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K's Art

Collect all volumes of the exching
HOW TO DRAW series.
FEMALE CHARACTERS
t5BN4-7661 1146_X
il6lrcUJ0 Aroqd ttre World
5iih.!--56'-- 14+4
ILLUSTRATING BATTLES
ISBN4 7661-1 147_8
OCCULT & HORROR
t5BN4-7661 -1 1 50_8
J]I"TI
BISHOUJO - Pretty Gals
t5BN4-7661-1 148_6
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BODIES & ANATOMY
ISBN4-766 I -1 238-5
MAKING ANIME
ISBN4-7661 -1 239-3
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Putting Things in Perspective
Backgrounds/Crowds

HOWTO DRAW MANGA:
Putting Things in Perspective
by K's Art
Copyright O 1 997 K's Art
Copyright @ 1997 Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd.
First designed and published in 1997 by Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd.
This English edition was published in 2002 by
Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd.
1 -1 4-1 7 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1 02-0073 Japan
Production director: KatsuyaYamakami
Production manager: Hikaru Hayashi
Background aftist: Maguro
Finishing work artist: Nobuko Yuuki
English title logo design: Hideyuki Amemura
English edition layout: Shinichi lshioka
English translation management: Lingua frdnca, lnc. (an3y-skmt@asahi-net.or.ip)
Japanese edition editor: Motofumi Nakanish (Graphic-sha Publishing C0., Ltd.)
Foreign language edition project coordinator: Kumiko Sakamoto (Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd.)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission 0f the publisher
Distributed by Distributed Exclusively
NIPP0N SHUPPAN HANBAI lNC. ln North America by
4-3 Kanda Surugadai, Digital Manga Distribution
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1123 Dominguez St., Unit "K"
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Tel: +81-(0)3-3233-4083 Tel: (310)- 604-9701
Fax +81-(0)3-3233-4106 Fax: (310)- 604-1134
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Hrst printing: october 2002
S&i: 4-7661 -1 256-3
P-n-ed ard bound in China

Backgrounds indicate where
characters are. They are drawn
to illustrate places and
situations.
A cut with only the character
A cut with the background included

. Example without background
Vx
l'm leaving
tor schooll
: :i ,: ::: :i:
Ah.1omebody
juet, aVpeared
trom around
lhe cornerl
ln this scene, a girl in a hurry collides with someone at a corner. The
scene is much easier to grasp with the background.
t
E
fr
EPITTER-PATTER
Oelter Lake a
ehorcuLl
1...1 can't etopl

. Example with background
/'1 D
.o
9.

Table of Gontents
lntroduction:Why Draw Backgrounds?......,s . How to create height ditferences
- Raising and lowering the head
. An easier way to draw crowds
Basics: Standing on the Earth .........1r Creating Effects by Changing the
Begin Drawing Backgrounds Gomposition of a Picture...........................s0
with a Single Horizon Line.......................12 r Drawing upward views
. Drawing manga is just like filming a movie. r Three-point perspective drawing
r Presentation: Long shots and close-ups r Ariel view of scenery - Bird's-eye view
How to Draw in One-Point Perspective: r Perspective when the ground is curved
Let's Try Drawing while
Looki n g at a Photog raph ......... ..................23
r Drawings suited to one-point perspective
Let's Draw Outer Space ........65
. when to use two-point perspective Chapter 3
Distance of natural obiects:
Tree-Lined Roads/
Chapter 1
. Vanishing point
. Simple way to pick a vanishing point
r Making a group of buildings
in the distance look cool
Ghapter 2
Drawing the Outdoors: Howto DrawTrees.. ....................,08
From Everyday Scenery r Drawing roadside trees
to 0uter Space...... ..................2g r Drawing atree-lined road
How to Draw a Roof .,.......... .........30 n Drawing shrubbery
How to Draw Slopes ..............,......34 . Leaves of roadside trees
How to Draw Forked Roads .........36 How to Draw Shad0ws.....................................72
Drawing Houses . Sunlight
- When the Vanishing Point is Far Away .......38 ' Light from streetlights and indoor lights
Drawing a Gymnasium .................40
How to Draw Characters and Backgrounds.....42 Etfective Use of Backgrounds
r Placing multiple characters - Slide method Basic concepts and techniques..............74
r How to draw groups of students going to
or coming home from school
Light and Shadow/Sky .......67
8

Ghapter 4
How to Make a Narrow Hallway Look Wide.....80
Classroom: How to Draw Desks.......................83
r Common chair/desk composition
and the horizon
Distance Between Characters and Walls .........88
How to Draw lndoor Scenes (Living room) ......90
1. Drawing the opposite wall
2. Drawing a rough sketch
3. Drawing a couch.
4. Drawing a table.
5.DrawingaWstand.
Drawing Small lndoor Objects .........................95
r Small objects on tables and desks - 1
Drawing without using perspective
. Small objects on tables and desks - 2
Drawing using perspective
r How to draw cups: Circles on tables
r Drawing small objects
Using cellular phones as an example
Drawing Beds............ .................100
Drawing D00rs.......... .................102
r Structure of doors
. Opening doors
. Examples of open doors
Drawing Stairs.......... .................105
. Looking down a flight of stairs
r Side view of stairs
. Distinguishing features of stairs
Drawing lndoor Scenes How to Draw Backgrounds
Hallways/Stairs/Small 0bjects...........7e Learning by Doing. ..............10e
Chapter 5
Process of Drawing Manga Backgrounds.,....1 1 0
1. Drawing a residential area
2. Drawing a school
3. Pen drawing
4. Erasing and white correction fluid
5. Adding tone 1 - Residential area
6. Adding tone 2 - School
Gomparison of Characters and Objects .........122
Ghapter 6
Special Etfects and Character
Representation Using Perspective..l 25
Drawing Special Effect Lines and
Sound Words Using Perspective............. .............126
Creating a Greater Sense of Existence
Using Minor Techniques.. ................129
Drawing with Perspective Rulers ....130
Special Effects Usin g Perspective Techniques..... 1 32
Various wide angles. .......................135
Examples/Changing Camera Ang|es....................1 36

{
4
10

Chapter 1 Basics
Stondirg
the Eorrh
on

When you want to draw a
picture with the main
character standing in a
wasteland, draw a dividing
line between the earth and
the sky (horizon). All
backgrounds begin with
drawing of the horizon.
The expanse of the earth differs
depending on the position of the
horizon.
Column: ln Japanese class, the dividing line between the earth and the sky is called chiheisen
(horizon) and the dividing line between oceans and the sky is called suiheisen (horizon), but both
are referred to as suiheisen in drawing.
4
I
/t,
/i
12

I
.]
l
When drawing the horizon, pretend like you are filming a
movie and think about where you will hold the camera.
o
ln manga, the height of the camera is the horizon.
Column:Why is the horizon on land also called suiheisen in drawing? lt is called suiheisen because
it is a horizontal (suihei) line (sen).
13

Drawinq the horizon below (foot level) a character
-=-::=>
Drawing the horizon at foot level
expresses the expanse of the wasteland.
This is a low-angled composition.
--/
-
//Wi
The character will float in the air when the
horizon is drawn below foot level.
height of the horizon
Filming conditions
@ Dig a hole to film from ground
@ The edqe of a cliff is the
D

