India program in Solar Energy

1. India – 2010-2022
As of May 2014, India has an installed PV capacity
of 2.5GW. India's power sector has a total installed
capacity of approximately 146.753 Gigawatt (GW).
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION
India has been ranked 7th worldwide for
solar photovoltaic (PV) cell production.

2. • The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
is an initiative of the Government to promote
ecologically sustainable growth while addressing
India’s energy security challenge.
• It will constitute a contribution by India to the effort
to meet the challenges of climate change.
• This is one part of National Action Plan on
Climate Change that was officially inaugurated in
2010.

5. In India, in certain applications such as urban rooftop PV,
especially at the higher end of the consumption spectrum,
solar PV is already very close to parity.
Power from diesel generation costs the consumer Rs. 12 to
Rs. 15 per kWh, and contains a built-in subsidy component.
In India, the energy price of gas and imported-coal based
thermal power are also on a rapidly rising curve, without
factoring in environmental costs.
So the case for solar PV is very compelling in a host of
applications ranging from urban situations to telecom and
captive generation

6. INDIA TO INSTALL 20GW OF SOLAR POWER
GENERATION CAPACITY BY 2022.
 National Solar Mission (NSM) has laid down a road
map (dream) for achieving a target for
 off grid solar energy applications, reaching 2GW by
2022;
 20 million square meters solar thermal collector
area; and
 deploying 20 million solar lighting systems for rural
areas by 2022. Implementation of the NSM can
vastly benefit module suppliers, solar PV/ solar
thermal-based independent power producers (IPPs),
and system integrators.

8. SOLAR ENERGY CORPORATION OF INDIA
 Company incorporated in 2011 for implementing National
Solar Mission objectives.
 To plan and execute an integrated programme on solar
energy technologies to achieve commercially.
 Implementation of Grid Connected Solar Roof-Top
scheme
 Development and dissemination of solar home
lighting systems / solar lanterns
 Solar Thermal installations for water/air heating
 Solar Mini/Micro Grids/street lights etc.
 R&D Projects

9.  • Off grid PV installations are suitable for Indian conditions.
 • Presently, capacity is limited to 100 kW under MNRE
program.
 • 250 MWp sanctioned by the Ministry under NSM and nearly
60 MW commissioned
 • Mini and micro grid systems for rural areas are under initial
stages of development.
 • Roof top installations are picking up.
 • Off grid PV system costs have become attractive in India
(Rs.100-150/ Wp)

10. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRICITY
Indian Perspective-2010

11. ADVANTAGES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC
ELECTRICITY
Decentralized Generation
Environmental benefit
What is / was the disadvantage of solar P V
System?
The cost of production of electricity, range was
Rs 15 to Rs 20 per unit for the solar energy till
recently, which is very high when compared to,
Rs 2 to Rs 5 per unit for other conventional
sources in India.

13. PV systems
• are easily transportable and Installable.
• can be used to generate electricity where it will
be used,
• even at locations the electric grid doesn’t
reach.
• PV is also modular, so installations can be
scaled to the appropriate size for a given use

14. SMALL AS WELL AS MEDIUM SCALE
 PV’s scalability allows it to be used for both large-
scale power plants and to
 power handheld calculators, and it distinguishes PV
from fossil fuel based power.
 PV can be installed on buildings, parking lots and
other developed areas without interfering
with human activities.

15. Solar energy be integrated into every part of
Indian life—
• the homes we live in,
• the offices where we work,
• the farms and factories that produce the
products we buy, and
• the schools where our children learn.
• With creativity and sound public policy, solar
energy contributes to India’s energy future.

16. SOLAR RADIATION
An intermittent perennial diffuse source of energy

20. The Thar
Desert in
India is also
a promising
location for a
solar energy.

22. INDIA: Insolation: kWh per Sq-mt per day & Salinity> 1500
mg/l

23. An example of a complete set of beam normal
insolation data for a given location is shown in
Figure

24. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF SOLAR
CELLS & MODULES
Types of silicon solar cells
(Mono- crystalline, multi- crystalline, and Amorphous, Thin
film)
Energy efficiency

25. IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS, SUNLIGHT IS CONVERTED INTO
ELECTRICITY USING A DEVICE CALLED SOLAR CELL
 A solar cell is a
semiconducting device
made up of silicon or
other materials, which
when exposed to sunlight,
generates electricity.

26. MAGNITUDE OF THE CURRENT
GENERATED DEPENDS ON

29. CAPACITIES OF SPV
MODULES
 SPV modules of various capacities are available, and
are being used for a variety of applications. Theoretically,
a PV module of any capacity (voltage and current) rating
can be fabricated.
 However, the standard capacities available in the
country range from 5 Wp to 120 Wp.
 The voltage output of a PV module depends on the
number of solar cells connected in series inside the
module.

