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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2856 Review on Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Nikhil Chauhan1, Dr. Kiran Parmar2 1P.G. Student, Department of ECE, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India 2Visiting Professor, Adani Institute of Infrastructure Engineering, Gujarat, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract- This paper gives an overview of Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). Massive MIMO (also known as large-scale antenna systems, hyper MIMO, full-dimension MIMO and hybrid MIMO) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large numberofserviceantennas over active terminals and provide large network capacities in multi-user scenarios.The large number of antenna arrays can improve the spectral and energy efficiency of system as compared to single antenna system. Additional benefit of massive MIMO is that the cost of components is less as low power components are used. This technologyrenders different problems but it also solves many problems that aretheneed of time. This paper reviews about massive MIMO concept, description of system model, challenges and its benefits to wireless communication systems. Key Words: Massive MIMO, very-large MIMO, multi- user MIMO (MU-MIMO), BS- Base Station 1. INTRODUCTION Massivemultiple-inputmultiple-output(MIMO) is an emerging technology that scales up MIMO by orders of magnitude compared to the presentstateoftheart.Multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is a topic of concern from the past twenty years because it is proved to be efficient in terms of reliability andcapacityofthewireless systems.In massive MIMO, we take into account multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems [1] where base stations are equipped with a large number (say, tens to hundreds) of antennas. As a comparison, the LTE standard only allowsfor up to 8 antennas at the base station [2]. In this way, massive MIMO scales up conventional MIMO by an order or two in magnitude. Typically, a base station with a large number of antennas serves many single-antenna users withinthesame time-frequency resource. While initial work on the problem mainly focused on point-to-point MIMO systems where twodevices with multiple antennas can communicate with one another, focus has been shifted in recent years to more practical multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems, where a basestation (BS) with multiple antennas at the same time serves a group of single-antenna users and the multiplexing gain will be shared by all users. In this manner, expensive equipment is only needed on the BS side, and the user terminals can be comparatively low cost single-antenna devices. The performance of MU-MIMOsystemsisusuallylesssensitiveto the propagation environment than in the point-to-point MIMO system because ofmultiuserdiversity.Asa result,MU- MIMO has become an integral part of communications standards, like 802.11 (Wi-Fi), 802.16 (WiMAX), LTE, and is progressively being deployed throughout the globe. In the most of MIMO system implementations, the BS generally consists only a few (i.e., fewer than 10) antennas, according to that the improvement in spectral efficiency, while importance is still comparatively modest. Fig. 1. Illustration of Massive MU-MIMO systems [5] Massive MIMO systems or large-scale antenna systems (LSAS) have been proposed in [3], [4], where every BS is provided with orders of magnitudemoreantennas,e.g., a hundred or more to realize additional dramatic gains as well as to simplify the requiredsignal processing withrecent efforts. A massive MU-MIMO network is depicted in Fig. 1. Asymptotic arguments supported random matrix theory [4] demonstrate that the result of uncorrelated noiseandsmall- scale attenuation are eliminated, the number of users per cell are not dependent of the dimensions of the cell, and the required transmitted energy per bit vanishes as the number of antennas in a MIMO cell increases to infinity [5]. 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Consider massive MIMO and MU-MIMO technology in cellular systems, where a base station is equipped with tens to hundreds of antennas, and communicates with many users simultaneously through