Drawing the horizon above a character
Drawing the horizon above the head of a character creates the sensation of looking down on thecharacter. The so-called bird's-eye view. This is a high-angteo composition.
:
.".:.-!1,, ,rz
Viewing height
-;:-:ally looking down on person (bird,s_eye view of character)
Filming from radio-controlled airplane or stepladder
Bird's-eye view ard the horizon
When yoti take::'ii piciiire from'*ie nonnat
15

the horizon in a character
You draw the horizon somewhere between
the head and feet. This will create the
most ordinary view.
Filming conditions
@ Low angle
16

. This is often used in scenes
with dialogue.
. Draw the horizon at eye level
when a character is moving in
this direction or for close-ups
of the face.
. ftis is often used for full-body
strots.
" Draw the horizon at bust
reight when drawing the
artire body (down to feet).
. -lis is often used for dramatic
:nesentation.
. lnaw the horizon below the
*rnees of a character when you
rant to make a strong
rnpression or give the picture
i sense of depth or vastness.
Here a character between a close-up of feet in the foreground and a character in
the distance create a good sense of depth.
# 4
.^-

Presentation: Long shots and cl
Think of the
difference between
long shots and
close-ups as a
difference in camera
work (presentation).
A cut using a long outdoor shot
There isn't much
need to think about
the perspective of
small objects in
scenes using long
shots.
Long shot...zoom oul Close-up...zoom in
18

,-llose-ups are used
:r present hands or
.nall objects.
-se a long shot when
r,t-- lvdflt to illustrate
lil:-irsfhing with an
:,,:-all view. Use a
: :se-up when you want
: :nrphasize one part.
brp
rtdce-xf
rnqnifed;i',ir
rGEtss
G
@
orapstda::
rXrgdemgst
.lfiire
fii*angle
I"nnumn: Technically, wide angle is a word used in photography. A thicker lens than usual is used to make
an impressive etfect by making a picture extremely distorted.

Vanishing point
The vanishing point is the point
where all perspective lines
c0nverge.
A drawing technique that uses
one vanishing point is called
one-point perspective. There
are also two- and three-point
perspectives, but let's learn
about the vanishing point using
one-point perspective f irst.
Changing the position of the vanishing
Column: When you draw a building, for instance, think about whether you want to see the building from
the right or from the left. lf you want to see the building from the right, place the vanishing point
20 in tire position shown in the right frame.
Photograph used for reference
Vanishing point
point changes how the sides look.

lagine you are taking a
: cture. lf you stand directly in
*cnt of your subject, the
*anishing point is in the middle.
" iou move to the right, the
,-rrishing point moves to the
-,::t as well.
l
C
1
| ..t !
oo 30"-------r' Side view
--s is taken from the right side of the road. You can see more of the wall on the left side.
This is taken from the left. You can see more of the right side of the road.

'way to pick a
When you want to draw a
simple building roof or other
objects behind characters, use
one-point perspective. The
vanishing point could be in a
variety of positions, depending
on the diagonal lines of your
outline. Pick a vanishing point
by choosing an angle you like.
Subject
Completed drawing
2. Draw horizon1. Draw outline
ll
'illl , -
'l ..{
;*' :
't
:1
-"
I
'll ,*-
:-" *l*,l
-(" 'r
Column: 0nce you have picked a vanishing
point, draw a rough sketch. lgnore the
other perspective lines of the outline
and draw all the lines in the direction
of just the one vanishing point.
Regarding background and
perspective, once you get used to this,
you can begin drawing a rough sketch
by first picking a horizon and a
vanishing point when drawing the
outline of the image.
3. Pick vanishing point
Extend diagonal line of outline.
The point where it meets the horizon line
becomes the vanishing point.

:Whil0:'..l0okingr,, 01,, n
ien drawing backgrounds,
,: sts often refer to
:
-:tographs that they have
"..en. Perspective drawing is
-, most efficient way to
: -Juce a good drawing, so
. s get comfortable with it.
sketch of the background and choose a horizon and
,,,' a rough drawing
-; :hotograph while
- '
: :re depth lines
: - l ngs and the
t:
-:ortant to grasp
-- .,:'all picture.
'. - :-..oso the road
*.
,," :"awing the
,,r r--.Jfld, simplify
r"-:parts
- :r -
: 'lg 0n y0ur
, -,; tid needs (note
" - *: chotograph is
, ": ':'reference
: L-r':nr Horizon and vanishing points
- ln photographs the vanishing point is often not clear.
It is important that you choose a clear horizon and vanishing point for your drawing.
23
'lh
Reference photograph

ffi Completed rough sketch
ffi Ren drawing
Draw thin lines.
Start with the foreground.
Make foreground lines bold and lines in the distance thin.
Leave windows and other details for last.
Contour lines
24
Drawing thin non-contour
lines creates a three-
dimensional etfect.

ffi Completion of pen drawing, erasing and applying white-out
Erase completely after finishing the pen drawing.
Correct protruding lines and other anomalies after erasing.
I .' -se solid colors if you wantto create an overallwhite drawing
, '* . c'ht feeling.
- - :',,,,,in9 is complete. Lighfly apply tone to shaded areas.
- , .:cut where the light (sun)and shadows are when applying tone.
,r' ; ! .,,, tone is applied under the eaves and to the sides of buildings.
25

Drawings suited to one-point perspective
One-point perspective is short for "one-point
perspective drawing." This technique is suited
to drawing indoor scenes and creating a sense
of depth.
Road (main road and side roads, etc.)
Road with wall and buildings with windows, etc.

Vanishing point
ln a one-point drawing, you can only see the
front of an object when the vanishing point
comes from within the object,
27

When to use two-point perspective
Two-point perspective drawing is
a technique suited to creating a
three-dimensional effect or a
demanding presence. Use two-
point perspective drawing when
there are many building standing
side by side or when you can see
two sides of buildings.
0ffice buildings drawn with one-point perspective
Office buildings drawn with two-point perspective
Use a long shot when you want to illustrate something with an
overall view. Use a close-up when you want to emphasize one pafi.
28
vanishing point

Chopter 2
DrqwingtheOffint
Frcm hrerydoyScenety ilo
Outer Spqce

Think of a roof as
being on top of a -71
box.Anybody can R
ciraw a roof as
li:iff',i:t<nowQffil
how the eaves
overhang.
ffi
--.
diagonal lines
The "center" of the wall
ln the case of a square, the point where the two
diagonal lines intersect is the center.
Corner of wall
. Connect the slanted lines with the wall
GOrnerc.
,r
Slanted line
Roof height
Draw a vertical line from the
center of the wall. lt can be
whatever length you prefer (the
longer it is, the steeper the angle
of the roof will be).

The line drawn straight to the
side of the apex of the roof
makes the roof look more
realistic.
ink this corner and the
ranishing point and then
:rtend the line.
liwnsring point
Supplementary line
',I' Draw line @ from the
point of intersection of
lines @ and @.
Draw line @ right along
the center.
line 6 parallelto
the slanted line on this
side of the roof.
,6@
Line @ can be drawn only after the supplementary line @ has been drawn.

Thickness lines are at
right angles to the
slanted lines.
Judge the length witf
your eyes.
1=
Ditferent types of roofs
Draw shadows under the eaves.

/0u can draw these kinds of roofs with this technique.
* urr-.ll in the samurai house style.

