The document provides an overview of the Malacca Sultanate, including its establishment, golden age, and fall. It discusses how Parameswara founded Malacca in the 1400s after fleeing from Sumatra, and how factors like its strategic location and embrace of Islam helped the sultanate prosper. However, internal conflicts and attacks from the Portuguese led to the sultanate's decline.

1. MPU 2163
PENGAJIAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN STUDIES)
TOPIC 1 :The country's early history
Background of histories
Malacca Sultanate
The Beginning Of Colonization

2. Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Describe the political growth of Malacca Sultanate and the
climax of its existence.
 Identify factors that contributed to the strength and cause of
the downfall of the Malacca Sultanate.
 Learn from the colonization period: Portuguese, Dutch, British,
and Japanese.

3. Background of histories
TM became a trading place because of its position amid the journey of Chinese, Arab and Indian
merchants.
Indian traders titled TM as Suvarnabumi (gold earth)
Ptolemy (Yunani) calls TM as Golden Chersones (Golden Peninsular)
Archaeological evidence shows that TM has been inhabited by humans since thousands of years ago.
There are 4 early in Malaya:
a) Palaeolithic Era (Zaman Paleolitik) (35,000 year)
b) Mesolithic Age (Zaman Mesolitik )(10,000 year)
c) Neolithic Age (Zaman Neolitik) (5,000 year)
d) Bronze age (Zaman Logam) (2.5000 year)
 Malaysia Archaeological Center, USM:
• Malaysia not experiencing Mesolithic Age for:
• Stone tools have been found at the beginning of the Paleolithic

4. Palaeolithic Era (Zaman Paleolitik)
Year Activity Place
(35,000 year) Nomadic
Living in the open place, around lakes
and caves
Hunting of wild animals and collecting
forest products
Practice animism
Bukit Jawa, Kota Tampan,
Perak.
Gua Niah, Sarawak.
Tingkayu, Sabah.

5. Neolithic Age (Zaman Neolitik)
Year Activity Place
(5,000 year) Using clay to make pottery
Sedentary, farming and livestock
animals.
carry trade
Barter system
Jewelry making
Pracyice animism
Gua Cha, Kelantan.
Bukit Tengkorak, Sabah.

6. Bronze age (Zaman Logam)
Year Activity Place
(2.5000 year) Sedentary, near the river.
Has traditions
Hunting animals, farming, rearing
animals.
Trading activities
Producing metal
Faith and religious beliefs that certain.
Sungai Tembeling, Pahang.
Gua Harimau, Perak.
Changkat Menteri, Perak.

7. The early Malay kingdoms
• Some great kingdoms have been established in
the Peninsular TM and around the Malay
archipelago since the first century.
• This proves that in the region there are already
have some kingdoms a long time ago.
• These kingdoms are the major governments that
have colony and play an important role in shaping
Malay civilization
• Accordingly, the “Nusantara” is not a new area
which is said to be discovered and explored by
western colonists.

8. POLITICAL
SYSTEM
In this political system, there are several aspects that need to be highlighted,
among others;
A. The system is patterned feudal-
• Divide people according to the stratification pyramid, which is
composed of two groups:
• Government Group
• Governed Group

9. In the political system there are three political
elements:
State-is the largest unit, with the country at
present.
Territory / District
Village
POLITICAL UNITS

10. The monarchy is based on;
The concept of the King
i. While under the influence of Hindu-Buddhist
Government / government leaders known as king. King is considered a descendant of
gods called Devaraj. Devaraja was the belief that the king who ruled considered
sublime
ii. During the advent of Islam
The kingdom has experienced little change and strengthen the position of king. The
title of king was converted to the title of Sultan after they converted to Islam. Islamic
values ​​have been compromised with the values ​​already existing tradition.
MONARCHY
SYSTEM

11. Nobleman (bangsawan)
The second layer consists of a high the children of the king, the royal household and
the princes of aristocratic birth.
holding the major government officer post
Government officials (Pembesar kerajaan)
The third layer of the chiefs and other areas that are not descendants of the king
Administrative matters are subject to the powers they have. They have a strong
influence in the community. ex :Village Headman
Citizen (Penduduk)
There are two classes of common people who are independent and slaves
They are concentrated in coastal areas and rivers.
Agricultural
Slaves (Hamba)
There are two categories of slaves and debt slaves.

