Communist
Party
• President of People’s
Republic of China
• Technocrat, not
idealogue

105. Xi Jinping
• President since 2012
• General Secretary of
Chinese Communist Party
(CCP)