Create a vanishing point
for slopes in addition to
the normal vanishing
point on the horizon line.
Buildings are drawn
based on the normal
vanishing point, while
slopes are based on the
slope vanishing point.
Slope vanishing point
.&/
Points where vertical
building lines and the road
(slope) intersect. The
extended lines that link
these points and the
vanishing point become tht
lines for the floors
(foundations) of buildings.
Guardrails are located
on the edges of roads,
so their lines converge
on the slope vanishing
point.
.i..*:- Slope vanishing Point
Drawn inconectly
t ar,,<
(B'l
{
When you draw two vanishing
points veftical to each other,
make sure they are on a
straight veftical line.
Draw buildings in one-point,
perspective using the
normal vanishing point.

Floor line of
the building
Uphill slope
vanishing point ----.-
Fiil
Road line
ic'a,rhill slope
:rshing point For downhill slopes, place the downhill
slope vanishing point below the horizon.
lrnurm: Characters on slopes - Draw characters above the horizon as if you were looking up at
them and characters below the horizon as if you were looking down on them.
Houses are not built slanted
is impoftant to draw a foundation so
that the house will stand straight up.
Express a slope by the difference
between the road line and the floor
line of the building.
)eate a vanishing point for slopes in addition to the normal
renishing point.
35

Think of a forked road as an
intersection of two roads with
differing vanishing points.
Vanishing point A of a
straight road
Vanishing points B and A
C of branching roads To vanishing
Point B
To vanishing point A
Aerial photograph
Roads B and C intersect at a right angle

O Choose road vanishing points
#
@ Draw roads from each vanishing point
BA
The closer the road is to the horizon, the narrower it will look, so
be careful not to make roads B and C too wide.
B hamnlinuation
Buildings stand along the road, so
the road vanishing point serves as
the perspective.
Vanishing point

What do you do when the vanishing
point of the building you want to
draw is located off the paper? There
are three things you can do.
'1
. Add paper
2. Use a copier
3. Draw guidelines
H
4.'
D--
@Attach temporarily
with masking tape,
etc.
O Draw a rough sketch in a size that is easy
to draw
@ Make an enlarged copy
Use a copier to enlarge the rough sketch to
the desired size.
Put tracing paper or transparent PPC (copy) paper over the
enlarged rough sketch and draw with pen.
@ Trace
JO

3nce you have decided on the outer border of
lte building, partition the vertical lines.
@ Start drawing using the lines as a guide
@ Link each partition point
gw
loilumn' One trick is to draw the partition lines using yellow or blue colored pencits (yellow and
blue wiil not show up when printed). rt is usua[y on one side or the other that the
vanishing point becomes so far away that you cannot reach it with a ruler.
l
i
I
I
1
3ei I

When drawing a
building, capture
the distinctive
features of the
building.
Draw wide
buildings like a
gymnasium
using two-point
perspective.
O Give the gymnasium shape
When giving the gymnasium shape, enclose
the roof portion in a box.
How to align the oval template:
@ Draw the roof using an oval template
The type of oval you choose depends 0n your
preferences and the image you have of the roof.
Distinctive features of gymnasiums
Exterior: Many are wide and have a round roof.
lnterior: Spacious. Try to present them in a way that
makes them look spacious.
@ Find the apex of the arc

,Mne fie floor and wails big to express the spaciousness and height of tne nullng.
When you draw a scene close to a wall, create the
atmosphere of a gymnasium by including windows
near the floor, protective bars on windows and other
distinctive objects.
You can present a wide-open space by putting the
floor lines higher and drawing windows smafler.
41

When drawing backgrounds, the
size of characters is very impoftant.
Here you will learn how to draw a
background from the perspective of
characters.
Sense of distance of
characters standing in
a straiqht line
Let's try figuring out the vanishing
point and horizon from the wall
drawn behind these characters
standing in a straight line.
i
,,1
a
^/H
V
I
&vI
I
o.
MI)v
The horizon is the
same height as the
face of Girl A. These
three characters are
-* standing in a straight
line, so even if there is
a height difference
between the
characters, the
relationship of the
other two characters is
like that shown in the
side view.
The three characters are Pretty
much in a straight line when seer
from above.
When viewed from the side, GirlA is the only one that
fits in with the background.
t
Vanishing poi
1. Link the feet of GirlA with the vanishing
point.
2. Since the three characters are standing ir
straight line, move the other two character
to the same line as GirlA.
42

characters on the same perspective line
ff: in a straight line.
-- Perspective line
Vanishing point
/
43

lacing multiple characters - Slide method
point, link it to the character and
draw characters in front of and
behind the original character.
You can choose any number
of vanishing points for
placing characters.
Choose a vanishing point near the
original character.
Randomly choose
vanishing points
Column: Place multiple characters by slidint'one character. You can think of it as placement by
lL reproduction/movement.
1. Draw the original character.
2. Choose an appropriate vanishing
Note:All the characters are the same height
0riginahharacter
Y
I
- - -1- - - - - - -- -L - - - *- - - -- - -
,,t
New vanishing point New vanishing point

f oraw one character
Drawing groups of characters can be quite difficult. lf you
don't draw them carefully, characters can look like they
are floating or sinking or they will not fit in with the
background.
Process:
1. Draw a character around which the other characters will
be based.
2. Choose a horizon and vanishing point and draw a rough
sketch of the background.
3. Based on the first character you drew, begin placing all
the other characters from the vanishing point (this is
called the slide method).
4. Lastly, draw the background.
fte other characters will be drawn based
rn the first character.
Column: lt does not matter if the background changes a little
later on. When drawing the first character, it is
important to choose the horizon and vanishing
point, which are the core of the picture.

Draw a short horizontal line where you want to
put the character.
t_*w
View from above
Supplementary line to lind the"
When you want to draw a character
behind the first character
Column: Standing directly in front of or directly behind is the same as
standing in a straight line. This is called "characters on the
same line."

T-c domly place characters
tu -:'r you want to place
.:"-acters like this and not
- . sfaight line, there are
i,r : #0!S to do it.
Vanishing poinl
r, ::'zcter on this line will be m '': with the original ---{
lilTmiil?:?r in relation to the road. ',
Draw a placement vanishing point a
little to the left of the originat
7 vanishing point.
/&_--_FI]l-i:_
)t)lt
II
I}
O Sliding backward and fonruard-Draw
placement vanishing point
Sliding from the new vanishing point
47
View from above
0riginal character
@
C
Where you want to
new
:
J=-
Lll
Camera
@ Parallel translation and sliding backward
and fonruard-0n the basis of dummy
.'t
I f ptacement
:
I vanishing
I Point
-
-r--
Put a placement vanishing point
near the dummy.
*/"ry
i{Y(l_---T_---
i' l:4. i
'i( l-/
I
-- - j*
Slide the original character into a
parallel position (height is the same).

i1;,l}ttK-
Column: For scenes of students going to school, place blocks of two or three students walking side by side anc
place a single student behind, in front of or beside them.
48

,-4
49
'': - rn;yl'il,H:iliT:iy,:f";t'rs in tne toiesr;nd,;;; i;;; l;A;;;;;;i;i;i;;t|1;

How to create height ditferenceS - Raising and towering the head
All the characters will be
the same height if you just
slide backward and
fonruard and use parallel
sliding. When you want to
express height differences,
do so by raising and
lowering the head, leaving
*
the feet as they are.
(-11. Bl in.)
A human head is about 30 cm
(11.81 in.). Use a height of 160 cn
(5.25 ft.).
1 +20 cm
| (+7.87 in.)
-30 cm
+15 cm
(+5.91 i"
2i3 head longer
Height about 18,
180 cm = 5,90 ft.
160 cm = 5.25 ft.
150 cm = 4.92 ft.
130 cm = 4.27 ft.
Not good
,J
"--"***^z1 |
.L
Raising and lowering the feet make a
character float or sink.
50
0ne.hef,d shorter
Height about 130 cm
.a
Good
rT1
/I * r-***-r"-
"48' i ,.-.* I
Y rTvl1i:r
'ii.:fii
-.; - *.*-l*-.1 .-i-
ll characters are the same height,
t,.6o
r* lg*m ,'/
Column: Give each person in a crowd a different direction and
different clothes to make a picture come alive.

