AS Week 7 Observation and Levels of Measurement.

1. Add more detail to the
mind map

2. www.jamiesflipped.co.uk
@jamiesflipped

3. Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson you …
• Must be able to describe (AO1) the
observational method and its components.
• Must be able to evaluate (AO2) the
observational method.
• Should be able to identify different data types
(nominal, ordinal and interval/ratio).
Pg 6-8

5. Validity and Reliability
Validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses
the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure.
Reliability is the extent to which an experiment, test, or any measuring
procedure yields the same result on repeated trials.

6. Validity
Check
Conduct an
survey
Reliability
Inter-rater
reliability
(more than one observer)
Improve
Covert
observations
Agreed coding
scheme
(no demand
characteristics)
(remove ambiguity of
categories)

7. Scenario Based Questions
Select on of the scenarios and
answer the questions.
20 mins
If you complete one move onto
another or design your
own scenario and
answer the questions.

8. Key Terms - Observation
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Ecological Validity
Non-participant Obs.
Participant Obs.
Undisclosed (covert)
Disclosed (overt)
Structured
Unstructured
Coding Scheme
Controlled Observation
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Event Sampling
Time Sampling
Reliability
Inter-rater Reliability
Validity
Categories
Ethics
Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data
Coding Scheme

9. Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data

10. Levels of Measurement

11. Descriptive vs. Inferential
Descriptive Statistics
• Summary of data to illustrate patterns and
relationships – BUT can’t infer conclusions
Inferential Statistics
• Statistical tests that allow us to make
conclusions in relation to our hypothesis.
eg. Mann-Whitney or Spearman’s Rho or
Chi Square.

12. DESCRIPTIVE Data Analysis
y axis label
y axis label
Scattergram to show the
Correlation between variable
1 and variable 2
x axis label
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
2
4
x axis label
Titles are VERY important. Title your axis, the
integers and give the graph a title.
6

13. Categorical
Nominal - measure of central tendency: mode
Data in categories (finished, fell, started)
Continuous
Levels of Data
Interval / Ratio - measure of central tendency:
mean
Precise and measured using units of equal
intervals (1m54s, 1m59s, 2m03s)
Ordinal - measure of central tendency: median
Data which are ranked or in order (1st 2nd 3rd)
Ratio has a definite and meaningful zero point

14. NOMINAL
DATA
ORDINAL
DATA
INTERVAL
DATA
REPEATED
MEASURES
Sign test
Wilcoxon sign test
Related t
test*
MATCHED
PAIRS
Sign test
Wilcoxon sign test
Related t
test*
INDEPENDENT
MEASURES
Chi-squared
Mann-Whitney
'U'
Unrelated t
test*
CORRELATION
Chi-squared
Spearman
Rho
Pearson
moment*
TYPE
DESIGN
* For Parametric tests Parametric criteria must also be met.

15. 20 minutes

16. • Must be able to describe (AO1) the observational
method and its components.
• Must be able to evaluate (AO2) the observational
method.
• Should be able to identify different data types
(nominal, ordinal and interval/ratio).

17. It’s all about you …

18. Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson you …
• Must be able to design (AO3) an observation.
• Should be able to carry out (AO3) an
observation to collect data.

19. Category 1
SC1
SC2
Category 2
SC3
SC1
SC2
SC3
Male
Female
Eating behaviour in the canteen
Politeness in the canteen / around the college
On task / off task behaviour …

20. • Must be able to design (AO3) an observation.
• Should be able to carry out (AO3) an observation
to collect data.

21. www.jamiesflipped.co.uk
@jamiesflipped