12. MALACCA
SULTANATE

13. INTRODUCTION
1. Malacca rose from a humble fishing village to become a major center of the spice
trade forming a vital link between the East and the West. Melaka (Malacca) is rich
with history and resources.
2. In fact, the earliest written records of the country made reference to the Malacca
Peninsula, instead of the Malay Peninsula or Malaya.
3. The location was strategic for trading and people were so accommodating.
4. The administration flourished and they easily influenced, embraced and apply the
Islamic Religion.

14. INTRODUCTION
The location was strategic for trading and people were appreciably polite.

15. PalembangWhy? TemasikWhy? MuarWhy? BertamWhy?
Malacca Sultanate
1.The Arrival of Parameswara

16. • Melaka was founded by PARAMESWARA, a
prince who descended from Parlembang.
In 1391, the kingdom of Srivijaya was attacked by
the Majapahit kingdom. Palembang prince named
Parameswara fled, and resigned to Temasek
(Temagi)
Malacca Sultanate
1.The Arrival of Parameswara
1

17. In Singapore, Parameswara had
killed the representative of the
Kingdom of Ayuthia, Siam.
Five years later(1398), Parameswara
was forced to flee from Singapore
when Ayuthia attacked him to
avenge the killing of its
representative
Malacca Sultanate
2
1.The Arrival of Parameswara

18. In Muar, Parameswara attempted
to build a base, but abandoned the
project because the place was not
suitable.
There is an opinion stated that
Muar had a lot of monitor lizards
that had a tendency to destroy the
new empire. Besides, he could not
see any activities that ensured his
new territory would be flourished.
Malacca Sultanate
3
1.The Arrival of Parameswara

19. Finally he found a new territory
which was suitable to build a
settlement.
Bertam was actually named after a
river where Parameswara stopped
to take a rest before continuing his
journey.
The surrounding were calm, he
could see people doing barter
trading - laymen and merchants.
4
1Malacca Sultanate1.The Arrival of Parameswara

20. Malacca Sultanate
Hunting Trip
Arabic Word
‘Malakat’ or
‘Mulakat’
“shelter”
Hindu Sanscript
‘Amalaka’
MELAKA
2. Theories Regarding Malacca’s Name

21. During the hunting trip, an unusual thing happened when a
mouse-deer kicked Parameswara’s hunting dog.
Seeing the bravery of the mouse-deer, he decided to stay
and establish his base there.
He named the place “Melaka” after the name of the tree he
was leaning against.
Malacca Sultanate
2. Theories Regarding Malacca’s Name
Hunting Trip

22. Malacca Sultanate3. The Golden Age of Malacca
Factors
contributing to
Malacca’s
Development
Social &
Economic
Political &
AdministrationGeographical

23. Social & economic
Malacca Sultanate
3. The Golden Age of Malacca
•Parameswara’s success as a ruler of Malacca is
contributed by his charisma with his people.
• He had inherited the attributes of sovereignty from
the rulers of the Malay-Palembang or Sri Vijaya empire.
Besides this, other factors included the presence of the
Malay nobility who had been with him since he was
ruler of Palembang, and the support of the Orang Laut
(Orang Selat) throughout his reign in Palembang and
Singapore until the early period of his settlement in
Malacca.
• All these factors formed the basis that contributed
towards the creation of a state with an orderly
administrative and political system.

24. Malacca Sultanate
Geographical
The kingdom conveniently controlled the
global trade vital point; the narrow straits
that today bears its name, Strait of Malacca.
The port city had become the centre of
regional trade; it attracted most of the
traders from in the archipelago; traders from
Sumatra, port of Sunda, Java and Bugis are
reported to frequent the port. It was also due
to geographic location of Malacca that gave
the port city strategic advantage.
3. The Golden Age of Malacca

25. Malacca Sultanate
Geographical
The monsoon wind that blow to northwest
during dry season conveniently brought trade
vessels sailing from Southern Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, Mollucas and eastern parts of the
archipelago to Malacca; in wet season
(October to March) the wind blow from
mainland Asia to southeast, conveniently
brought trade vessels sailing from ports in
Northern Sumatra, India, Siam, Cambodia,
Vietnam and China to converge in Malacca.
The Malaccan Empire had turned from a
maritime empire into an entrepot empire.
3. The Golden Age of Malacca
An entrepôt is a trading post where
merchandise can be imported and exported
without paying import
duties often at a profit.