32. ENERGY EFFICIENCY
 A solar cell's energy conversion efficiency (η, "eta"),
is the percentage of power converted
(from absorbed light to electrical energy) and
collected, when a solar cell is connected to an
electrical circuit.
o This term is calculated using
the ratio of Pm, divided by the input light
irradiance under "standard" test conditions (E,
in W/m2) and the surface area of the solar
cell (Ac in m²).

34. STANDARD CURRENT-VOLTAGE (I-V) CURVE
 The I-V Curve is an important technical aspect of a solar
module, the basis for understanding all PV array design.
It represents the possible values of output current (I) and
voltage (V) that a solar module can deliver under specific
environmental conditions.

35. STANDARD CURRENT-VOLTAGE (I-V) CURVE

36. READING THE I-V CURVE
 If the module is outputting to a 12-volt battery, you can
determine the watts output to the battery from the graph.
Read up from 12 volts to the IV curve and then over to
the
Amperes scale to find that the current output
would be about 5.9 amps. Since power (in
watts) equals voltage times current, this
means that the module would be outputting
into the battery at a rate of about 71 watts.

47. INVERTER FUNDAMENTALS
 The inverters transform the DC power from solar modules
into AC power to match the grid and be useful for most
house loads.
 The inverter is a power conditioner that creates pure sine
wave power (AC.) This power is cleaner than the grid
because it is conditioned right on site.

48. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT).
 Inverters also maximize the power output of the
solar array in a function known as Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT). Solar modules produce the
power at the voltage they are connected to.
 The maximum power point voltage changes as the
sun moves throughout the day and the current
(amps) gets higher and lower.
 This allows the inverter to produce the most amount
of power at any given time without frying its
circuitry.

49. INVERTER FAILURE
 Inverters need to be replaced periodically. Most systems
use a single inverter for the entire system, so when it fails,
the whole system stops providing electricity to the home.
 An inverter for each panel or small group of panels may
be a solution. This has several advantages:
• If an inverter fails, only one panel of the system will be
affected, which will be reported in our daily monitoring.
• This allows for better scalability, in that we do not need
to have different inverter capacities for different
system sizes.
• The efficiency of the system is improved, since DC loses
more energy than AC going through a wire.

50. AVAILABLE SPACE
 A crucial factor is having enough space in the sun with
the proper orientation.
 The average home needs about a 5 kW system to offset
their annual usage.
 To calculate the physical size of this system, you can
use this simple rule of thumb:
 10 W / ft2 of space
 A 5 kW system covers about 500 ft2 of roof or ground
area.
 5000 W / 10 W/ft2 = 500 ft2

51. CHARGE CONTROLLERS / REGULATORS -1
 Why do you need a controller?
 Main function is to fully charge a battery without
permitting overcharge. If a solar array is connected to
lead acid batteries with no overcharge protection, battery
life will be compromised. Simple controllers contain a
relay that opens a charging circuit terminating the charge
at a pre-set high voltage and once a pre-set low voltage
is reached, closes the circuit, allowing charging to
continue.

52. CHARGE CONTROLLERS/REGULATORS - 2
 More sophisticated controllers have several stages
and charging sequences to assure the battery is
being fully charged.
 The first 70% to 80% of battery capacity is easily
replaced.
 It is the last 20% to 30% that requires more attention
and therefore more capacity.

53. CHARGE CONTROLLERS/REGULATORS -3
 The circuitry in a controller reads the voltage of the
battery to determine the state of charge.
 Designs and circuits vary, but most controllers read
voltage to reduce the amount of power flowing into the
battery as the battery nears full charge.

56. STANDARDS FOR BALANCE OF SYSTEM
COMPONENTS

58.  Solar cell testing
 Photovoltaic module
testing
 Testing of lighting
systems
 SPV pump testing
 Battery testing for PV
applications
 Long-term performance
evaluation of PV
modules
 Resource assessment
 Technology
demonstration &
assessment
 SPV power plant
 Research and
Development

60. SPV POWER PLANT

61. SOLAR ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANT
 The largest solar
electric generating
plant in the world
produces a maximum
of 354 megawatts
(MW) of electricity and
is located at Kramer
Junction, California. It
produces electricity for
the grid supplying the
greater Los Angeles
area.

62. INDIA’S SOLAR PV POWER PLANT INSTALLED BY KPCL JUN 26 2010
 Eco Factor: Solar photovoltaic power plant to generate up
to 3MW of renewable electrical power.
 The Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) has
installed India’s largest solar photovoltaic power plant. Built
at the cost of about $13 million, the plant makes use of
modular crystalline technology to generate solar energy.
 Inaugurating the plant, India’s Union Minister for New and
Renewable Energy, Farooq Abhullah said that the
government was planning to add 1000MW of solar energy to
the national grid in the next three years. The power plant will
provide energy to 500 pump sets of 10hp each and benefit
about 1000 farmers. The KPCL will set up 100MW of solar
energy plants as joint ventures with the private sector.

63. The implementation of the
three-phase plan for solar PV
capacity expansion began in
the year 2010, with the Indian
Government spending
approximately US$20 billion
over a 30 year period.

