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django

Django in the Real World

James Bennett ● Jacob Kaplan-Moss
http://b-list.org/            http://jacobian.org/




PyCon 2009
http://jacobian.org/speaking/2009/real-world-django/




                                                       1
So you’ve written a
    web app...



                      2
Now what?



            3
API Metering                                       Distributed Log storage, analysis
Backups & Snapshots                                Graphing
Counters                                           HTTP Caching
Cloud/Cluster Management Tools                     Input/Output Filtering
   Instrumentation/Monitoring                      Memory Caching
   Failover                                        Non-relational Key Stores
   Node addition/removal and hashing               Rate Limiting
   Autoscaling for cloud resources                 Relational Storage
CSRF/XSS Protection                                Queues
Data Retention/Archival                            Rate Limiting
Deployment Tools                                   Real-time messaging (XMPP)
   Multiple Devs, Staging, Prod                    Search
   Data model upgrades                                 Ranging
   Rolling deployments                                 Geo
   Multiple versions (selective beta)              Sharding
   Bucket Testing                                  Smart Caching
   Rollbacks                                           Dirty-table management
   CDN Management
Distributed File Storage
                             http://randomfoo.net/2009/01/28/infrastructure-for-modern-web-sites


                                                                                                   4
What’s on the plate
  Structuring for deployment
  Testing
  Production environments
  Deployment
  The “rest” of the web stack
  Monitoring
  Performance & tuning


                                5
Writing applications
you can deploy, and
deploy, and deploy...


                        6
The extended extended
        remix!



                        7
The fivefold path
  Do one thing, and do it well.
  Don’t be afraid of multiple apps.
  Write for flexibility.
  Build to distribute.
  Extend carefully.




                                      8
1



    9
Do one thing, and do it
        well.



                          10
Application ==
encapsulation



                 11
Keep a tight focus
  Ask yourself: “What does this application
  do?”
  Answer should be one or two short
  sentences




                                              12
Good focus
  “Handle storage of users and
  authentication of their identities.”
  “Allow content to be tagged, del.icio.us
  style, with querying by tags.”
  “Handle entries in a weblog.”




                                             13
Bad focus
  “Handle entries in a weblog, and users
  who post them, and their authentication,
  and tagging and categorization, and some
  flat pages for static content, and...”
  The coding equivalent of a run-on
  sentence




                                             14
Warning signs
  A lot of very good Django applications are
  very small: just a few files
  If your app is getting big enough to need
  lots of things split up into lots of modules,
  it may be time to step back and re-
  evaluate




                                                  15
Warning signs
  Even a lot of “simple” Django sites
  commonly have a dozen or more
  applications in INSTALLED_APPS
  If you’ve got a complex/feature-packed
  site and a short application list, it may be
  time to think hard about how tightly-
  focused those apps are




                                                 16
Approach features
   skeptically



                    17
Should I add this feature?
  What does the application do?
  Does this feature have anything to do with
  that?
  No? Guess I shouldn’t add it, then.




                                               18
2



    19
Don’t be afraid of
 multiple apps



                     20
The monolith mindset
  The “application” is the whole site
  Re-use is often an afterthought
  Tend to develop plugins that hook into the
  “main” application
  Or make heavy use of middleware-like
  concepts




                                               21
The Django mindset
  Application == some bit of functionality
  Site == several applications
  Tend to spin off new applications liberally




                                                22
Django encourages this
  Instead of one “application”, a list:
  INSTALLED_APPS
  Applications live on the Python path, not
  inside any specific “apps” or “plugins”
  directory
  Abstractions like the Site model make
  you think about this as you develop



                                              23
Should this be its own application?

   Is it completely unrelated to the app’s
   focus?
   Is it orthogonal to whatever else I’m doing?
   Will I need similar functionality on other
   sites?
   Yes? Then I should break it out into a
   separate application.