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2857 spatial multiplexing. Fig. 2 illustrates the MU-MIMO system model in both downlink and uplink transmissions, for a single cell. MIMO with a large number of antennas, however, should not be limited to multi-user scenarios. It can also be used in single-user scene Fig. 2: An MU-MIMO system model, in the (a) downlink and (b) uplink [7] An M-antenna base station serves K single- antenna users in a spatial-multiplexing manner. Channel reciprocity is assumed, sotherelationbetweenthedownlink and uplink channel matrices is simply the matrix transpose [7].The downlink signal model for each time-frequency resource is, Yl = dl Hzl+ nl (1) Where Hl is a K*M the propagation channel matrix, zl is normalized vector across the M antennas Assume that E{||zl||2}= 1, y is the receive signal vector at the K users, and n is the white-noise vector with i.i.d. circularly-symmetric complex Gaussian, CN (0; Ïn 2), elements,soâÏdl contains the total transmit power in the downlink. Two power-scaling factor (Ïdl = Ï K /M), where Ï is an SNR factor. We scale up to transmit power with the number of users K,andchoose to 1) keep it constant or 2) scale it down with the number of antennas M. From the term ÏK /M, we increase the transmit power with the number of users and reduce itasthenumber of base station antennas grows [7]. As K Increases, we keep the same transmit power per user. With increasing M the array gain increases and we choose to harvest this as reduced transmit power instead of increased receive SNR at the users Due to reciprocity, the uplink channel matrix is Hl T, and the signal model becomes Zl = ul Hl Tyl + nl (2) The total transmit power from all users is Ïul and Ïdl = (Ï K /M) depending on used power-scaling scheme. If we assume independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian transmit signals and that perfect CSI is available at the receiver, the instantaneous achievable rate can be expressed as [6] C =log2 (det (I + HHH )) bps/Hz (3) The actual achievable rate depends on the distribution of the singular values of HHH . 3. THE POTENTIAL OF MASSIVE MIMO Massive MIMO technology depends computationally very simple processing of signals from all the antennas at the base station. Some potentials of a massive MU-MIMO system are [8]: ï· Massive MIMO can increase thecapacity10 timesor more and simultaneously improve the radiated energy efficiency on the order of 100 times. The capacity of Massive MIMO increase due to aggressive spatial multiplexing use. The basic principle that creates the dramatic increase in energy efficiency possible is that with a large number of antennas. ï· Massive MIMO are often designed with low-cost, low-power components. Massive MIMO is a game changing technology with relation to theory, systems, and implementation. With massive MIMO, expensive ultra-linear 50 W amplifiers used in conventional systems are replaced by hundreds of low-cost amplifiers with output power in the milli- Watt range. ï· Massive MIMO increases the robustness against both unintended man-made interference and intentional jamming. Intentional jammingofcivilian wireless systems is a growing concernanda serious cybersecurity threat thatseemstobelittleknownto the public. ï· Massive MIMO allows a major reduction of latency on the air interface. The performance of wireless communications systems is generally restricted by fading. Fading will render the received signal strength terribly small at certain times. This happens when the signal sent from a base station travels through different paths before it reaches to the end of terminal, and the waves resulting from these different paths interfere destructively. ï· Massive MIMO simplifies the multiple access layer. Due to the law of large numbers, the channel hardens in order that frequency domain duplexing no longer pays off.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2858 4. OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH Tocreate massive MIMO systems a reality, thereare still several problems that need to be studied and addressed. Some of these opportunities are discussed below. ï· Propagation Models: Mostexistingwork onmassive MIMO is predicted on the fact that the individual user channels are spatially uncorrelated and their channel vectors asymptotically become pairwise orthogonal under favorable propagationconditions [5], whenever the number of antennas grows. Theoretical studies of massive MIMO generally assume i.i.d. complex Gaussian (Rayleigh fading) conditions [4], [9], the real antenna correlation coefficients are considerably larger than would be expected under i.i.d. channel assumptions. Moreover, very extremely correlated channel vectors cannot be rendered orthogonal by increasing the number of antennas. Thismeansthat user planning should be a major part of massive MIMO systems and is much more important than in regular MIMO implementation where more complicated signal processing will be used to separate spatially correlated users. ï· Modulation: To construct a BS with a large number of antennas, cheappower-efficientRF amplifiersare necessary, and problems with high PAPR can impede good performance for OFDM [9]. Single- carrier transmission can achieve near-optimal sum- rate performance at low-transmit-power-to- receiver-noise-power ratios, without requiring equalization at the receiverandmulti-user resource allocation. Whether thisispossibleformoregeneral and complicated