Sources of Energy

Sources
of Energy

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Characteristics of Sources of Energy
 It should do a large amount of work per unit mass or
volume - it means that the output energy must be more than
the input energy. It should have high calorific value.
 It should be easily accessible - the energy source should be
able to provide energy over a long period of time. Example:
coal and petroleum.
 Should be easy to store and transport - most common
sources of energy such as coal, petrol and LPG need to be
transported to users from their points of production. They
also need proper storage. Thus it is important to store and
transport these sources safely and economically.
 Safe and convenient to use - energy sources should be safe
as it is used by a large number of people and should be
convenient.

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Where Does Energy Come From?
 Energy is one of the most vital needs of the human
beings.
 As per first law of thermodynamics energy can neither
be created nor it can be destroyed, it can only be
converted from one form to the other,
 Energy is stored in the nature in various sources and in
various forms.
 The sources of energy available in the nature are
divided into two main type:
• Renewable energy sources
• Non-renewable energy sources.


Renewable Energy
 Renewable energy is any source of energy that doesn't
consume the finite resources of the Earth and can be
easily and quickly replenished.
 Renewable Energy can be regenerated in a short
amount of time or is basically unlimited
 At present only a small proportion of the world's energy
needs come from alternative and renewable energy
sources. These exist in many forms including Solar
Thermal, Photovoltaic, Wind, Hydro, Tidal/Wave and
Bioenergy (including Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels).


Solar energy from the Sun

This is one of the most commonly used
renewable sources of energy. Solar energy is
being currently tapped for food cooking,
water heating, electricity generation, lights,
etc.

 The solar collectors are
installed that collect the
solar energy and convert it
into various forms.


Wind Energy
 Wind energy is being used extensively for generation of
electricity. Huge fans are installed to tap the wind energy
and convert it into electricity for domestic as well as
commercial applications.


Geothermal energy
 The heat from the earth is called geothermal energy. It
can be used to heat water, generate electricity, etc.


Geothermal energy


Biomass energy
 This is the energy stored in the organic matter generated by
the plants and animals


Water energy
 The energy obtained from tidal waves, rain water, etc.
is the renewable energy obtained from water.


Water energy

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The Advantages of Renewable Energy
 One major advantage with the use of renewable energy is
that as it is renewable it is therefore sustainable and so
will never run out.
 Renewable energy facilities generally require less
maintenance than traditional generators. Their fuel being
derived from natural and available resources reduces the
costs of operation.
 Renewable energy produces little or no waste products
such as carbon dioxide or other chemical pollutants, so
has minimal impact on the environment.
 Renewable energy projects can also bring economic
benefits to many regional areas.


The Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
 It is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are
as large as those produced by traditional fossil fuel
generators.
 Renewable energy often relies on the weather for its source
of power.
 Hydro generators need rain to fill dams to supply flowing
water.
 Wind turbines need wind to turn the blades, and solar
collectors need clear skies and sunshine to collect heat and
make electricity.
 When these resources are unavailable so is the capacity to
make energy from them. This can be unpredictable
and inconsistent.


Non-Renewable Energy
 The energy sources that cannot be recreated and which
go on depleting as we use them are non-renewable
energy sources.
 The most extensively used non-renewable energy
sources are the fossil fuels that consist of oil, natural
gas, and coal.
 The fossil fuels are formed from the dead bodies of the
plants and animals buried below the deep layers of
earth’s core since millions of years ago.
 Another popular non-renewable source of energy is the
radioactive elements. The energy obtained from these
elements is called nuclear energy.


Fossil Fuels  Fossil fuels are made up of plant
and animal matter. When plants
and animals died, their bodies
decomposed and were buried
under layers of earth. Millions of
years later we have the three
forms of fossil fuel: oil, natural
gas and coal.


Fossil Fuel Energy Oil
 Crude oil or liquid petroleum, is a
fossil fuel that is refined into many
different energy products (e.g.,
gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, heating
oil).
 Oil forms underground in rock such
as shale, which is rich in organic
materials.
 It's also burned in factories and
power plants to make electricity.
The oil is burned, which produces
gases that turn a turbine to create
electricity.


