This document provides definitions and guidelines for key terms used in research such as references, bibliographies, and citations. References are organized listings of works cited in the text that are placed at the end of a document. They include author name, title, publication details, and pages cited. References are arranged alphabetically. Bibliographies are full listings of all material consulted for research, including sources not directly cited. Citations acknowledge original authors when using their information. They appear in text or at the end and provide enough information to identify the source. Style manuals like MLA, APA, and Chicago provide standardized formats for citations and bibliographies to avoid plagiarism and organize references.

1. Citation
and Style
Jameela P.
M. Phil. Scholar
Dept. of Library and Information Science
University of Calicut

2. Introduction

3. SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED
IN RESEARCH WORK
Reference
Bibliography
Citation

4. Reference?
An organised listing of works cited in the text, placed at the
end of the document.

What we quoted in the text consists of author name, title and pages of
sources, publication details,

A reference list should be provided at the end of the article. All cited
works should be included, anno un-cited works should be included.
References should be arranged alphabetically by author. Works by the
same author should be arranged by second author, then by date.
Works by the same authors in the same year should be cited as
“(2010a)” and “(2010b)”. In-text citations are given in brackets in the
text, for example (Smith and Jones, 2010; Marshall, 2003).

5. Bibliography?

Bibliography is the full listing of all material consulted
in relation to the research, including any source
material not directly cited in the text, placed at the end
of the document.

In the context of academic research, a list of books or references toIn the context of academic research, a list of books or references to
sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of ansources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an
article or in the back matter of a book includes author name, title,article or in the back matter of a book includes author name, title,
year, place of publication, publisher.year, place of publication, publisher.

6. Citation ?

In academic research we read works by other people and
collect information to act as a foundation for our own work.
When we use this information we give credit to the original
author. This process is called citation.

A citation is both a signpost and an acknowledgement. As a
signpost, it signals the location of your source. As an
acknowledgement, it reveals that you are indebted to that
source.

A citation can appear in different formats: within the text (in-text
citation) at the bottom of the page (footnotes ), or at the end of
the paper (endnotes).

7. You Need To Cite When You…

Use or refer other's words or Idea.

Gain information by interviewing another
person.

Copy the exact words or unique phrase

Copy the pictures, Diagram, illustration,
charts, video, music etc.

8. You Don’t Need to Cite When
You…

Write from your own experiences,
observations, insights, thoughts,
conclusions about a subject

Use “common knowledge”--shared
information in your field of study

Compile generally accepted facts

Write up your own experimental results

9. Why should you acknowledge your
sources?

By citing sources, you demonstrate your integrity and skill
as a responsible participant in the conversation of
scholarship.

Citations are a courtesy to the reader, who may share your
interest in a particular area of scholarship.

Citations reflect the careful and thorough work you have
put into locating and exploring your sources.

Failure to provide adequate citations constitutes
plagiarism.

10. Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is representing someone else's
work as your own. It's plagiarism whether
you use

a whole document

a paragraph

a single sentence

a distinctive phrase

a specialized term

specific data

a graphic element of any kind

11. Using Knowledge
Use your own words, your own voice, your own
ideas
AND/OR
Paraphrase or quote, and cite
Paraphrase: restate information, giving the meaning in another
form
Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”)
Cite: to give credit to original author of material; to provide full
source information of original material (author, title, publisher,
date, etc.)

12. When Researching...
Writing Process:

Mark everything that is
someone else’s words with a
big Q (for quote) or with big
quotation marks

Indicate in your notes which
ideas are taken from sources
(S) and which are your own
insights (ME)

Record all of the relevant
documentation information in
your notes
Appearance on final product:

Proofread and check with your
notes (or photocopies of
sources) to make sure that
anything taken from your notes
is acknowledged in some
combination of the ways:
In-text citation, footnotes,
bibliography, quotation
marks, indirect quotations

13. When Paraphrasing and
Summarizing
Writing Process:

First, write your paraphrase
and summary without looking
at the original text, so you rely
only on your memory.