26. Malacca Sultanate3. The Golden Age of Malacca
Political &
Administration
China was a major power during the
15th Century and expanding its
political power and influence in South
China Sea regions.
In 1403, Emperor Yung Lo (Ming
Dynasty) from China sent its Admiral
Yin Ching to Melaka to reinforce
China’s recognition of Melaka.
Melaka accepted their friendship.
In 1409, Admiral Cheng Ho from
China awarded royal instruments
and an inscription to Parameswara.
Threats from Siam and Majapahit
were kept at bay.

27. Malacca Sultanate
3. The Golden Age of Malacca
Political &
Administration
In 1414, with the coming of Muslim
traders / missionaries from Arab,
Parameswara wisely embraced Islam
and changed his name to Sultan
Mahkota Iskandar Syah. Since then,
the term Raja also changed to
Sultan.(zul-illahi-fil-alam)
His marriage to a princess from Pasai
strengthened his relationship with
Pasai.

28. Malacca Sultanate
4. The Political and Administration System
The
Sultan
of Malacca
Bendahara
Penghulu
Bendahari Temenggung Laksamana
• Leader of the country
• Head of religion
• Leader of laws
• The Advisor of The King
• Principal Minister
• Controlled the Military
• The Judge, Royal Customs and
Traditions
• The Police (enforcement)
• Admiral
• Act as the minister of Army.
Police
• Head of Malay Custom
• The Treasurer cum
Secretary to the King
Click each position for
further explanation.

29. Tutorial 1
• Huraikan Sistem Empat Lipatan beserta fungsi
setiap pembesar Kerajaan Melayu Melaka
• Describe the “Sistem Empat Lipatan” along with
the functions of the government officer of the
Malacca Malay Kingdom
– Bendahara
– Laksamana
– Penghulu Bendahari
– Temenggung
– Syahbandar
— Hulubalang Besar
— Ulama
— Mandulika
— Tentera
— Mantri
— Seri Bija Diraja
— Bentara
— chetria

30. Malacca Sultanate
4. The Political and Administration System
Islam spread in the Malay Archipelago in 15th Century. There are few factors that
contributed to the emergence of Islam in this region:
Nature of Islam:
fair, tolerance, and
rational
Spreading of Islam
by Syeikh Abdul Aziz
from Mecca
Muslim Traders

31. Malacca Sultanate
4. The Political and Administration System
Islam spread in the Malay Archipelago in 15th Century. There are few factors that
contributed to the emergence of Islam in this region:
Nature of Islam:
fair, tolerance, and
rational
Spreading of Islam
by Syeikh Abdul Aziz
from Mecca
Muslim Traders
•A lot of muslim traders from China (Ming
Dinasty), Arabs and India came to Malacca
during this century.
• The Arabs took the opportunity to spread this
religion by accepting the invitation from Sultan
into his palace.
• Parameswara accepted the friendship with
China in order to strengthen economic and
diplomatic power.

32. Malacca Sultanate
4. The Political and Administration System
Islam spread in the Malay Archipelago in 15th Century. There are few factors that
contributed to the emergence of Islam in this region:
Nature of Islam:
fair, tolerance, and
rational
Spreading of Islam
by Syeikh Abdul Aziz
from Mecca
Muslim Traders
•Islam is a fair and tolerant religion that
emphasizes on good relations with Allah,
Human Beings and the Environment.
• This has been shown by Arab traders and
as a symbol of the victory of Islam after the
defeat of the Europeans in Battle Of
Crusaders in 11th century.

33. Malacca Sultanate
4. The Political and Administration System
Islam spread in the Malay Archipelago in 15th Century. There are few factors that
contributed to the emergence of Islam in this region:
Nature of Islam:
fair, tolerance, and
rational
Spreading of Islam
by Syeikh Abdul Aziz
from Mecca
Muslim Traders
•The person who was responsible was
Syed Syeikh Abdul Aziz.
• He taught Sultan and his ministers about
Islam and Al-Quran in the Palace.
•Other Muslim traders spread the teaching
to the Malays.