                                                  24
Unrelated features
  Feature creep is tempting: “but wouldn’t
  it be cool if...”
  But it’s the road to Hell
  See also: Part 1 of this talk




                                             25
I’ve learned this the
      hard way



                        26
djangosnippets.org
  One application
  Includes bookmarking features
  Includes tagging features
  Includes rating features




                                  27
Should be about four
   applications



                       28
Orthogonality
  Means you can change one thing without
  affecting others
  Almost always indicates the need for a
  separate application
  Example: changing user profile workflow
  doesn’t affect user signup workflow.
  Make them two different applications.



                                            29
Reuse
 Lots of cool features actually aren’t
 specific to one site
 See: bookmarking, tagging, rating...
 Why bring all this crap about code
 snippets along just to get the extra stuff?




                                               30
Advantages
 Don’t keep rewriting features
 Drop things into other sites easily




                                       31
Need a contact form?



                       32
urlpatterns += (‘’,
    (r’^contact/’, include(‘contact_form.urls’)),
)




                                                    33
And you’re done



                  34
But what about...



                    35
Site-specific needs
  Site A wants a contact form that just
  collects a message.
  Site B’s marketing department wants a
  bunch of info.
  Site C wants to use Akismet to filter
  automated spam.




                                          36
3



    37
Write for flexibility



                        38
Common sense
 Sane defaults
 Easy overrides
 Don’t set anything in stone




                               39
Form processing
  Supply a form class
  But let people specify their own if they
  want




                                             40
Templates
  Specify a default template
  But let people specify their own if they
  want




                                             41
Form processing
  You want to redirect after successful
  submission
  Supply a default URL
  But let people specify their own if they
  want




                                             42
URL best practices
  Provide a URLConf in the application
  Use named URL patterns
  Use reverse lookups: reverse(),
  permalink, {% url %}




                                         43
Working with models
  Whenever possible, avoid hard-coding a
  model class
  Use get_model() and take an app label/
  model name string instead
  Don’t rely on objects; use the default
  manager




                                           44
Working with models
  Don’t hard-code fields or table names;
  introspect the model to get those
  Accept lookup arguments you can pass
  straight through to the database API




                                           45
Learn to love managers
  Managers are easy to reuse.
  Managers are easy to subclass and
  customize.
  Managers let you encapsulate patterns of
  behavior behind a nice API.




                                             46
Advanced techniques
  Encourage subclassing and use of
  subclasses
  Provide a standard interface people can
  implement in place of your default
  implementation
  Use a registry (like the admin)




                                            47
The API your
 application exposes is
just as important as the
   design of the sites
     you’ll use it in.

                           48
In fact, it’s more
    important.



                     49
Good API design
  “Pass in a value for this argument to
  change the behavior”
  “Change the value of this setting”
  “Subclass this and override these methods
  to customize”
  “Implement something with this interface,
  and register it with the handler”



                                              50
Bad API design
  “API? Let me see if we have one of
  those...” (AKA: “we don’t”)
  “It’s open source; fork it to do what you
  want” (AKA: “we hate you”)
  def application(environ,
  start_response) (AKA: “we have a
  web service”)



                                              51
4



    52
Build to distribute



                      53
So you did the tutorial
  from mysite.polls.models
  import Poll
  mysite.polls.views.vote
  include(‘mysite.polls.urls’)
  mysite.mysite.bork.bork.bork




                                 54
Project coupling kills
       re-use



                         55
Why (some) projects suck
  You have to replicate that directory
  structure every time you re-use
  Or you have to do gymnastics with your
  Python path
  And you get back into the monolithic
  mindset




                                           56
A good “project”
  A settings module
  A root URLConf module
  And that’s it.




                          57
Advantages
 No assumptions about where things live
 No tricky bits
 Reminds you that it’s just another Python
 module




                                             58
It doesn’t even have to
    be one module



                          59
ljworld.com
  worldonline.settings.ljworld
  worldonline.urls.ljworld
  And a whole bunch of reused apps in
  sensible locations