Next, check your version with
the original for content,
accuracy, and mistakenly
borrowed phrases
Appearance on final product:

Begin your summary with a
statement giving credit to the
source: According to Jonathan
Kozol, ...

Put any unique words or
phrases that you cannot
change, or do not want to
change, in quotation marks:

"savage inequalities" exist throughout
our educational system.1

14. When Quoting Directly

Keep the person’s name
near the quote in your
notes, and in your paper

Select those direct quotes
that make the most impact
in your paper -- too many
direct quotes may lessen
your credibility and
interfere with your style
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:
 Put quotation marks around
the text that you are
quoting
 Optional with quotes:
Mention the person’s name
before or after the quote

15. When Quoting Indirectly

Keep the person’s
name near the text in
your notes, and in
your paper

Rewrite the key ideas
using different words
and sentence
structures than the
original text

Mention the person’s
name either at the
beginning of the
information, or in the
middle, or at that end

Double check to make
sure that your words
and sentence
structures are different
than the original text
Writing Process: Appearance on final product:

16. How to Cite

Footnote

Use automatic footnoting in Word

Footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or end
of document

According to Langacker,1

In-Text Citation

According to Langacker (1973)
− With an indirect quote, don’t need page number

“…and often are." (Langacker, 1973, p. 60)
− With a direct quote, cite page number
1
Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt,
Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60

17. 
Quote

Summarize

Paraphrase
Use parenthetical citationsUse parenthetical citations
when youwhen you

18. Parenthetical citations should be:Parenthetical citations should be:

Brief

Give only enough information to identify
the source on your Works Cited page

20. Complete Citation Information

Many styles, but information must include

Author

Title of work

Where it appeared (journal, newspaper, Internet)
− Name of publication

Date of work, date of publication

Page number

For book: Name of publisher, City of publication

21. Style Manuals?

… that illustrate how to correctly format and record information.
They are most frequently consulted for information on formatting
citations, but they also include a variety of other information that is
useful for research, including where to find information for other
bibliography, general rules for punctuation, formatting footnotes,
spacing, indention, form of author's name, etc.

There are several different styles used in research with style manuals
for each style. Only three of the styles are shown here.

MLA

APA

Chicago Manual of Styles

22. Why do we need to Style
Manuals?

To avoid plagiarism

To provide a clear, uniform style for references

To organize your paper so it is less confusing for the
reader

23. MLA Style Manual

Modern Language AssociationModern Language Association

MLA Style sheet was established in 1951 by ModernMLA Style sheet was established in 1951 by Modern
Language Association; the first MLA handbook wasLanguage Association; the first MLA handbook was
established in 1977established in 1977

Style provides guidelines for publication in Liberal ArtsStyle provides guidelines for publication in Liberal Arts
& Humanity Journals, especially Language and& Humanity Journals, especially Language and
Literature JournalsLiterature Journals
Gibaldi, Joseph.Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.. New York: MLA Association of America, 2003.. New York: MLA Association of America, 2003.

24. MLA Style Manual
Citing Books
Book citations in MLA generally require the author name, work ti
tle, publication city, publisher, year published, and an indica
tion of the publication medium, such as print or web.

Author's Name: Reverse the Author's name.
Franke, Damon.

Title of the Books: Full title of the book including any Subtitle.
Library Administration: theory and practice.

Publication Information: Place, Name and Year of Publication.
New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964.

25. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing Books

General Book-Format
Author (Inverted). Title: subtitle. Place of Publication: Name of the
Publisher, Year of Publication. Publication Medium.
Mittal, R. L. Library Administration: theory and practice. New
Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964. Print.

26. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing Books

Single Author
Mittal, R. L. Library Administration: theory and practice. New
Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964. Print.

Two or Three Author
Tripathi, S. M., C.Lal, and K. Kumar. Library Administration: theory
and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964. Print.

More than Three Author
Tripathi, S. et al..Library Administration: theory and practice. New
Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964. Print.

27. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing Books

Corporate/ organization as Author
National research Council. Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the
world's Population. Washington: Natl. Acad., 2000.Print.

