Photovoltaic conversion of light to electricity has many applications. In tropical country like India, both the thermal and PV find plenty of applications.

1. APPLICATION
OF
SOLAR PV-POWER IN
INDIA
Large-scale deployment of solar
generated power for both grid connected
as well as distributed and decentralised
off-grid provision of commercial energy
services.

2. India Has a Lot
of
Sunlight
Sunlight on the surface of earth is the radiation
received from sun.
India has adequate sunshine available for most
parts of the year, including rural areas.
Cost is still a barrier, as is the potential for local
manufacture, but there is enormous scope for
widespread dissemination of a simple, robust solar
applications.

3. Solar photovoltaic (SPV) is a semi conductor
based technology to convert solar radiation
into direct electricity.
A PV system basically comprises of PV
modules and the balance of systems (BOS).
Balance of systems includes
support structure,
wiring,
storage,
power electronics etc.

4. When solar radiation strikes the PV
module, DC (direct current) electricity is
generated. During generation, power
can be used in any DC load directly. But
the generation exists till sun shines. So,
some storage device is needed to run
the system at night or in low sunshine
hour. Again this power cannot be used
to run any AC (alternating current)
load. Inverter has to be used to convert
DC into AC.

5. Highlight of India's solar
energy plan_Dream
National Solar Mission plan spread
over 30 years aims to scale up solar
power generation from nothing at
present to 20 GW by 2020.
* It is a three-phased plan that hopes
to generate 1-1.5 GW of solar power by
2012, 6-7 GW by 2017 and the rest by
2020.

6. India’s PV dream
It is aimed to cut down production costs of
solar panels and spur domestic
manufacturing. Money will be spent on
incentives for production, installation and
research and development. The plan has a
near term target of 100 megawatts, and
100 GW by 2030, or 10-12 percent of total
power generation capacity estimated for
that year.

7. India’s PV dream
Solar-powered equipment and applications will be
mandatory for hospitals, hotels and government
buildings, and villages and small towns will be
encouraged with micro financing.
The plan also outlines a system of paying households
for any surplus power from solar panels fed back into
the grid. The target would be to provide access to
lighting for 3 million households by 2012.
India will promote solar heating systems and use 40-
50 million sq meters of area to install solar collectors
in domestic, industrial and commercial sectors.

8. Benefits of PV Power
Environmentally benign - There is no pollution
through the use of a PV system – nor is there any
heat or noise generated which could cause local
discomfort
Easy to maintain - Operation and routine
maintenance requirements are simple
Long life - With no moving parts and all delicate
surfaces protected, modules can be expected to
provide power for 15 years or more.

9. Benefits of PV Power
Considering the emission rate of 1.3 kg
CO2 per kWh for diesel –generated
electricity, each 100 kWp mini-grid has
the potential of saving about 180
tonnes of CO2 emissions annually.
longer periods of work for small trades
and for students more learning time.

10. Solar cells are made of silicon
(microelectronics/semiconductors)
Treated to be positive on one side and negative
on the other.
When light energy hits the cell, electrons are
knocked loose from the atoms in the
semiconductor material.
If electrical conductors are attached to the
positive and negative sides, forming an electrical
circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form
of an electric
SUN LIGHT→
ELECTRICITY

11. Module Panel: Array
Every single photovoltaic cell has small
dimensions and generally produces a
power between 1 and 3 watts and
0,5Volts. We connect several cells
among themselves to create bigger
units called modules. The modules are
connected to constitute panels that
produce the wanted power

13. Photovoltaic system
structures
Systems with fixed inclination - (fixed supporting
structure)
Systems with active tracking - single/double axis
tracking systems (characterized by step by step
motors and control electronics)
Self contained systems or “stand alone”
Network connected systems or “grid connected”

14. Stand-alone system:
Stand-alone systems are virtually self
sufficient and not interacted with grid. Such
system may have some backup/storage
system to run during the no sun or low sun
hour.
PV system without storage battery (Direct
coupled PV system)
DC system with storage battery
DC systems powering AC load (with or
without storage)

15. Direct coupled PV system:
This is the simplest and least expensive
photovoltaic system designed to be used only
during daytime. Here the electricity generated
is directly and simultaneously used by the
appliances. Through out the day, the
insolation level is changing continuously and
so the output.
Examples of direct use systems include:
Remote water pumping with a storage tank.
Stand alone solar powered appliances such as
calculators and toys.