An easier to draw crowds
:: a measure of each person,s height.
- '.,,v various sized heads on the horizon
-:. Then draw the bodies using the heads Draw various sized heads
. Horizon
rCut with rough image of background
ffi,.orno.

Measure the length of
the head and multi
to get the total length
of the character.
Multiply by five if the
headto-body ratio is
1:5 and multiply by six
if the head-to-body
ratio is 1:6.
Length of head
Note:Always multiply the head length by the same
number for all characters.
After the
total length
has been
determined,
balance the
characters
to taste.
ln this drawing, heights were determined using the
same head-to-body ratio before individual differences
in head-to-body ratio were added.
Head-to-body ratio of 1:5
Reference: ln the case of a headto-body ratio of 1:ti
All are multiplied by different number.
All are multiplied by five. Good
Characters drawn with a head-to-body
Headto-body ratio of 1:6

3,ack for bust shots of characters
-=^ drawing backgrounds for bust shots of characters, draw the
,-:': body of the character even if it won't all appear in the
.
--'e.
--; ^eight of the building door and guardrail should be drawn in
I i,.,Perspective line
representing
the edge of the building
Drawing building on right
inino heioht of door
Slide character horizontally (draw
dummy)
@
'
2m
' 1.8 m
door=2m(6,56ft,)
t
*-*.
(adult male) = 1,8 m (5.90 ft.)
The height 0, the door is about one head higher than the characler
Edge of sidewalk
(road side)
-----t I
----'-l
I
Perspective line
indicating height
of door (2 m)
;, " rrrcnize the
illlill,."= :f the
( j'ound and
tf. 1 :fiaracter
--lllllti
-: a dummy.
ll I lilll ,:
,":3ter
Column: Synchronize the scale of the character and the background. When drawing the
background, clearly show how high background parts are above the ground. When you
try to do it by eye, you end up with doors that are too big or houses that are to small
in relation to the character.
Rough image

ng guardrail 1
nining height of guardrail
The height of the guardrail is a little above
the thighs
I t,a :
lt | 1
I ,' l.ll
i ' t,
. J:
tl,t
i1
{i l:
',;*';
-'t
o Slide the character to the edge of the
@ Draw a supplementary line horizontally
at a little above thigh height.
@ You get the right guardrail heig'
in relation to the size of the
character.
ng guardrail 2
rail poles at even intervals
@ Draw a supplementary line.
,f
,Third pole
,ono* or
second pole
'll2 supplementary/The interval between
guardrail poles is uniform.
You are free to choose any
interval.
Divide at 1i2 the height
Supplementary line in
direction of vanishing point.
l
j
I
i
@ Determine the position of
@ Determine positions
of remaining poles.
54

J JJJ
==2,

Do not use perspective drawing
indiscrim inately when drawing
long shots of buildings and
upward and downward views,
etc. Simple ideas can create
large effects.
Drawing upward views
ical two-point perspective
When drawing an upward view,
assume the location from the
placement of buildings in a
rough sketch. The technique
you will use is veftical two-
point perspective.
Location proposal 2
Cut based on proposal 2
building
ffiCharacter
tb I
1,,fr,,1
G
E FD
Characl er Street
B
"*,1
cA
56

_il
3$i
illt@s ranishing point:
k'edtbpotut
illtlwvanishing
r@As was
ffi&m vani
two-point
Generally, in one_point perspective
andtw_o-point perspective drawings the
in vanishing point is always placed on thenorizon and objects i
perpe n d icu rai iil; iffi:T i:TJ".J ji ,'
two-point perspective,
tne vanisfrrng
;inhare. placed near the top and Ootto*iiinu"picture
--xrtr..'
. "r"' I
.,...."
. ! ''..."
X
/
/'.,, I .'r1..'{l,,.#rr, it
I lt 1 , / ,,
i li-''*':'l b!11 ,l il ,-,
/ '*
-
'--i
g';g--- -ffi1 I Fil)=Q';:".+f
":-:.-:;:i{S{,::--
I
r-:n picture ispracedon itssiol"""'"
,y1;33,:il,i:{i.li;ffi;;;H::[#:?l,lHJ:,#T::, $lookins up ano'oown-ai;;,Xffi,ffise ]/'u are stopping ano
fu

Three-point perspective drawing
-,',0-point perspective is a technique for creating a cubic effect by giving a sense of
- stance to the left and right of a picture.
- three-point perspective, a third vanishing point is added to give a sense of
: stance to height. Unlike one-point and two-point perspectives, the usual vedical
,-i parallel lines are not present.ln addition, the horizon line and vertical lines
-
::rsect perpendicularly.
Two-point perspective
Three-point perspective
allows you to draw
powedul pictures.
,fuwj

Aerial view of scenery
Bird's-eye view
When drawing a bird's-eye
view and the horizon is not
visible, there is no perspective
(vanishing point). Draw
buildings parallel lengthwise
and crosswise.
Do not think too much
about perspective in
bird's-eye view pictures.
For placement o{ buildings,
r:,:::::
terill0i!0llpqf$:$rtelpsiilaralr*Iei,g&d$-6_:i,]
ti.;lrt: :!,:,::::r:i::,::r,;ii::rr:::,,,. -r'.1-.rr...-..,
:i:lgri{r.c$rt*ixll,ber::]r:,:l:::i:':iii::ii:
Skyscrapers
try.drawing-a map
:nOii'iielg$iiSgi:
!.ri&i?,0ii1&:::i:i::il

column: when drawing a bird's-eye view of scenery using one-point perspective, freely place the vanishing pointin accordance with the objective of the piciure or the composition.
61

When drawing a group of buildings in the distance, reduce the
Making a qroup of buildinqs in the distance look cool
of the buildi
Reducing the depth of buildings is effective when the main subject is in the foreground and the buildings are
used for pure scenery in the background.
This
ofa
Reference:Town in the distance
an obiec't is the less thieK

When drawing a line of buildings using one-point perspective,
making the width (depth) of buildings narrower eliminates the
cramped feeling.
6ct*
Draw objects far away with thin lines. For lines that
run into characters, draw them thin as if they fade
away and do not make contact with the character.
There is a big difference even then the frames are the same
size and the vanishing points are in the same position.
Column: When you want to avoid drawing a confusing group of buildings in a long, narrow frame, draw buildings
as if they were in the distance using narrow depth lines.
Buildings drawn with reduced width Buildings drawn with normal width

when the is curved
Distorted ground
used for dramatic
presentation can
be used in a
picture where you
are looking up
from a low place.
Place the
vanishing point in
the middle directly
above the picture.
Groupff:huildinge ; Wfien,dnwin usins, vertieal'hrrro.pint perspective
The amount of distortion of the
curved surface depends on
ndividual sensitivity. Draw freely.
ln fie case of a group of buildings,
rse vertical two-point perspective.
View from above