An article in a Reference book
“Japan.” The Encyclopedia Americana. 2004 ed. Print.
Allen, Anitha L. “Privacy in Health-care” Encyclopedia of
Bioethics. Ed. Stephen G. 3rd
ed. Vol. 4. New York:
Macmillan-Thomson, 2004.Print.

28. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing Books

Author with an editor
Posten, Ted. A Draft of History. Ed. Katheleen A. Hauke. New
York: Norton, 2001. Print.

Author with a translator
Posten, Ted. A Draft of History. Trans. Katheleen A. Hauke. New
York: Norton, 2001. Print.

Editor with no author
A Draft of History. Ed. Katheleen A. Hauke. New York: Norton,
2001. Print.

29. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing Books

Multi-volume Work
Blacano, Richard L. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2Nd
ed. 2 vols.
New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.
Blacano, Richard L. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2Nd
ed. 1 vol.
New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.

30. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing Books

A Book without Publication information or Pagination

No Place
n.p.: U of Gotham P, 2008.

No Publisher
New York: n.p., 2008.

No Date
New York: U of Gotham P, n.d.

No Pagination
New York: U of Gotham P, 2008. N. pag.

31. ...MLA Style Manual
Citing Periodicals
1. Author's Name
2. Title of the Article
3. Name of the Periodical
4. Series number or name
5. Volume number
6. Issue Number
7. Date of publication
8. Inclusive Page numbers
9. Medium Of Publication

32. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing Periodical

Article in a scholarly Journal
Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of
Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print.
Piper, Andrew, and Michael Hutcheon. “Rethinking the Print Object:
Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38.
Print.
Piper, Andrew, et al. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of
Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print.

33. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing Periodical

Article in a Newspaper
Jeromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the World Does Goliath
a Favour.” New York Times 13 July 2002, New England ed.:
Print.

Article in a Magazine
Weintrab, Dermot. “Little Books, Big Success.” Publishers
Weekly 30 Oct. 2006: 26-28. Print.

34. ...MLA Style Manual
Citing Web Publications
1. Name of the Author
2. Title of the Work
3. Title of the Overall Web site
4. Edition Used
5. Publisher or Sponsor of the site, if not available, use N.p.
6. Date of Publication (Day, Month, and Year); if nothing is
available , use n.d.
7. Medium of publication
8. Date of Access (Day, Month, and Year)

35. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing web Publications

General Format
Author. Title of the site. Sponsor, Date Created. Medium.
Date Accessed

Entire Website
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Wa
ter Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006

Page from Website
Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Native
web. Nativeweb, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006.

36. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing web Publications

Article in a Web Magazine
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal
of Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-145. Web. 5 Dec. 2008.

Article in an Online Journal
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The J
ournal of Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-
145. Web. 5 Dec. 2008.

Periodical Publication in an Online Database
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The J
ournal of Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-145. Project
Muse. Web. 5 Dec. 2008.

37. ...MLA Style Manual
...Citing web Publications

E-mail
Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Message to the
author. 15 Nov. 2000. E-mail.

Dissertation
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the
Northern Song Dynasty.” Diss. University of Chicago, 2008. We
b.

38. APA Style Manual

American Psychological Association

In 1929, the APA published a manual with instructions for
authors on how to prepare manuscripts for publication in
psychology journals.

This format is widely used for course papers and journal
articles in Psychology and also in the social sciences,
education, engineering, and business.

39. ...APA Style Manual
Citing Books

General Book-Format
Author (Year). Title: subtitle. Place of Publication: Name of the
Publisher. Publication Medium.
Pollan, M.(1964) Library Administration: theory and practice. New
Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

Note:- Use Pollan, M. instead of Pollan, Michael.

40. ...APA Style Manual
...Citing Books

Single Author
Mittal, R. L.(1964) Library Administration: theory and practice.
New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

Two or Three Author
Tripathi, S. M.,Lal, C. & Kumar, K. (1964) Library Administration:
theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

More than Three Author up to Seven
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., &
Bach, J. S. (1964) Library Administration: theory and practice.
New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

More than seven Author
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T.,
Bach, J. S... Last Author's Name (1964) Library Administration:
theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

41. ...APA Style Manual
...Citing Books

Author with an editor
Poston, T. (2000). A draft of history. K.A. Hauke, (Ed.).
Metropolitan Book.