16. DC Systems With Storage
Batteries:
Batteries are used to store the electrical
energy generated by the photovoltaic
modules.
Power can be drawn from the batteries
whenever required- during the day or night,
continuously or intermittently.
In addition, a battery bank has the capacity
to supply high surge currents for a short time.
This gives the system the flexibility to start
large motors or to perform other high power
tasks.

17. DC Systems With Storage
Batteries:
Basic components of this system include
a photovoltaic module, a charge
controller, storage batteries and
appliances that represent the system's
electrical load. But here the type of
loads used should be of DC load as
battery is capable of running DC load
only.

18. PV with AC Loads :
Photovoltaic modules produce direct current (DC)
electrical power and batteries store DC energy. However
many common appliances require alternating current
(AC) power.
Direct current systems which power AC loads must use
an inverter. Inverters provide convenience and flexibility
in a photovoltaic system but also add complexity and
cost.
The following figure shows PV system with storage
battery, powering AC load. It is also possible to power
the AC load without battery but in that case it would be
confined only to daytime when solar radiation is
sufficient to generate required electricity.

19. It is also possible to
power the AC load
without battery but
in that case it would
be confined only to
daytime when solar
radiation is sufficient
to generate required
electricity
The following figure shows PV system with
storage battery, powering AC load.

20. Utility grid interconnected
system:
A utility grid interactive photovoltaic system is
connected to the utility grid.
A specially designed inverter is used to transform
the PV generated DC electricity to the grid
electricity (which is of AC) at the grid voltage.
The main advantage of this system is that power
can be drawn from the utility grid and when
power is not available PV can supplement that
power.
But again such grid interactive system is designed
with battery or without battery storage.

22. Hybrid Systems
System with more than one source of power is called
Hybrid system. Since the supply of solar is very
unpredictable, it is often desirable to design a system with
additional source of power.
The most common type of hybrid system contains a gas or
diesel powered engine generator.
Another hybrid approach is a PV/Wind system. Adding a
wind turbine to a PV system provides complementary
power generation.
The wind often continues to blow at night and during low
sun conditions. For even greater reliability and flexibility,
an engine generator can be included in a PV/Wind system.

23. Components of PV system
A PV system consists of following components.
1. Solar PV module
2. Battery
3. Charge controller
4. Inverter/converter
5. Mounting structure and tracking device
6. Interconnections and other devices

24. Components configuration
In every configuration all these
components are not used. Components
used depend upon the type of
configuration, which in other way
depend upon the application. For
example: Storage battery is not used in
case of direct coupled PV system,
inverter is not used in case of DC load.

25. Parameters influencing PV
system operation
Solar irradiation: Power of a solar cell
changes with solar radiation. which is
different for different geographical location,
tilt and orientation.. The change of power is
almost linear with the solar radiation. There is
a very little change in open circuit voltage
(Voc) of the solar cell, but the short circuit
current (Isc) varies almost linearly with the
solar intensity.

26. Parameters influencing PV system
operation
Temperature: Power
decreases with increasing solar
cell temp. Voc decreases by a
value of approximately 3mV/K
for each degree rise in temp.
A solar cell with Voc of 0.6 V at
250C reaches a value of 0.45V
at 750C. Isc increases with rise
of temperature but the
reduction in voltage is much
greater than the corresponding
increase in current.
This affects the power,
which decreases at a
rate of about 0.45% per
degree rise in temp.
The operating
temperature of the
battery should be
nominal (25-35 degree
C). Higher temperature
may give a higher
capacity of battery but
at the same time it
reduces the life of the
battery.

27. Aging effect:
Solar cells, which are properly
encapsulated, have a very long life and
power does not reduce in any
significant manner. The effect of aging
is more severe in amorphous Si solar
cells.

28. Shading effect:
Shading has a very bad impact on the performance of the
PV system.
Even a partial shading (on one or two cells) of the whole
module can reduce the output drastically and if it persists
for a longer period, it may damage the whole system.
To protect the modules from such adverse effect, a
bypass diode is used.
The effect is more prominent in crystalline silicon solar
modules.
Amorphous silicon modules are less affected by shading.

29. Other effect:
Mismatching of module in a string,
resistance of wires and cables etc can
drastically alter the performance of the
PV system. Dust and dirt can reduce the
PV output.

30. PV Manufacturers
in India
TATA BP
BHEL
CENTRAL ELECTRONICS LTD
SELCO INDIA