34. Malacca Sultanate
4. The Political and Administration System
Parameswara
(Iskandar Syah)
1400-1414
Sultsn Megat
(Makota
Iskandar Syah)
1414-1424
Muhammad
Syah
1424-1444
Abu Syahid
1444-1445
Muzaffar Syah
1445-1456
Mansur Syah
1456-1477
Alauddin Riayat
Syah
1477-1488
Mahmud Syah
1488-1510 &
1513-1528
Ahmad Syah
1510-1513
Source : Muhammad Yusoff Hashim, Kesultanan Melayu Malaka, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1990, hlm.95-112

35. Malacca Sultanate
4. The Political and Administration System
LAWS
Malacca Code of Law Malacca Law of the Sea
•The Malacca Law was considered the earliest Malay Law. The law was taken as a base
for other law sources such as in Pahang, 99 Perak, Johor and Kedah’s law.
• The Malacca Law was compiled during the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Syah 1612.
• It was used as reference especially in international relation, administration and
social life including religious activities.
• It was divided into two:

36. Malacca Sultanate
Malacca Code of Law
1. Known as “Undang-undang Darat
Melaka or Risalat Hukum Kanun”.
2. It was used as a reference for the
Melaka Administration.
3. The law was influenced by Hindu and
Muslim customs such as Weddings and
the Hudud punishment.
4. It can be considered as a complete
document as it consisted of all human
activity and for wrong doers; there are
related punishment.
4. The Political and Administration System

37. Malacca Sultanate
Malacca Law of The Sea
1. Known as “Adat Pelayaran Melaka,
Kitab Peraturan Pelayaran and the
Maritime Laws of Malacca”.
2. Related to Sea Laws, transactions,
responsibilities of the Captain and his
subordinates.
3. It was legislated in order to maintain
good and healthy relationships among
traders and sailors.
4. The Political and Administration System

38. Malacca Sultanate5. The Fall Of Melaka Sultanate

39. Malacca Sultanate
5. The Fall Of Melaka Sultanate
Two Factors that
contributed to the
dispute and the
emergence of
European
Colonization
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL

40. Malacca Sultanate
After the demise of
Bendahara Tun Perak, the
Melacca Government did
not have a good successor.
Bendahara Tun Mutahir had
a weak administrative
system and it led to the
misuse of power.
Sultan Mahmud also was a weak
leader and he did not care about
the administration.
Bribery and slander spread. This was reflected in
the murder of Bendahara Tun Mutahir and Tun Ali
instructed by Sultan Mahmud because of slander
by Kitu and Raja Mandaliar, both from India.
The increase in
taxes led to traders
changing their view
about Malacca and
look for another
ports to do business
transaction. This
created separation
among people.
It became more critical when
the Portuguese came twice
and Alfonso D’Albuquerque
attacked Malacca before it fell
to the hand of Portuguese in
1511.
Click each image for further
explanation

41. Malacca Sultanate
- The Cape of Good Hope was founded by Bartholomeu Dias (~Bartholomew Diaz ) in 1488
hastened the
journey of European to Malacca.
- At the same time Malacca was having some problems that give the opportunity to
Portuguese to extend their power.
5. The Fall Of Melaka Sultanate

42. First rounding of the cape in 1488 by
Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias
was a milestone in the attempts by the
Portuguese to establish direct trade
relations with the Far East – Tanah
Melayu

43. Tutorial 2
• Huraikan faktor-faktor kegemilangan Kerajaan
Melayu Melaka dan faktor-faktor
kejatuhannya.
• Describe the factors of the glory of the
Malacca Malay Kingdom and the factors of its
fall.

44. The Beginning Of Colonization

45. Colonization
Portuguese
(Portugis)
Dutch
(Belanda)
British
Japan
(Jepun)
1511-1641 1641-1824 1941-19451824-1957

46. The Beginning of Colonization
The Arrival of Portuguese Colonization
• Colonial occupation in this country
began when the Portuguese conquered
Malacca in 1511.
• The fall of Malacca brought home the
fact that disunity, disloyalty, struggle for
power and influence and administration
inefficiency rendered the country weak
and helpless
1. Portuguese Colonization
• After the demise of Tun Perak, Melaka was ruled by, an administrative system
which is weak. Sultan Mahmud Syah who relied on the Bendahara Tun Mutahir
who is weak, old and biased.
• Traders from Gujerat India heard that Portuguese will return and attack Malacca
once again in revenge due to the imprisonment of their viceroy.
• The army was trained and they got encouragement from the King of Portuguese,
King Manoel I,