                                        60
Configuration is
  contextual



                   61
What reusable apps look like
  Single module directly on Python path
  (registration, tagging, etc.)
  Related modules under a package
  (ellington.events,
  ellington.podcasts, etc.)
  No project cruft whatsoever




                                          62
And now it’s easy
  You can build a package with distutils
  or setuptools
  Put it on the Cheese Shop
  People can download and install




                                           63
Make it “packageable”
even if it’s only for your
            use


                             64
General best practices
  Be up-front about dependencies
  Write for Python 2.3 when possible
  Pick a release or pick trunk, and document
  that
  But if you pick trunk, update frequently




                                               65
I usually don’t do
default templates



                     66
Be obsessive about documentation

   It’s Python: give stuff docstrings
   If you do, Django will generate
   documentation for you
   And users will love you forever




                                        67
5



    68
Embracing and
  extending



                69
Don’t touch!
  Good applications are extensible without
  hacking them up.
  Take advantage of everything an
  application gives you.
  You may end up doing something that
  deserves a new application anyway.




                                             70
But this application
wasn’t meant to be
    extended!


                       71
Use the Python
(and the Django)



                   72
Want to extend a view?
  If possible, wrap the view with your own
  code.
  Doing this repetitively? Just write a
  decorator.




                                             73
Want to extend a model?
  You can relate other models to it.
  You can write subclasses of it.
  You can create proxy subclasses (in
  Django 1.1)




                                        74
Model inheritance is
    powerful.
 With great power
   comes great
  responsibility.

                       75
Proxy models
  New in Django 1.1.
  Lets you add methods, managers, etc.
  (you’re extending the Python side, not the
  DB side).
  Keeps your extensions in your code.
  Avoids many problems with normal
  inheritance.



                                               76
Extending a form
  Just subclass it.
  No really, that’s all :)




                             77
Other tricks
  Using signals lets you fire off customized
  behavior when particular events happen.
  Middleware offers full control over
  request/response handling.
  Context processors can make additional
  information available if a view doesn’t.




                                               78
But if you must make
changes to someone
    else’s code...


                       79
Keep changes to a minimum
  If possible, instead of adding a feature, add
  extensibility.
  Then keep as much changed code as you
  can out of the original app.




                                                  80
Stay up-to-date
  You don’t want to get out of sync with the
  original version of the code.
  You might miss bugfixes.
  You might even miss the feature you
  needed.




                                               81
Make sure your VCS is
   up to the job of
merging from upstream


                        82
Be a good citizen
  If you change someone else’s code, let
  them know.
  Maybe they’ll merge your changes in and
  you won’t have to fork anymore.




                                            83
What if it’s my own
      code?



                      84
Same principles apply
  Maybe the original code wasn’t sufficient.
  Or maybe you just need a new application.
  Be just as careful about making changes. If
  nothing else, this will highlight ways in
  which your code wasn’t extensible to
  begin with.




                                                85
Further reading




                  86
Testing



          87
“   Tests are the
Programmer’s stone,
transmuting fear into
     boredom.


                    ”
            — Kent Beck
                          88
Hardcore TDD



               89
“
   I don’t do test driven
     development. I do
stupidity driven testing… I
 wait until I do something
stupid, and then write tests



                          ”
  to avoid doing it again.

              — Titus Brown
                               90
Whatever happens, don’t let
your test suite break thinking,
“I’ll go back and fix this later.”



                                     91
unittest
Unit testing



                              doctest
Functional/behavior
testing
                      django.test.Client, Twill



                        Windmill, Selenium
Browser testing

                                                  92
You need them all.



                     93
Unit tests
  “Whitebox” testing
  Verify the small functional units of your
  app
  Very fine-grained
  Familier to most programmers (JUnit,
  NUnit, etc.)
  Provided in Python by unittest