Author with a translator
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F.
W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Norton, 2001.

Editor with no author
Duncan, G. J., & BrooksGunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of
growing up poor. New York: Norton, 2001.

42. ...APA Style Manual
...Citing Books

Multi-volume Work
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1‐
4). New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.

Encyclopedia/ Dictionary
Posner, R. (1987). Romance Languages. In The encyclopedia Brit
annica: macropedia (15th ed.). New York: Oxford UP, 2002.
print.

43. ...APA Style Manual
Citing Periodicals

Author.(Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
Volume Number. Page.
Poniewozik, J. (2000, November). TV makes a too‐
close call. Time, 20, 70 71.‐
Poniewozik, J. (2000, November). TV makes a too‐
close call. Time ( 20.1)( 20.1), 70 71.‐

44. ...APA Style Manual
Citing Web Publications

Generally cites author, date, page title, site title, availa
ble page numbers, and a URL or DOI.

If a DOI is available, it is used in place of a URL.

45. ...APA Style Manual
...Citing web Publications

General Format
Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]). Article or page title. Site
Title , volume or issue number. Retrieved from http://url address

Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: A third world issue. Nativ
eweb. Retrieved from http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi
va.html

Article in a journal
Bent, H. (1959). Professionalization of the Ph.D. degree. The Jour
nal of Higher Education, 30.3, 140-
145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286.

46. ...APA Style Manual
...Citing web Publications

Dissertation
Choi, M. (2008). Contesting imaginaries in death rituals during the
northern song dynasty (Doctoral dissertation). Available fromPr
oQuest database. (AAT 3300426).

47. Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style, also often called
“Turabian Style”

Chicago Style established in 1906

Turabian created in 1937 when Kate L. Turabian
assembled a guideline for students at the University of
Chicago

Style provides guidelines for publication in some of the
social sciences and natural & physical sciences, but
most commonly in the humanities—literature, history,
and the arts

48. ...Chicago Manual of Style
Citing Books

Book citations in CMS style generally require the author name,
work title, publication city, publisher, and publication year.
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. New York: Penguin Gr
oup, 2006.

49. ...Chicago Manual of Style
...Citing Books

Single Author
Mittal, R. L. Library Administration: theory and practice. New
Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964.

Two or Three Author
Tripathi, S. M., C.Lal, and K. Kumar. Library Administration: theory
and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964.

More than Three Author
Tripathi, S and others. Library Administration: theory and practice.
New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964.

50. ...Chicago Manual of Style
...Citing Books

Author with an editor
Posten, Ted. A Draft of History. Edited by Katheleen A. Hauke.
New York: Norton, 2001. Print.

Author with a translator
Posten, Ted. A Draft of History. Translated by Katheleen A.
Hauke. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.

Editor with no author
Katheleen A. Hauke. ed. A Draft of History. New York: Norton,
2001. Print.

51. ...Chicago Manual of Style
...Citing Books

Multi-volume Work
Blacano, Richard L. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2Nd
ed. 2 vols.
New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.

52. ...Chicago Manual of Style
Citing Periodicals

CMS periodical citations include author name, article title, public
ation title, publication date, and issue information. CMS also req
uires citation of a URL if the journal was accessed online.
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Su
baltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Wo
men’s Literature 15.1 (1996): 41 50.‐

53. ...Chicago Manual of Style
Citing Web Publications

Author.

Document Title.

URL or DOI.

General Format
Author. Document Title. URL or DOI.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Stan
dards. http://water.epa.gov/drink.

54. ...Chicago Manual of Style
...Citing web Publications

Page from Website
Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Native
web. http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html.

Dissertation
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals d
uring the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., Universit
y of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (A AT 3300426).

55. ….
For complete and thorough information
about using these styles, go straight to
the source.