47. The Beginning of Colonization
Implications of
Those Factors
Portuguese
1511
Dutch
1641
Sultan
Mahmud Syah
moved to the
South, Johor
1. Portuguese Colonization

48. The Beginning of Colonization
The King Of Portugal
King Manoel 1
Viceroy In Goa
Afonso de Albuquerque
Captain Of The Malacca Fort
Military Affairs
Civil & Financial
Administration Council
Local Administration
Council
1. Portuguese Colonization
Naval captain (deputy)

49. The Beginning of Colonization
1. Portuguese Colonization
•The Portuguese mercantile policy displayed an element of materialism unlike that
practiced by Malacca Sultanate.
a) Ships using Melaka Straits had to pay tax between 6-10% of their total
cargo.
b) Traders require trading permits before carry our business
c) Those who did not follow the regulation, their goods confiscated or ships
will be burnt.
d) Traders must sell their goods to Portuguese will lower price.
• This resulted to the turn over of the traders from Arabs, China, India, Java,
Japan etc from Melaka.
• At the same time Melaka security was threatened by Johor and Acheh.
• Malacca port and the Portuguese position became unstable.
• This situation led to the fall of Portuguese at the hand of Dutch

50. During the reign of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah, the Portuguese came to Malacca for some
reasons such as Gold, Glory and Gospel (3G)
The Beginning of Colonization
Monopoly of the
spice business.
The arrival of Vasco da
Gama and Lopez de
Sequeira
The spread of the
Christian religion
Encouragement from the
Portugal King
REASONS
FOR THEIR
ARRIVAL
1. Portuguese Colonization

51. The Effects of the
Portuguese
Colonization in
Malacca
Eurasian
Community
Dance &
Song
Portuguese
Words
A Famosa &
St. Paul
Church
The Beginning of Colonization
1. Portuguese Colonization

52. Portuguese
Alfonso de Albuquerque
A Famosa Sistem pentadbiran militer (tentera)
The person responsible
for organizing the
Portuguese
administration system.
To protect against attacks,
especially from Malacca
Sultan Mahmud who tried
to seize Malacca
Kota Melaka Chief
nicknamed Captain called
South Governors
appointed by the King of
Portugal (3-4 years)

53. 1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
1. Portuguese Colonization
BAHASA MELAYU BAHASA PORTUGIS
Almari Almario
Bendera Bandera
Mentega Mantaga
Garfu Garfo
Meja Mesa

54. •The Dutch had treaties with the Johor
Sultans to get rid of the Portuguese.
•On 14 January 1641, the Dutch took
possession of the fortress of Malacca, with
the help of their ally the Sultan of Johor. At
that time Johor was under Sultan Abdul
Jalil, the successor of Sultan Ahmad Shah.
•Initially, the Dutch were grateful to Johor
for helping them.
•In 1639, they signed a Treaty with Johor
which granted the nobles of Johor, free
access to trade in Malacca as a sign of
friendship.
The Beginning of Colonization
2. Dutch Colonization Era

55. The Beginning of Colonization
Verenidge Ost Indische
Compagnie
Malacca was important for the
VOC’s strategies, as the city was
situated on the main trade route
to the Far East (Spices islands,
China and Japan) and was a
formidable strategic outpost.
2. Dutch Colonization Era

56. The Beginning of Colonization
Reasons
for their
Arrival
Tin & Spice
Trade
To Get rid
of the
Portuguese
Figure 24 Figure 25
Just like Portuguese, Dutch also wanted to expand their empire throughout the world and
demolished their rival.
2. Dutch Colonization Era

57. The Beginning of Colonization
•In 1782 ,the Johor- Holland friendship was established after the defeat of the
Portuguese in Malacca. It was severely tested by commercial rivalry between the
two parties.
•To prevent British occupation, the Dutch attacked Riau, on 29 October 1784, the
Bugis were defeated. The resulting treaty ended Johor's independence, and a
Dutch fort was established at Tanjung Pinang (Riau).
•The Sultan’s disenchantment was intensified when the Dutch sent a Resident to
Riau.
•Consequently, in 1787 Johor launched a military attack on the Dutch settlement
in Riau.
•The Dutch, however, recaptured Riau in the same year.
2. Dutch Colonization Era