                                              94
from django.test import TestCase
from django.http import HttpRequest
from django.middleware.common import CommonMiddleware
from django.conf import settings

class CommonMiddlewareTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.slash = settings.APPEND_SLASH; self.www = settings.PREPEND_WWW

    def tearDown(self):
        settings.APPEND_SLASH = self.slash; settings.PREPEND_WWW = self.www

    def _get_request(self, path):
        request = HttpRequest()
        request.META = {'SERVER_NAME':'testserver', 'SERVER_PORT':80}
        request.path = request.path_info = quot;/middleware/%squot; % path
        return request
        
    def test_append_slash_redirect(self):
        settings.APPEND_SLASH = True
        request = self._get_request('slash')
        r = CommonMiddleware().process_request(request)
        self.assertEquals(r.status_code, 301)
        self.assertEquals(r['Location'], 'http://testserver/middleware/slash/')
    

                                                                                  95
django.test.TestCase
  Fixtures.
  Test client.
  Email capture.
  Database management.
  Slower than unittest.TestCase.




                                   96
Doctests
  Easy to write & read.
  Produces self-documenting code.
  Great for cases that only use assertEquals.
  Somewhere between unit tests and
  functional tests.
  Difficult to debug.
  Don’t always provide useful test failures.

                                                97
class Template(object):
    quot;quot;quot;
    Deal with a URI template as a class::
    
        >>> t = Template(quot;http://example.com/{p}?{‐join|&|a,b,c}quot;)
        >>> t.expand(p=quot;fooquot;, a=quot;1quot;)
        'http://example.com/foo?a=1'
        >>> t.expand(p=quot;barquot;, b=quot;2quot;, c=quot;3quot;)
        'http://example.com/bar?c=3&b=2'
    quot;quot;quot;

def parse_expansion(expansion):
    quot;quot;quot;
    Parse an expansion ‐‐ the part inside {curlybraces} ‐‐ into its component
    parts. Returns a tuple of (operator, argument, variabledict)::

        >>> parse_expansion(quot;‐join|&|a,b,c=1quot;)
        ('join', '&', {'a': None, 'c': '1', 'b': None})
    
        >>> parse_expansion(quot;c=1quot;)
        (None, None, {'c': '1'})
    quot;quot;quot;

def percent_encode(values):
    quot;quot;quot;
    Percent‐encode a dictionary of values, handling nested lists correctly::
    
        >>> percent_encode({'company': 'AT&T'})
        {'company': 'AT%26T'}
        >>> percent_encode({'companies': ['Yahoo!', 'AT&T']})
        {'companies': ['Yahoo%21', 'AT%26T']}
    quot;quot;quot;

                                                                                98
****************************************************
File quot;uri.pyquot;, line 150, in __main__.parse_expansion
Failed example:
    parse_expansion(quot;c=1quot;)
Expected:
    (None, None, {'c': '2'})
Got:
    (None, None, {'c': '1'})
****************************************************




                                                       99
Functional tests
  a.k.a “Behavior Driven Development.”
  “Blackbox,” holistic testing.
  All the hardcore TDD folks look down on
  functional tests.
  But it keeps your boss happy.
  Easy to find problems, harder to find the
  actual bug.


                                              100
Functional testing tools
  django.test.Client
  webunit
  Twill
  ...




                           101
django.test.Client
  Test the whole request path without
  running a web server.
  Responses provide extra information
  about templates and their contexts.




                                        102
def testBasicAddPost(self):
    quot;quot;quot;
    A smoke test to ensure POST on add_view works.
    quot;quot;quot;
    post_data = {
        quot;namequot;: uquot;Another Sectionquot;,
        # inline data
        quot;article_set‐TOTAL_FORMSquot;: uquot;3quot;,
        quot;article_set‐INITIAL_FORMSquot;: uquot;0quot;,
    }
    response = self.client.post('/admin/admin_views/section/add/', post_data)
    self.failUnlessEqual(response.status_code, 302)

def testCustomAdminSiteLoginTemplate(self):
    self.client.logout()
    request = self.client.get('/test_admin/admin2/')
    self.assertTemplateUsed(request, 'custom_admin/login.html')
    self.assertEquals(request.context['title'], 'Log in')




                                                                                103
Web browser testing
  The ultimate in functional testing for
  web applications.
  Run test in a web browser.
  Can verify JavaScript, AJAX; even design.
  Test your site across supported browsers.