,'lhen depicting outer space in manga, compose pictures
r a way that creates a sense of distance.
" Paft of a large planet in the
foreground
- Many small stars in the
distance
: ln the middle, place planets
ihat are just big enough for
,,ou to can discern their
:atterns.
How to splatter correction fluid
Put oil-based correction fluid on tip of pen
a7o
a
/a
0
@ Ftick with brush
Dots will be large if you do
it away from the paper.
Dots will be
small if you do
it close to the
paper.
splatter white conection fruid for the dots representing very sma, stars.
column: correction fruid wi, spratter in the generar vicinity, so put tape aroundthe manuscript and frame to mask;;;.'
65

Making planets realistic
Representation of
outer space
Present the depth and
mysteriousness of outer
space using special tone
patterns and applying layers
of tone.
Use a template for
planet circles.
Give planets a touch of color and apply tone to make them round
and to make them look heavy.
otE r
03E
(-)o3
,--, (J 3
! -, /-- :!-r- 3
( )-:
ooi

rul
Tree-lined Roqd slljght ond Shodow/Sly
Chqpter 3
Disiqnce of Notu
Oblects

Drawinq roadside trees
To draw roadside trees
planted at even
intervals, choose the
positions of the first and
second trees and use
the technique to an even
interval. Think of tree
trunks as poles,
O Draw one tree
lir,
Side view
@ Draw supplementary
line.
Draw vanishing
point and
supplementary
€) Choose interval
between trees.
Place on sidewalk slightly
away from road line. lines connecting it
with tip of the tree
and the base.
ta....
Mark the spot
where you want to
plant the next
tree.
@ Draw "pole" for
second tree.
Second tree
@ Determine where to plant the
rest of the trees.
Fourth tree
I
@ Turn into trees.
Draw trees by fleshing out
the poles.
Column:When drawing roadside trees and tree-lined roads, first clearly sketch the road
and sidewalk. (Needless to say, you need a vanishing point and horizon.)
.i
,;'a
,',
.I

lraw a line of trees on
,re side of the tree-
red road and slide it to
@ Draw a perspective line
where the trees will
be placed.
j
I
::e opposite side.
- Draw a line of
trees on one side
of the road.
@ Slide to the opposite side.
The trick is to raise veftical lines from the
rerspective line where trees will be placed.
/
Golumn:This technique can also be used for drawing opposiig doors in condominiums
and hotels and opposing windows on trains.
.w.
Perspective line where
trees will be placed 7
tl
1' ---'-' Perspective line for road
69

Drawing shrubbery
Shrubbery can be round
or square. lt is best to
simplify it.
Square type
Think of square shrubbery as a
rectangular parallelepiped in perspective.
Round type
ooo
Like tree-lined roads, round shrubbery is
often planted at even intervals.
ri
,
:
l
''s.
shrubbery, think about how
light is hitting them.
6't
A tree consists of leaves and a trunk.
There is no need to draw everything. ln the case of both trunks and
leaves, do not draw the parts with light hitting them.
Think about the direction of the light and draw the shadowed parts.
-
Give the trunk the feel of a trunk and leaves the feel of a leaf.

:;:, nese parasol/Maple
$.
i'-)44: Y/!^ v//
1--l-**
Sycamore
iN)N'
( N)t
CherrylZelkova
M
ffiffiAurNS, @ g"
Chinaberry/False acacia
kEler@-L@tesE
Example: Roadside trees drawn close together
Example: Boadside trees drawn far apaft
T-

had6illlsii.,iiii.....i..hil{ow,
1;. r:urself the following
: - :S-rrons when drawing
:* j[o''vS. 'What is the light
-: -'ae?" "What direction is
:-n qlt coming from?"
[0rcr']-rng or evening:
SiirEi,ow is long.
--: -,,r8I the sun is, the
:
-
: :" :te shadow will be.
Shining from directly above:
Shadow is short (around noon).
Shadows could be various
shapes depending on the
shape of the ground and the
presentation.
Shining from an angle:
Shadow is somewhai long.
qI
Evening sun The lengths of shadows
-.*=€
-t created bY sunlight are
t:4^-^-r
++
East
18:00
West
6:00
different depending on the
time of day.
When drawing shadows in
manga, choose the length
and direction of shadows
by thinking about what
time of the day it is.
16:00 14:00
SunlightShadows
below eaves
Shadows are in line with the rays
of the sun.
summer - Make them
solid. 't,:,',',,,,.',,t'.,'.,
Rays are weak in spring and
fall. so shadows are also
kht - Use tone and
dagnnal lines.
Tle rays of the sun reach
te ea'tir as oarallel lines.

Shadows formed by small objects
When light source is
above, shadow is short.
When light source is above and
to the side, shadow is long.
Shadow formed by
florescent light is faint.
When there are two sources of light,
two shadows appear.
Perspective is
used for
shadows created
by artificial light.
Dlace the
ranishing point
r the center of a
streetlight and
determine the
shape of the
shadow by
lonnecting it
,,rith the object
:eing Iit.
The candle is emitting light in alt
directions. Shadows are formed in
perspective to the center of the flame.
The shadows are faint since the light
itself is not very bright.

At the heafi of this
matter is how to
place objects. Draw
objects in the
foreground bigger
and objects in the
background smaller,
and place mid-size
objects between
them.

For rain in t-own,'diaw
buildings and shadows in
a free-hand using shorl
Iines.
lur,l_lr,,"ll
t"-- i,i rl
flwfl$rlj' l'
Technique for solid parts
Use slanted lines
drawn free hand.
Add rain lines using
white correction fluid
on solid pafts.
Gradate parts in the distance.
Draw trees and other objects using
slanted lines.
:i#r-*_.li=lr_-

Rivers
Draw rivers using the
techniques for drawing
roads. Choose a
vanishing point and
draw free hand.
I Add touches with pen in
accordance with the
direction and skength of
&e current.
Vanishing point
Use two vanishing points for
meandering river.
Horizon
Normal river
(use technique for straight road)
1;-*:'-
Technique for river surface

)epending on the clouds, keep perspective in mind when drawing them.
Perspective and natural objects
You can use the concept of perspective without alteration
for drawing rivers, rnountalns and other foreground '
objeets tlmt move ofi into the distance.
with a sense of distance or any object you want to give a
sense of distance.
77

Various
Scratch with the tip of a cutter.
Cumulonimbus
Blur by cutting out, erasing with
a sand eraser and shaving.
Setting sun Apply layers of tone and shave.
iii:,,ti1ll|;tiiltl:iiitii,iiiitit
78

Chopter 4
Drcrwing Indoor Scenes
Ho I lwoys/Silo its/ Smq ll Obiects

There are two ways to make a hallway in a
narrow frame look wide.
Hallway drawn using regular
one-point perspective
Method to
widen hallway
Vanishing point for right wall Vanishing point for left wall
[Jse rregular two-point
cerspective when the
,',,'rr of the hallway is
fued due to the setting.
I
O Draw using irregular two-point perspective.
" ';,:",11
:4..'l rrlt
i.,,/,f |Z/Y' :l
s#t,,,,,,fi,tr .l
I ::,lil.
,.lli
tl:1:::I1
t+:....:l:::!l
i:{:i}/
l:/r';Altl
i ,T,1,,/
t:i,H
0.Y."E)
m
@ Widen hallway