58. 1.2.2 Dutch Colonization Era
1.2 The Beginning of Colonization

59. The treaty signed by Sultan Muhammad
Jiwa with Francis Light in Jan 20, 1785.
The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era
The Pangkor Treaty 1874
•Britain Colonization started with the
Pangkor treaty 1874.
• Francis Light established the military
base in Penang 1785 where it was part of
the territory of Kedah. Sultan Muhammad
Jiwa offered British to open up their
settlement to allay the threat of Siam and
Burma.
• The purpose of the agreements was to
safeguard Kedah commercial and political
interests with Siam and Selangor.
However Francis Light went against it and
accept the condition without approval from
East India Company authority.
Figure 25

60. The treaty signed by Sultan Muhammad
Jiwa with Francis Lights in Jan 20, 1785.
3. British Colonization Era
The Pangkor Treaty 1874
•The East India Company’s came to
Kedah but Sultan Abdullah ordered them
to leave Penang. This became tense
when British refuse to leave.
• British imposed annual payment of
$6000 pesos as compensation.
• While British look for another base in
Singapore and placed Stamford Raffles
there.
•Based on the agreement between Raffles
and Sultan Husein, British undertook to
protect Sultan Husein, the Sultan of Johor
by paying him annual compensation of
$3000 pesos
Figure 25
The Beginning of Colonization

61. Types of
Intervention
DirectIndirect
This is how British intervene the system administration in Malacca
after they signed the treaty with Malay rulers
The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

62. Although various excuses were
put forward to justify the
British intervention but it is
very obvious that they aimed
to conquer the economic
sector
as the country is rich with its
resources.
Imperialism
Foreign Intervention
Humanity Factor
Economic Factor
Chaos in Malaya
Sir Andrew Clarke
The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

63. Past buying experienceImperialism
1
Figure: 1
European were competing with each other to conquer
any territory.
The objective was to get their raw materials for
factories in Europe.
Consequently, national trade would grow and the
government revenue will increase.
They believe the power is the nation’s pride.
1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
3.British Colonization Era

64. Foreign Intervention
2
With the agreement of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty in
1924, the British tightened their grip on the
Peninsula.
They established the Straits Settlements in 1826;
the Federated Malay States in 1896; and acquired
Kedah, Perlis and Kelantan from the Siamese
through the Bangkok Agreement of 1909.
The states of Johore and Terengganu were
coerced to accept the services of British advisers
in 1914 and 1919 respectively.
Figure: 2
1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

65. Chaos in Malaya
3
British started their intervention in states when they
saw that the authorities from each state was not
able to manage their resources especially the raw
material accordingly.
They imposed high tax amount to every land and
resources.
They were trying to be a mediator between
Sultan and ministers.
They also intervene in affairs of districts and force
people to follow the British rules.
British was instituted the British Resident System.
This lead to the resistance among Malay people.
Figure: 3
1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

66. Humanity Factor
4This happened for instance in Perak
where J.W.W Birch :
a. abolished the slavery immediately.
b. District chiefs cannot collect and administer
their own districts.
Different with Frank Swettenham and J.G Davidson
where they abolish these two system gradually.
Although Resident system had its share of weakness. It
brought about progress in many aspects such as:
a) Construction of road
b) Land administration
c) Justice system
d) Railway Transport
e) Education
Figure 4
1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

67. Economic Factor
5
Malaya was rich with natural resources required by
the factories in Britain.
It was also the potential market for British
manufactured goods.
This situation lead to the coming of Indian and
Chinese and they were put in different constituency.
British implemented the “Buy British First” policy.
Figure 5
The Beginning of Colonization
3.British Colonization Era

68. Sir Andrew Clarke
6
He was the second Governor of the Straits
Settlements, serving between 4 November 1873 to 7
May 1875.
Sir Andrew Clarke was known for signing the famous
Pangkor Treaty in 1874, which established British
indirect rule over the Malayan States. In that same
year, he successfully enforced a check on the abuse of
coolies with the support of the Chinese and European
merchants.
He introduced the resident system
Figure 6
The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

69. The Beginning of Colonization
 Before the late 19th century, the British largely practiced a non-
interventionist policy. Several factors such as the fluctuating supply of
raw materials, and security, convinced the British to play a more active
role in the Malay states.
 From the 17th to the early 19th century, Malacca was a Dutch colony.
During the Napoleonic Wars, between 1811 and 1815, Malacca, like
other Dutch holdings in Southeast Asia, was under the care of the British.
This was to prevent the French from claiming the Dutch possessions.
When the war ended in 1815, Malacca was returned to the Dutch. In
1824 the British and the Dutch signed a treaty known as the Anglo-Dutch
Treaty of 1824. The treaty, among other things, legally transferred
Malacca to British administration. The treaty also officially divided the
Malay archipelago into two separate entities and laid the basis for the
current Indonesian-Malaysian boundary.
3. British Colonization Era