                                              104
Browser testing tools
  Selenium
  Windmill




                        105
Exotic testing
  Static source analysis.
  Smoke testing (crawlers and spiders).
  Monkey testing.
  Load testing.
  ...




                                          106
107
Further resources
  Talks here at PyCon!
  http://bit.ly/pycon2009-testing

  Don’t miss the testing tools panel
  (Sunday, 10:30am)

  Django testing documentation
  http://bit.ly/django-testing

  Python Testing Tools Taxonomy
  http://bit.ly/py-testing-tools




                                       108
Deployment



             109
Deployment should...
  Be automated.
  Automatically manage dependencies.
  Be isolated.
  Be repeatable.
  Be identical in staging and in production.
  Work the same for everyone.



                                               110
Dependency
                Isolation    Automation
management

apt/yum/...    virtualenv    Capistrano


easy_install   zc.buildout     Fabric


    pip                        Puppet


zc.buildout


                                          111
Let the live demo begin
          (gulp)




                          112
Building your stack



                      113
net.
                            LiveJournal Backend: Today
                                                           (Roughly.)

    BIG-IP
                                                                                            Global Database
                            perlbal (httpd/proxy)
            bigip1                                        mod_perl
            bigip2                  proxy1                                                       master_a master_b
                                                            web1
                                    proxy2                  web2
                                    proxy3                                      Memcached
                                                            web3                            slave1 slave2     ...   slave5
                                    proxy4
  djabberd                                                                         mc1
                                                            web4
      djabberd                      proxy5                                         mc2
                                                              ...                               User DB Cluster 1
      djabberd
                                                                                   mc3             uc1a         uc1b
                                                            webN
                                                                                   mc4          User DB Cluster 2
                                                                                    ...            uc2a         uc2b
                                                    gearmand
                                                                                   mcN
 Mogile Storage Nodes                                   gearmand1                               User DB Cluster 3
                     sto2
     sto1                                               gearmandN                                  uc3a         uc3b
                                Mogile Trackers
                     sto8
      ...                        tracker1    tracker3                                           User DB Cluster N
                                                                                                   ucNa         ucNb
                                                                    “workers”
    MogileFS Database
                                                                       gearwrkN                 Job Queues (xN)
        mog_a           mog_b                                         theschwkN                    jqNa         jqNb


                                   Brad Fitzpatrik, http://danga.com/words/2007_06_usenix/
     slave1     slaveN
http://danga.com/words/
                                                                                                                             3
                                                                                                                                 114
django

database

 media
 server




           115
Application servers
  Apache + mod_python
  Apache + mod_wsgi
  Apache/lighttpd + FastCGI
  SCGI, AJP, nginx/mod_wsgi, ...




                                   116
Use mod_wsgi



               117
WSGIScriptAlias / /home/mysite/mysite.wsgi




                                             118
import os, sys

# Add to PYTHONPATH whatever you need
sys.path.append('/usr/local/django')

# Set DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'

# Create the application for mod_wsgi
import django.core.handlers.wsgi
application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()




                                                           119
A brief digression
regarding the question
       of scale


                         120
Does this scale?

       django

      database

       media
       server




    Maybe!
                   121
122
Real-world example


Database A   Database B

175 req/s     75 req/s




                          123
Real-world example




             http://tweakers.net/reviews/657/6

                                                 124
django

    media
  web server



  database

database server




                  125
Why separate hardware?
  Resource contention
  Separate performance concerns
  0 → 1 is much harder than 1 → N




                                    126
DATABASE_HOST = '10.0.0.100'




            FAIL               127
Connection middleware
  Proxy between web and database layers
  Most implement hot fallover and
  connection pooling
   Some also provide replication, load
   balancing, parallel queries, connection
   limiting, &c
  DATABASE_HOST = '127.0.0.1'