-re farther apart the two points are, the wider the space will be.
When you
reverse the
points the
walls are
drawn from, it
becomes
narrower than
one-point
perspective
(when the two
points are
close
together).
Draw the right wall from
the right point and the
left wall from the left
point.
Wide space
The closer the two points are, the
closer it will be to one-point
perspective.
:rr
*
Narrow space
:
E
I
. -se when you want to create tension or
:'3SSUre.
E.

lrregular two-point perspective is a technique used to emphasize
buildings in the foreground.
Use this technique when drawing dead ends and T-shaped junctions.
Character background/Town
o This technique is often used for drawing
the background when you want to put the
character in the center.
. When drawing scenery alone, buildings
should end before and after the vanishing
points. (unique to this technique)
Example: Dead ends, three-forked roads,
insides of cars and airplanes, etc., that
serve as a background to characters.
. When using this technique for T-shaped
junctions, draw a wall or house directly
ahead (on the horizon).
Example: T-shaped junction
lrregular two-point perspective comes in handy when you
want to make a narrow space (hallway, etc.) look wide or
make a scene in a narrow frame Iook wide.
82

i:i.iii
83

A character sitting at a desk in class. First
imagine the composition you want and
draw a rough sketch.
View from above
Rough sketch
Find the vanishing point from the shoulder line
of the character and the desk line.
Vanishing point
]"'J*xqa!.
r..
Shoulder
/
The horizon is determined after the vanishing point
has been determined.
After finding the vanishing point, draw a line directly to the side.
A character sitting at a desk.
The character, chair and desk are
usually parallel to each other.
Not drawn in perspective

You may draw round c,mers free hand, (6)
-
but trey will lmk sharper I you use an __/-.ovartemprate.
]0, :1.0.r,0
arso draw the parts that wiil not
be visible.
The height of the
chair is about
half that of the
desk.
Draw straight
from around this t_egs angle
slightly.
l
i
t
.L
oui Side view
85
d

Common chair/desk composition and the horizon
Vanishing point

rii:. Horizon

The distance
between a
character and a
wall is represented
by the relationship
between the
position of the
character's feet
and that of the
floor line.
Near the wall

{<
.')/,
//,
R
lndicate the presence of a wall by drawing a shadow.
lraw a line separating the ceiling and walls.
lraw a window or bookshelf behind a character.
Use shadows and
sense of distance
Give the wall a sense of presence by
drawing shadows on both the floor and wall.
the room layout to create a
between characters and walls.
89

When you want to draw a room
with a person sitting on the couch
watching TV as seen from one wall,
staft by drawing an outline of the
r00m.
Draw the opposite wall and draw a
door, the ceiling, the floor and walls
on either side.
Then draw furniture and the person.
1. Drawinq the ite wall
@ Draw door so it
looks natural relative
to the ceiling.
I'l
@ Determine horizon
and vanishing point
based on the height of
the door.
Relationship between person,
camera and ceiling
You are standing
here with camera
in hand.
Room plan
Ceiling height
240-270cm - * 270 cm
240 cm
160 cm
150 cm
80 cm
VIEWSide
Staft by drawing
this wall
270 cm = 8.86 ft.
240 cm =7.87 fi.
160 cm = 5.25 ft.
150 cm = 4.92 tt.
80 cm = 2.63 ft.
column:The perspective line that is the same height as the door acts as a guide for
determining the height of furniture. Drawing a perspective line with a distinct
height is the key to drawing backgrounds in both indoor and outdoor pictures
90
O Draw shape of wall.
Draw wall lines from four corners.
. The room may be any width you choose.
. Since the view is that of a standing person, draw the horizon at about j50 cm.
Placing the vanishing point a little to the left or right of center will make the
picture look better.
o The ceiling, floor and sidewalls are drawn using lines coming from the vanishing
point and passing through the corners.
. Draw a perspective line on the left and right walls that are the same height as
the door.

2. Drawino a rouoh sketch
T
I
{,,
l'aw the interior on the basis of the plan.
Reference: Completed drawing with character

O Draw a projection.
80 cm = 31.5 in.
40 cm = 15.75 in.
25 cm = 9.84 in.
15 cm = 5.90 in.
@ Draw thickness.
150 cm = 59.06 in.
80 cm = 31.5 in.
70 cm = 27.56 in.
@ Draw shape.
Vanishing point
Create the overall shape of
the couch by connecting the
vanishing point and the top
of each vefiical line.
Determine the height of the couch
based on the 150-cm wall line (same as
height of horizon in this drawing).
Determine the thickness from this,
Make corners and edges
round to make it look like a
couch.
92

- l:al'r a projection.
Vanishing point
i Determine height.
/, th the table against the wall,
:;lermine the height of the table
-:m the height of the couch.
80 cm = 31.5 in.
40 cm = 15.75 in.
@ Add thickness.
When drawing the legs, also draw
the portions that will not be visible.
Height is about half that of the couch.
93

5. Drawinq a TV stand Like the couch and table, start by
drawing a projection.
Determine the thickness and
width in relation to the couch
drawn earlier (they do not
have to be as exact as the
depth and height).
Completed drawing
Looking at the floor plan, draw it in
Iine with the table, for instance.
Column:Draw indoor scenes using one-point perspective. (Two-point perspective is not used very often.)

Small objects on
tables and desks
- 1
)rawing without using
-.erspective
- a scene where one side (or
,,, o corners) of a table is not
, s ble, draw without using
:
"'spective.
not
)/
Show this part of the table.
show this portion.

Small objects on
tables and desks - 2
Drawing using perspective
Use perspective for drawing objects
when the edges of the table or desk
visible.
Small objects on a table drawn using one-
point perspective each have their own
vanishing point on the horizon line (they all
share the same horizon line).
Tables are often drawn using one-point
perspective, but objects on a table seldom use
the same vanishing point as the table.

How to draw cups
Circles on tables
. When the top of the table and the horizon line
are close, use an oval that looks like this.
Thin ovals Iook like O are often used for long shots.
Long shots are used for explanatory scenes with
almost the entire body of a character and background.
Horizon
lncorrectly drawn
lncorrectly drawn

When the top of the table and the horizon line are far apaft,
use an oval that looks like Q .
Horizon
B@
0vals that are almost circles are often used
for close-ups. Close-ups are used when you
want to make a strong impression or you
want to magnify something.
The farther away the circle is from the horizon
line, the closer it becomes to being a perfect
circle.
Draw the bottom oval of
cans, etc., round.
K/7
98
BB

Drawing small ,bfits--_l When drawing small objects made up of squares, simply
Using cellular phones as an example
I draw all vertical and horizontal lines parallel to each other.
Drawn using one-point
perspective
Drawn using two-point
perspective
ffi
ff$
The shapes of small objects will not look
good if the vanishing point is not pretty far
away.
Use one-point perspective when perspective is
used from the standpoint of presentation.
99

perspective when drawing beds. When
drawing a character sleeping on a bed,
think of the cubic effect of the person's
body.
Build a simple model when it is difficult to
come up with the cubic effect of the
mattress and person.
You do not normally think very much about
-1-r,rr tN
;/ //llll_< ll,
"
r/
l[, ,,9
A doll made with a marble,
ballpoint pens and an eraser was
laid down on a handkerchief
mattress. Tissue paper was used
for the covers.
100
Column: Use perspective when you want to create an impressive effect.