70. British Residents
Perak (1874):
J.W.W. Birch
Selangor (1874):
J.G. Davidson
Sungai Ujung
(1874): Capt. W.
Tatham
Pahang (1888):
J.P. Rodger
Negeri Sembilan
(1895): Martin
Lister
Figure 23
Figure 26Figure 25
Figure 24
The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

71. Impacts of the
Resident
System
Economy
Social
Politics
1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
1.2.3 British Colonization Era

72. No Title States
1. The Straits Settlements (1826) Penang, Singapore & Malacca
2. Federated Malay States (1896)
via Federal Treaty
Selangor, Perak, Pahang & Negeri Sembilan
3. Non-federated Malay States
(1909-1919) via Bangkok Treaty
Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, Perlis & Johor
1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
Three Types Of States Under British Colonization
1.2.3 British Colonization Era

73. a. Non Federated Malay States (Blue)
b. Federated Malay States (Yellow)
c. The Straits Settlements (Red)
The Beginning of Colonization
1.2.3 British Colonization Era

74. The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era
Federal Malay States’
System
Federal Executive Council
Click each tab above to find out.

75. The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era
Federal Malay States’
System
Federal Executive Council
High Commissioner (London)
Federal Malay States’ Governor (Singapore)
General Resident (KL)
Sultan British Resident
Perak Perak
Selangor Selangor
Pahang Pahang
Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan

76. The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era
Federal Malay States’
System
Federal Executive Council
Federal Malay States’ Governor (Singapore)
General Resident (KL)
Sultan
Perak
Selangor
Pahang
Negeri
Sembilan
Unofficial members
3 Europeans & 1 Chinese
Br. Resident
Perak
Selangor
Pahang
Negeri
Sembilan

77. Increase Federal Income Inter state cooperation
Full authority for
Resident General
Head of department in
Kuala Lumpur had more
authority
Sharing of expert servicesMalay Rulers authority became
less
Foreign
investment, mining
and rubber
increased
Law
standardisation
EFFECTS OF THE
FORMATION OF
FEDERAL TREATY
1896
The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

78. Reasons
Distribution
of Central
Power
Dissatisfaction
among the
Rulers
Minimize
Expenses
One System of
Administration
Struggle for
Power
The Beginning of Colonization
3. British Colonization Era

79. The Beginning of Colonization
Figure 28
4. Japanese Occupation

80. The Beginning of Colonization
This is how Japanese army came to Malaya.
4. Japanese Occupation
West Coast East Coast
Jitra (12/12/1941)
Alor Setar (13/12/1941)
Pulau Pinang (17/12/1941)
Ipoh (26/12/1941)
Kuala Lumpur (11/1/1942)
Kota Bharu (8/12/1941)
Kuantan (31/12/1941)
Johor Bahru (31/1/1942)
Singapura (15/2/1942)
Japanese Army landed in
Thailand (Singgora & Pattani)
Mersing (28/1/1942)

81. Japan occupied our country for three and a
half year (15 February 1942-15 August
1945)
The whole of Malaya and Singapore were
conquered within70 days with attacks from
the east and west.
Japan’s main aim was to form The East
Asian Administration in which Japan
promised to give independence to countries
in South East Asia.
The Beginning of Colonization
4. Japanese Occupation

82. 1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
Japanese Route to
Malaya From Thailand
4. Japanese Occupation

83. POSTER SLOGAN
Using the Jawi’s writing “ ASIA UNTUK ORANG ASIA”
Post it Everywhere “SEMANGAT ORANG ASIA”
“Kawasan Kesemakmuran
Bersama Asia Timur Raya”
The Beginning of Colonization
The Strategies used by Japanese Army in order to get support from Malay people.
They started by spreading the propaganda that Malay people will be saved if they let Asian
people rule the country.
Japanese army spread the message via poster and slogan that is written in Jawi. It
succeeded when Malay people accepted their good intention. Hoping that Malaya will be
free from Western Colonization.
4. Japanese Occupation