                                             128
Connection middleware
  PostgreSQL: pgpool
  MySQL: MySQL Proxy
  Database-agnostic: sqlrelay
  Oracle: ?




                                129
django           media
  web server      media server




  database
database server




                                 130
Media server traits
  Fast
  Lightweight
  Optimized for high concurrency
  Low memory overhead
  Good HTTP citizen




                                   131
Media servers
  Apache?
  lighttpd
  nginx




                132
The absolute minimum


        django           media
       web server      media server




       database
     database server




                                      133
The absolute minimum


      django                 media




     database


                web server




                                     134
proxy                media

           load balancer         media server




django        django          django
         web server cluster




            database
          database server




                                                135
Why load balancers?



                      136
Load balancer traits
  Low memory overhead
  High concurrency
  Hot fallover
  Other nifty features...




                            137
Load balancers
  Apache + mod_proxy
  perlbal
  nginx




                       138
CREATE POOL mypool
    POOL mypool ADD 10.0.0.100
    POOL mypool ADD 10.0.0.101

CREATE SERVICE mysite
    SET listen = my.public.ip
    SET role = reverse_proxy
    SET pool = mypool
    SET verify_backend = on
    SET buffer_size = 120k
ENABLE mysite



                                 139
you@yourserver:~$ telnet localhost 60000

pool mysite add 10.0.0.102
OK

nodes 10.0.0.101
10.0.0.101 lastresponse 1237987449
10.0.0.101 requests 97554563
10.0.0.101 connects 129242435
10.0.0.101 lastconnect 1237987449
10.0.0.101 attempts 129244743
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 200 358
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 302 14
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 207 99
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 301 11
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 404 18
10.0.0.101 lastattempt 1237987449
                                           140
proxy             proxy              proxy     media           media

           load balancing cluster                media server cluster




 django           django              django    cache           cache
             web server cluster                     cache cluster




database         database            database

           database server cluster




                                                                        141
“Shared nothing”



                   142
BALANCE = None

def balance_sheet(request):
    global BALANCE
    if not BALANCE:
        bank = Bank.objects.get(...)
        BALANCE = bank.total_balance()
    ...


            FAIL                         143
Global variables are
    right out



                       144
from django.cache import cache

def balance_sheet(request):
    balance = cache.get('bank_balance')
    if not balance:
        bank = Bank.objects.get(...)
        balance = bank.total_balance()
        cache.set('bank_balance', balance)




           WIN
    ...



                                             145
def generate_report(request):
    report = get_the_report()
    open('/tmp/report.txt', 'w').write(report)
    return redirect(view_report)

def view_report(request):
    report = open('/tmp/report.txt').read()
    return HttpResponse(report)


            FAIL                                 146
Filesystem?
What filesystem?



                   147
Further reading
  Cal Henderson, Building Scalable Web Sites
  (O’Reilly, 2006)
  John Allspaw, The Art of Capacity Planning
  (O’Reilly, 2008)
  http://kitchensoap.com/
  http://highscalability.com/




                                               148
Monitoring



             149
Goals
  When the site goes down, know it immediately.
  Automatically handle common sources of
  downtime.
  Ideally, handle downtime before it even happens.
  Monitor hardware usage to identify hotspots and
  plan for future growth.
  Aid in postmortem analysis.
  Generate pretty graphs.


                                                     150
Availability monitoring principles
   Check services for availability.
   More then just “ping yoursite.com.”
   Have some understanding of dependancies (if the
   db is down, I don’t need to also hear that the web
   servers are down.)
   Notify the “right” people using the “right”
   methods, and don’t stop until it’s fixed.
   Minimize false positives.
   Automatically take action against common sources
   of downtime.

                                                        151
Availability monitoring tools
  Internal tools
    Nagios
    Monit
    Zenoss
    ...
  External monitoring tools



                                152
Usage monitoring
  Keep track of resource usage over time.
  Spot and identify trends.
  Aid in capacity planning and management.
  Look good in reports to your boss.