scenarios needs further investigation. ï· Channel Reciprocity: Time-division duplexing operation depends on channel reciprocity. There seems to be a reasonable consensus that the propagation channel itself is basically reciprocal unless the propagation is suffering from materials with strange magnetic properties. Between the uplink and the downlink there is the hardware chains in the base station and terminal transceivers may not be reciprocal. Calibration of the hardware chains does not appear to constitute a serious problem. If the maximum phase difference between the hardware chains in case of uplink and downlink is less than 60Âș, then significant reduction in the gain can be observed. If the base station is properly calibrated then it is not necessary to calibrate the uplink and downlink chains, proper gain can be obtained. If the base station is not properly calibrated then effectivetechniquesareneededtobe used. ï· Low cost hardware: -As in the massive MIMO systems a large number of RF chains, Analog-to- Digital (A/D) converters, Digital-to-Analog (D/A) converters etc. are needed, theeconomystudyofthe manufacturing unit should be done. ï· Pilot Contamination: In every MIMO system a terminal is assigned with limited amount of orthogonal pilot sequence. The limit depends onthe duration of the coherence interval divided by the channel delay spread [13]. In [13] the number of orthogonal pilot sequence is limited to about 200 with coherence interval of 1 msec. If the pilots are reused from one cell to other then its effect can be seen as Pilot Contamination. The effect of pilot contamination is of less importance to classical MIMO but it is more for Massive MIMO. 5. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the massive MIMO systems are comprehensively described with uplink and downlink systems. The technology offers huge advantages in terms of energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, robustness, and reliability. Different algorithms which can improve the efficiency of such systems are the need of future. The Massive MIMO technology has proven to be a goldmine for researchers. However to get benefited from the opportunities of MIMO, significant research is needed in hardware design, interference management and channel correlation. It will open many opportunities in the field of wireless communication and antenna wave propagation. REFERENCES [1] D. Gesbert, M. Kountouris, R. Heath, C.-B. Chae, and T. Salzer,âShifting the MIMO paradigm,â IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 36â46, 2007. [2] Requirements for Further Advancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA) (LTE- Advanced), Mar. 2009. [3] T. L. Marzetta, âMulti-cellularwirelesswith basestations employingunlimited numbers of antennas,â in Proc. UCSD Inf. Theory Applicat. Workshop, Feb. 2010. [4] T. L.Marzetta, âNoncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas,â IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590â3600, Nov. 2010. [5] Lu Lu , student member, IEEE, Geoffrey ye li, fellow, IEEE, A. Lee swindle Hurst , fellow, IEEE, Alexei Ashikhmin, senior member, IEEE, and rui zhang, member, IEEE.â an overview of massive mimo:benefits and challengesâ IEEE journal of selected topics in signal processing, vol. 8, no. 5, October 2014
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2859 [6] S. Vishwanath, N. Jindal, and A. Goldsmith, âDuality, achievable rates, and sum-rate capacity of Gaussian MIMO broadcast channels,â IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2658â2668, Oct. 2003. [7] X. Gao et al., F. Tufvesson, O. Edfors, and F. Rusek, âMassive MIMO Performance Evaluation Based on Measured Propagation Data,â IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 14, no. 7, 2015, pp. 3899â3911. [8] E. G. Larsson, Ove Edfors, Thomas L. Marzetta,Fredrik Tufvesson, "MassiveMIMOforNextGeneration Wireless Systems," in IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014. [9] H. Q.Ngo,E.G.Larsson, and T. L.Marzetta, âEnergy and spectral efficiencyofverylargemultiuserMIMOsystems,â IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 61,no.4,pp.1436â1449,Apr. 2013. [10] C. Studer and E. G. Larsson, âPAR-aware large-scale multi-user MIMO-OFDM downlink,â IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 303â313, Feb. 2013. [11] Y.mehmood, W.Afzal, F.ahmad, U.younas, I.rashid, I.mehmood,âLarge Scale Multi-User MIMO system so called massive MIMO systems for future wireless communication Networksâ [12] X. Gao, F. Tufvesson, O. Edfors, and F. Rusek, âMeasured propagation characteristics for very-large MIMO at 2.6 GHz,âin Proc. Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers (ASILOMAR), Nov. 2012. [13] F. Rusek et al., âScaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays,âIEEESig.Proc.Mag., vol. 30, Jan. 2013, pp. 40â60
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