84. H
O
W
T
H
E
Y
P
E
N
E
T
R
A
T
E
?
The Beginning of Colonization
4. Japanese Occupation

85. British were not
prepared
Delayed Military
from London & India
Advantages of
Japanese Army
Japan’s Preparation
Lack of Strategy
The Beginning of Colonization
4. Japanese Occupation

86. The Beginning of Colonization
Malay: Malay
Baru,
Singapore:
Syonan
Military
Government
Ran by Japanese
General Located
in Singapore
Malaya
Consisted of 7
Districts
Sultan as the
Head of
Religion &
Customs
Kedah, Perlis,
Kelantan,
Terengganu were
annexed to
Thailand
State Advisory
Council was
introduced
4. Japanese Occupation

87. • Worsened the
relationship
among the
Races
Social
• Economic
activities
were
disrupted
Economy • Instilled
Political
awareness
Politics
The Beginning of Colonization
4. Japanese Occupation

88. The Beginning of Colonization
The British
Officer was
monitoring
the white
and black
area from
being
penetrated
by
Communist
4. Japanese Occupation
Figure 31

89. 1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
Malayan Communist Party (Malayan
Communist Party) or CPM for short, was an
organization founded in Malaya in 1930.
Society was against the invading British, who
then ruled Malaya. With the arrival of the
Japanese, the MCP formed the Malayan
People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) to
fight them.
MPAJA initially collaborated with the British
to fight against the Japanese occupation
based on agreements made ​​at the
December 8, 1940. They took the
opportunity revenge anyone who was
considered collaborating with the Japanese .
4. Japanese Occupation

90. 1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
Through MPAJA, aid, training, finance,
logistics and medical supplies were
obtained from the British . Within three
years of military force MPAJA estimated
at 7,000 and it was not surprising an
emergency occurred. The British and the
security forces had to deal with the
difficulty of eliminating a group of
soldiers trained to fight.
The purpose of the CPM was to drive
the British out of Malaya and set up a
Communist Republic. During Japanese
rule MCP establish MPAJA against Japan.
MPAJA received support from the
Chinese
1.2.4 Japanese Occupation

91. EFFECTS JEPUN
SOCIAL IMPACT
ABUSES OF THE CHINESE LABOR FORCE IN MANY AMONG THE DEAD AS A
RESULT OF CURRENT WORK HAS disease and starvation.
RICE SHORTAGE.
HEALTH PROBLEM.
JAPAN SERVICE THAT BIAS.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
THE ECONOMIC DOWNTURN SEED COMPANY TIN AND RUBBER REDUCED
MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF NOT OBTAINED AS DRUG PRODUCTS.
NEGATIVE

92. POLITICAL IMPACT
POLITICAL AWARENESS COMMUNITY TO PROVIDE FOR
INDEPENDENCE ENGLISH PEOPLE GET MANY OPPORTUNITIES AND
EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF ADMINISTRATION NATIONALISM IN
CHILDBIRTH AMONG LOCAL COMMUNITIES THE CHINESE ARE
ALSO PARTICIPATE IN GRADUAL POLITICALLY ACTIVE COMMUNIST
PARTY OF MALAYA (PARTY AGAINST JAPAN).
POSITIVE

93. SUMMARY
Malacca Empire began with Parameswara. It was a successful period.
Malacca then got attacked and colonised by the Portuguese in 1511.
Malaya was then invaded by the Dutch, British and Japanese.
Malaya Communist Party was formed to drive out the British and Japanese.
The British came back to stabilise Malaya by dissolving MCP with surrendering of
firearm.

94. LIST OF REFERENCE
No Reference
1. “Sejarah Malaysia”, Mahdi Shuid, Suzaini Osman, Sazlina Othman, Pearson
Longman, 2006.
2. “Kenegaraan Malaysia”, Ruslan Zainuddin, Mohd Mahadee Ismail, Zaini
Othman, Oxford Fajar, ed.2, 2010.
3. “ Pengajian Malaysia”, Cosmopoint International University College, 2002.
4. “ Malaysian Studies”, Mahdi Shuid &Mohd Fauzi Yunus, Pearson Education
Malaysia Sdn Bhd, 2001.
5. “Pengajian Malaysia”, Mardiana Nordin & Hasnah Husin, Oxford Fajar Sdn.
Bhd, Edisi Kelima, 2014.

95. Thank you