76. PV POWER OUTPUT MANAGEMENT CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH BATTERY
OR OTHER ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE, PUMPED HYDROELECTRIC
STORAGE, OR WITH DIESEL-GENERATOR BACKUP.

87. The Solar Electric Light Company
(SELCO)
 Designs and sells solar systems that produce,
sustainable power to electric lights and small
appliances.
 The systems include a small photovoltaic (PV)
panel, a battery and energy efficient lights.
 Solar photovoltaic panels work by using cells to
convert solar radiation into electricity.

88.  The PV cell consists of one or two layers of a
semi conducting material, usually silicon.
 When light shines on the cell it creates an
electric field across the layers, causing
electricity to flow.
 The greater the intensity of the light, the
greater the flow of electricity.
SELCO

89. SELCO
 installs the systems and
 provides after-sales servicing to
ensure the systems continue to
deliver benefit.
 The solar panels are cheaper to run.
 They also eliminate the health
hazards caused by kerosene fumes

90. Access to light provides increased opportunities for income
generation, for women, through basket making, silk weaving
and tailoring. Since the cost of a single solar lighting unit is
high, rural families often cannot afford the new systems.
SELCO works with micro-finance organisations, which allows
SELCO’s customers to pay for the systems on terms they can
afford. Their savings that householders make in kerosene
contribute to the repayment of the loan. The sale of carbon
credits from the project helps to subsidise the cost to the
customer, by reducing interest rates on loans and financing
down-payments

91. ARE THEY SURVIVING UNDER THE INDIAN SUN?
 Moser Baer Photovoltaic Limited, Tata BP Solar, Photon Solar
Energy Systems, HHV Solar Technologies Private Limited,
Titan Energy Systems Limited, Sun Energy Systems, Applied
Materials, Signet Solar, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited,
Central Electronics Limited,
 Renewable Energy Systems Limited, Waaree Energies
Private Limited, Micro Sun Tech Private Limited, E to E
Energy¸ Punj Lloyd Delta Renewables, TRA International,
Reliance Industries Limited Solar Limited & XL Telecom &
Energy Limited

92. There has been almost six fold decline in price per peak watt of
PV module from 1980 to year 2000

93. SOLAR NEWS: JULY 2013
 The solar photovoltaic industry passed through a
phase of consolidation. It led to mergers and
acquisitions, drop in demand and fall in prices. This
phase will continue.
 The rooftop solar implementation programme has
been slow off the blocks. While some States have got
cracking, others are still in the process of working out
modalities to attract companies to set up solar PV
units.
 The price of solar PV installation has come down.
From Rs. 18 per unit, it is now down to about Rs.
6.50-7 per unit.

94.  This reduction has been due to a combination of
factors:
 supply-demand dynamics,
 fiscal support,
 competitive pressure as well as
 reductions in the cost of PV power generation
equipment and systems through technological
innovations,
 economies of scale and efficiency improvements.

95. Solar electricity prices are today, around 30 cents/kWh, but still 2-5 times
average Residential electricity tariffs

96. WHEN AND WHERE IS PV POWER OK?
 PV : Best suited for remote site applications having
moderate/small power requirements consuming
applications even where the grid is in existence.
 Isolated mountaintops and other rural areas are
ideal for stand-alone PV systems where
maintenance and power accessibility makes PV the
ideal technology.

107. “ By the year 2030, India should achieve
Energy Independence through solar power
and other forms of renewable energy ”
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
President of India
Independence Day Speech, 2005

125. TEXTBOOKS FOR SOLAR PV ELECTRICITY
 Photovoltaic Systems: Analysis and Design, A.K.
Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur, PHI Learning private
Ltd., N. Delhi. 2011. EE Edition.
 Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies and
Applications, Chetan Singh Solanki, 2nd Edition, PHI
Learning private Ltd., N. Delhi. 2011. EE Edition.
 Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, Roger Messenger
and Jerry Ventre, 2nd Ed. 2003, CRC Press, Boca
Raton.

126. Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering
• Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus
John Wiley and Sons, 2003 –
1138 pages
Handbook of Photovoltaic
Science and Engineering
incorporates the most recent
technological advances and
research developments in
Photovoltaics. All topics relating
to the photovoltaic (PV)
industry are discussed and
each chapter has been written
by an internationally-known
expert in the field.

127. • Springer, 2005 - Technology &
Engineering - 232 pages
• This comprehensive description and
discussion of photovoltaics (PV) is presented
at a level that makes it accessible to the
interested academic. Starting with an historical
overview, the text outlines the relevance of
photovoltaics today and in the future. Then
follows an introduction to the physical
background of solar cells and the most
important materials and technologies, with
particular emphasis …..
Photovoltaic solar energy generation
Adolf Goetzberger, Volker U. Hoffmann

128. AN IMPORTANT REFERENCE BOOK FOR PV
SYSTEMS
 Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals
and Applications
Edited by: Tom Markvart and Luis Castaner
[2003]