101

When drawing open doors, place separate
vanishing points for the frame and the
door.
When viewed from above,
draw a circle with the axis
as the center. ,'
/ffi
_v The doorknob is in the center.
The doorknob is
on the left.
l"V
@,,
#I
Determining door width
. Start drawing the width ol the door
from the side with the doorknob.
o Make the width of a door drawn in
perspective slightly nanow. :Make the distance between the top of the door and the ceiling
about B0 cm, which is about half the height of the character.
ing height
i40 cm
I
I
I
I
_t
- r, l
/f-'+ I
l+ I
l,'re i
1i
240 cm = 7.87 fi.
180 cm = 5.90 ft.
160 cm = 5.25 ft.
80 cm = 2.63 ft.

O Draw the door as seen from
straight on.
of the height and draw the door
as seen from straight on.
@ Draw the door open at 1B0o
angle.
O Draw an oval (locus of door).
Draw an oval that passes through the
apexes representing the corner of the
door. (l-he oval path the door travels
when opened.)
Vanishing
point of
opendoor
indicating how far the door is
open.
Top of axis
@ You get an open
door drawn in
perspective.
No matter what the perspective
of the door you want to draw
is, make it look like this when
you draw an open door.
@ 0pen the door.
Draw the bottom door line
Door locus

Door vanishing ,,'
lil
f/Horizon I
I
@
Vanishing point
of open door
Vanishing point
of open door
-r_
/=
The door
vanishing
point is far
away.
Upper vanishing
point

--l
^,rrhlL
Move the
vanishing point
to the left when
you want to
make it look like
you are
up from the left.
C Draw supplementary line for inclination.
@ Draw width.
line for determining step width.
Stairs are drawn in one-point perspective using
two vanishing points and two supplementary lines.
lnclination vanishing point
Like slopes, draw
stairs using two
vanishing points.
ffhe normal eye-
level vanishing point
and a vanishing
point for
determining the
inclination of the
stairs.)
Vanishing point
//
toinctinatidon vantshing point
O Determine step height.
Width line comes from here
105

:Vanishing point
;
(eye-level
vanishing point)
. Always draw the width line
from the eye-level vanishing
point.
. Draw the parts that will not
visible as well.

Loddng down a
-- .x of there being
-: -orizon when you
:-, r, stairs from the
::: coking down.
-'.,,, them using
'.::'ral
two-point
:* "r:eCtive.
.' f}
,"-.1L/t*
/,, *&.
t,i. i
-I
l''0'iurnn You cannot see the horizon in a picture looking down a flight of stairs because of the
composition of the picture.
107

When drawing a side
view of stairs, there is no
need for an inclination
vanishing point. Just pay
attention to the eye-level
vanishing point and
horizon.
The angle of inclination of the handrail
and that of the stairs are the same.
Difference in appearance depending
on viewing location in relation to
vanishing point
Right of vanishing point
Vanishing point
Difference in appearance depending
on viewing location in relation to
horizon
Above horizon Above horizon
. Cannot see
upper surface
Below horizon
. Can see upper surface
Left of
vanishing point
Right of vanishing point
. Can see height of steps
Left of vanishing point
. Can see width of steps
Below horizon

Chopter 5
Howto Drqvn
Bockgrounds
leoming by Doing
-1"

Let's say you have a name and a character for your manga.
All that is left to do is draw the backgrounds.
Let's take a look at the actual process of drawing manga
backgrounds using perspective.
Draw town scene here
(residential area).
Proposal draft
('neemu' in Japanese)
Draw school here.
1'10

r- ihe case of manga, you
-:_rally draw the frame at the
-::er left or the top row first.*-
s helps keep the page from
:;:ring messy.
Vanishing point
= Draw road.
Reference photograph
- Determine horizon and vanishing point.
lolumn: when drawing, mask the frames you are not working on with paper to keep them as
clean as possible.
111

3 Draw buildings on the left.
Determine the height of the show window
and other buildings by sliding the
character over.
Raise the character to the level of the
sidewalk.
.*.- 240 cm
240 cm = 7.87 ll.
220 cm =7.2211.
200 cm = 6.56 ft.
190 cm = 6.23 ft.
180 cm = 5.90 ft.
160 cm = 5.25 ft.
200 cm *
190 cm
---- - 220cn
180 cm
160 cm
The height of the show window is
between 200 and 240 cm
Think of the street entrance of the building as being 2 meters high
and the show window as being 2.4 meters high. Use the
character as a guide when determining the size of the building,
i.e., the height of the character plus number of heads.

@ Draw buildings on the right
G y,l?t,i:H[i :3'Jffi 111,.,
r-
*
When there is a sidewalk, raise
ffie dummy to the level of tie
sidewalk.
Slide the character to the right and determine the height of
the vending machine, which will be used as the basis for
Height of yending machine
180 cm
180 cm = 5.90 ft
175 cm =5.74fL
160 cm = 5.25 ft.
lfi) cm = 3.28 fi-
80 cm = 2.63 ft.
t--i €**-'-- -
....
Comparison of character and
vending machine
180 cm

Reference photograph
m
Next is a school. There
will be no character in the
scene, but start by
dr'awing the foundation
and a dummy character.
O-t Draw horizon at eye level
(middle of ground{loor window).
O-2 Extend sloping line in rough sketch to
get vanishing point (point of intersection
with horizon line).
300 cm = 9.84 ft.
280 cm = 9.19 ft.
180 cm = 5.90 ft.
1 60 cm = 5.25 ft.
120 cm = 3.94 ft.
100 cm = 3.28 tt.
90 cm = 2.95 ft.
O Draw a character next to the school and determine the
horizon and vanishing point.
/_y*,*
Even if it will not appear In the
picture, clearly draw the sudace
where the character and the
school come into contact to
make sure they are balanced
conectly.
cm

@ Draw contour
t -*t"' 1'
i . -.."-{:"1- l
'3-._ a a
I11
li
i. I'i
tti
I'
Iai
ll
,, .&,.
s ,r1
t8': .l
,i :
;j ,
i1 ;,
irjYi
@-2 Divide eachfloor., ./
I
I
t
ffi
t
ffi
f
H
-..-..-_.-i-
l
I
---"'t.
I
ffi
@-1 Determine each floor by dividing
into four parts.
:
The eaves, window and wall ratios of
schools and other buildings are the
same for each floor.
into four parts starting
from the first-floor contact
surface that is not visible.
Side view

3 Draw windows.
Clearly draw the overall window
border (including parts not
visible).
Draw remaining
windows.
@-t Find center
by drawing
diagonal
lines.
@-g Draw
supplemen-
tary lines.The depth ratio of
windows is the same
for every floor as long
as the perspective is
not from above. Thus,
for the remaining
windows all you have
to do is extend the
window lines from
another floor.
@-4 Divide
each into
two (to
divide
window
into four).
116

3 Pen drawing I
Do not bring background lines
into contact with characters.Tape a thumbtack over the
vanishing point.
Masking tape
1./'Lir ';r tr;3*|nn lines in the direction of the
;:- i.- r"rg point, tape a thumbtack over the
;r-:il' ng point. Using a ruler with the
'" - -:-ack as the axis makes it easier to draw
:::* -:,:gh sketches and in pen.
fi
4Thumbtack