Fossil Fuel Energy Coal
 Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world
with an estimated reserve of one trillion metric ton
 Coal is a solid, black rock-like substance and is
the Earth's most abundant fuel. It's organic nature
ensures the presence of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and sulfur, key elements found in
decomposed plant and animal remains. The
intense pressures and temperatures found in the
conditions of the early Earth, caused the organic
substance peat to develop into various types of
coal.


Fossil Fuel Energy Coal
 There are over 1200 various types of coal, but four main
types are observed.
1. Lignite- soften brown coal containing more hydrogen and
oxygen
2. Subbituminous- dull black coal containing little plant
matter and has a relitvely low heating consumption
3. Bituminous- jet black coal with a greater amount of
decomposed plant matter and has a relatively high
heating consumption
4. Anthracite- hardest and darkest type of coal, containing
the greatest proportion of carbon than most other
coal.


Fossil Fuel Energy Natural gas
 Natural gas is basically a mixture of
gases, commonly methane (CH4),
ethane (C2H5), propane (C3H8) and
butane (C4H10).

 The gas does not contain sulphur
and it makes the fuel cleanest. It is
called LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas)
when propane and butane are
detached.


Oil Shale And Tar Sands
 Oil shale and tar sands are the
least utilized fossil fuel sources
 Oil shale is sedimentary rock with
very fine pores that contain
kerogen, a carbon-based, waxy
substance. If shale is heated to
490º C, the kerogen vaporizes and
can then be condensed as shale oil,
a thick viscous liquid.
 Tar sand is a type of sedimentary rock that is impregnated
with a very thick crude oil. This thick crude does not flow
easily and thus normal oil recovery methods cannot be
used to mine it.


Advantages of Fossil Fuels
 A major advantage of fossil fuels is their capacity to
generate huge amounts of electricity in just a single
location.
 Fossil fuels are very easy to find.
 When coal is used in power plants, they are very cost
effective. Coal is also in abundant supply.
 Transporting oil and gas to the power stations can be made
through the use of pipes making it an easy task.
 Power plants that utilize gas are very efficient.
 Power stations that make use of fossil fuel can be
constructed in almost any location. This is possible
as long as large quantities of fuel can be easily
brought to the power plants.


Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels
 Pollution is a major disadvantage of fossil fuels. This is
because they give off carbon dioxide when burned
thereby causing a greenhouse effect. This is also the
main contributory factor to the global warming
experienced by the earth today.
 Coal also produces carbon dioxide when burned
compared to burning oil or gas. Additionally, it gives off
sulphur dioxide, a kind of gas that creates acid rain.
 Environmentally, the mining of coal results in the
destruction of wide areas of land. Mining this fossil fuel
is also difficult and may endanger the lives of miners.
Coal mining is considered one of the most
dangerous jobs in the world.


NUCLEAR POWER
 The ever increasing demand of more and more reserves of
power has encouraged scientists to discover newer, better
and stronger sources of energy.
 Nuclear power is the most tremendous non-renewable
sources of energy.
 The nuclear power is produced by using Uranium which
is mined in different parts of the world.
 Nuclear power today fulfills the 11 per cent of world’s total
need of energy.
 Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way
as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain
reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead.


NUCLEAR POWER


Advantages of Nuclear Power
 Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's
not expensive to make.
 Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it
does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
 Produces huge amounts of energy from small
amounts of fuel.
 Produces small amounts of waste.
 Nuclear power is reliable.


Disadvantages of Nuclear Power
 Although not much waste is produced, it is very,
very dangerous.
 It must be sealed up and buried for many
thousands of years to allow the radioactivity to
die away.
 It must be kept safe from earthquakes, flooding,
terrorists and everything else. This is difficult.
 Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has
to be spent on safety - if it does go wrong, a
nuclear accident can be a major disaster.


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