                                             153
Usage monitoring tools
  RRDTool
  Munin
  Cacti
  Graphite




                         154
155
156
Logging and log analysis
  Record information about what’s
  happening right now.
  Analyze historical data for trends.
  Provide postmortem information after
  failures.




                                         157
Logging tools
  print

  Python’s logging module
  syslogd




                            158
Log analysis
  grep | sort | uniq ‐c | sort ‐rn
  Load log data into relational databases,
  then slice & dice.
  OLAP/OLTP engines.
  Splunk.
  Analog, AWStats, ...
  Google Analytics, Mint, ...


                                             159
Performance (and
when to care about it)



                         160
Ignore performance
  First, get the application written.
  Then, make it work.
  Then get it running on a server.
  Then, maybe, think about performance.




                                          161
Code isn’t “fast” or
“slow” until it’s been
      written.


                         162
Code isn’t “fast” or
“slow” until it works.



                         163
Code isn’t “fast” or
“slow” until it’s actually
  running on a server.


                             164
Optimizing code
  Most of the time, “bad” code is obvious as
  soon as you write it. So don’t write it.




                                               165
Low-hanging fruit
  Look for code doing lots of DB queries --
  consider caching, or using select_related()
  Look for complex DB queries, and see if
  they can be simplified.




                                                166
The DB is the bottleneck
  And if it’s not the DB, it’s I/O.
  Everything else is typically negligible.




                                             167
Find out what “slow” means
  Do testing in the browser.
  Do testing with command-line tools like
  wget.
  Compare the results, and you may be
  surprised.




                                            168
Sometimes, perceived
“slowness” is actually
   on the front end.


                         169
Read Steve Souders’ book




                           170
YSlow
http://developer.yahoo.com/yslow/




                                    171
What to do on the server side
  First, try caching.
  Then try caching some more.




                                172
The secret weapon
  Caching turns less hardware into more.
  Caching puts off buying a new DB server.




                                             173
But caching is a trade-off



                             174
Things to consider
  Cache for everybody? Or only for people
  who aren’t logged in?
  Cache everything? Or only a few complex
  views?
  Use Django’s cache layer? Or an external
  caching system?




                                             175
Not all users are the same
  Most visitors to most sites aren’t logged
  in.
  CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ANONYMOUS
  _ONLY




                                              176
Not all views are the same
  You probably already know where your
  nasty DB queries are.
  cache_page on those particular views.




                                          177
Site-wide caches
  You can use Django’s cache middleware to
  do this...
  Or you can use a proper caching proxy
  (e.g., Squid, Varnish).




                                             178
External caches
  Work fine with Django, because Django
  just uses HTTP’s caching headers.
  Take the entire load off Django -- requests
  never even hit the application.




                                                179
When caching doesn’t cut it




                              180
Throw money at your DB first




                               181
Web server improvements
  Simple steps first: turn off Keep-Alive,
  etc.
  Consider switching to a lighter-weight
  web server (e.g., nginx) or lighter-weight
  system (e.g., from mod_python to
  mod_wsgi).




                                               182
Database tuning
  Whole books can be written on DB
  performance tuning




                                     183
Using MySQL?




               184
Using PostgreSQL?
http://www.revsys.com/writings/postgresql-performance.html




                                                             185
Learn how to diagnose
  If things are slow, the cause may not be
  obvious.
  Even if you think it’s obvious, that may not
  be the cause.




                                                 186
Build a toolkit
  Python profilers: profile and cProfile
  Generic “spy on a process” tools: strace,
  SystemTap, and dtrace.
  Django debug toolbar                               
  (http://bit.ly/django-debug-toolbar)




                                                        187
Shameless plug




   http://revsys.com/



                        188
Fin.
Jacob Kaplan-Moss <jacob@jacobian.org>


   James Bennett <james@b-list.org>




                                         189

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