Erasinq and white correction fluid
0mit intricate parts. Represent
them by making use of shadows.
Not joining the edge line to the
corner better creates the mood of
a building.
118

tr
Think of perspective when
determining tone cut.
Z,
-N
Scrape uniform curve using
blade tip of cutter.
Soft touch: Use little tone.
rard touch: Apply tone discriminatingly.
119

Adding tone 2- Residential area
+reThe page is complete
after you have finished
adding detailed tone!
Soft touch: Use little tone.
Hard touch: Apply tone discriminatingly.124

:
#€*
,

that you see around yourself
every day can all be used in your
drawings. lt will be very helpful when
drawing manga if you know the size
of objects around you. Remember
the size of objects relative to the size
of human beings (yourself).
270 Ceiling line
240
210
180
160 -
150
120
90
60
30
Average adult male
180 cm
Average adult female
160 cm
t
=
Height of first-floor
About 3 m
Desk
70-80cm
330 (10.83 ft.)
300 (9.84 ft.)
270 (8.86 fr.)
240 (7.87 tt.)
210 (6.89 ft.)
180 (5.90 ft.)
150 (4.92 ft.)
120 (3.94 ft.)
90 (2.e5 ft.)
_-,60 (1.97 ft.)
I
ffilg'eft.t
122

One interval = 30 cm
(about one character head)
135 cm (4.43 ft.)
Chest of drawers Mattress height
30-40cm
Low traffic signs and signals.
The signs are 3 meters (9.84 ft.) and
tall signals can be 5 meters (16.4 ft.)
0r more.
123

Adding reflection tone to windowpanes creates
a more realistic atmosphere.
Shadow from opposite building
124
E.

Chopter 6
Speciol Efhcrs qnd
Chorcclrer Rryresenlqlion
Using
(n

Use of perspective
is not limited to
buildings and
backgrounds. lt can
be used for
anything that is
pafi of a picture.
That includes
special effect lines
and sound words.
€ ---- --
- -./!L
'- 1-.t.
-l, ---.
il
il
J
H
E
U
Side
The sword in this picture was drawn in
perspective, but the sound word and special
effect lines were not.
The special etfect lines (concentration lines) were drawn
from the sword's vanishing point.
This sword was drawn with a vanishing point farther away and
the special effect lines were drawn accordingly.
. Special effect lines
when the vanishing
point is in the picture
. Draw them toward the
vanishing point.
. Special effect lines
when the vanishing
point is outside the
picture
. Draw them away from
the vanishing'point.
llo
Front
i,
.:-t1
rl
^y
,l
I

fume of the contour lines of this sword were represented by
;anted lines pointed in the direction of the vanishing point. SHHHHRRRRRR
perspective in
mind to make
them look
cool.
127

Special effect lines when the vanishing point is
outside the picture.
Draw them away from the vanishing point.
Design the word. Draw veftical lines
in general direction of vanishing
point.
W<*" '
*w4t#
W
#Sound words do not have to be drawn perfecfly in perspective.
Draw them in a deformed, perspective-like manner while
thinking of depth and direction.
"BANG" was drawn with the
inclination of thesldnted lines in
milld.

hating a Greater Sense,of ,rExbtBnceiusing,,, Minor {eehniquer
-+- . :icture strictly
t': ' - !,vo-point
- :::i::ve does not turn
" .- :€ very interesting,
- : :-: perSpeCtiVe
,.,, i"l3
,,- -; ,erlical lines
6": , -. anted will create
.',i.= -rf existence and
:I-
Vanishing point
'-
Do not go to the trouble of
marking a point. Draw a
house assuming that the
vanishing point is above
the house.
irianga and dratting techniques
'.^y drafting techniques are used to draw manga, but
:-:;;ing manga is not dratting.lf it is effective to do so, use
:",ting techniques flexibly. For instance, you do not have to
-.= three-point perspective just because the vanishing point is
'-,:ve the picture.
af,_
129

Perspective rulers
fioo Corporation) are
transparent, plate-
type drawing tools
with floor and wall
perspective lines.
,They come in one-
point, two-point and
three point
perspective types.
They allow you to
easily draw objects
with vanishing points
far away, so use the
type that matches the
angle or image you
want.
lf you assume that one
graduation is 20 cm, the
graduations are designed so that
the height of the horizon is 160
cm.
Ceiling heights and room
compositions are freely
determined by choosing
graduation positions.
0ne-point perspective type
ffhe horizon line was added in this book.)
-
.-
When you align the dedicated
ruler that comes with it with the
plate's curved surface, slanted
lines and depth lines will
converge on the vanishing point.
The two-point perspective ruler can be used
as the basis of a one-point perspective
background,
130
Two-point perspective type
Dedicated ruler
Three-point perspective type
t)

@ Align horizon of perspective ruler.
----
P, uil r: :. 3 graduations on
]tliirrcE itive rulers to
'tr'"r"'ill potential.
,, i' : ,:( Convenient tO
.iut,r{ :El'spective rulers
,r*,1' :rawing a rough
ilr: - ,
', "':ru a horizon line on
-r:-r 'rugh sketch when
..ril -,: ffie one-point and
"ililr,{- :,0int perspective
",:,r Serspective rulers.
Using a kacing box
Tracing paper is usually
placed over a perspective
ruler, but using a tracing box
will be more efficient.
@ Draw perspective liries
131

The horizon line is two steps down
from the top of the stairs. The horizon
line is oblique relative to the picture.

lren if you draw a character normally, you will get a powerful
:,rmposition by tilting the horizon line,
Simple one-point perspective-
all the artist did was tilt the
horizon line.
The ground has been tilted.
The buildings were drawn
using vertical two-point
perspective.
Eo,lumn: 0veruse ol this technique of
tilting the horizon line relative
to the picture can result in a
page that is confusing to look
at. Save it for special
situations.
133

Looking straight up.
Simple one-point perspective.
One-point perspective where the horizon
was tilted and curved.
Draw perspective lines and special
effect lines using curved lines.
rffi
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na lra arr tta ltr lrr lll
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fr

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@rc

us $1g.ee
PUTTING THINGS IN
PERSPECTIVE
lsBN4-7661 -1 256-3
COSTUME ENCYCLOPEDIA
lsBN4-7661 -1 2s7-1
HOW TO DRAW ANIME & GAME
CHARACTERS VOL.3
tsBN4-7661 1 1 75-3
MORE ABOUT PRETTY GALS
tsBN4 7661-1242-3
HOW TO DRAW ANIME & GAME
CHARACrERSVOL.I
|SBN+7661 1120-6
HOWTO DRAW ANIME & GAME
CHARACTERSVOL4
tsBN4-7661 -1 254-7
PEN AND TONE TECHNIQUES
l5BN4-7661 -1 258-X
HOW TO DRAW ANIME & GAME
CHARACTERS VOL.2
tsBN4 7661-1 174-5
HOWrc DRAW AI{IME & GAME
CHARICIIRSVOT.s
lsBN+7661-',t 276-8
Gtr

II[il1
-II[IflJil
'ililflffiIm|ilJt
ISBN t{ - thl-Ia5b-3
BORONTA s7624099 HEALESVTLLE ........5962442s
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KNOX MOB|LE........ 9762 4099 MOOROOLBABK . ... 9726 8200
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