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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 899
Thermal Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Solar Water Heater
with Twisted Tapes
Sunny Rach1, Soubhik Roy2, Kuldipsinh Sindha3, Vishvjitsinh Solanki4, Ankit Singh5
1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babaria Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
2, 3,4,5Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babaria Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract -Solar water heating systems using vacuumtubes
made of borosilicate glass with special coating to absorb the
solar energy are called as Evacuated Tube Collector system
(ETC Systems).Vacuum tube, as shown in the sketch, is the
main component, which absorbs solar energy. The vacuum
tube is an assembly of two concentric, borosilicate glasstubes.
Air between the gap of two glass tubes is evacuated. It results
in high level of vacuum, which acts as the best insulation to
minimize the heat loss from inner tube. The black coating on
the inner tube absorbs the solar energy and transfers it to the
water. The water on upper side of Vacuum Tube becomes hot
and thus lighter, so it starts moving upwards in the tank. At
the same time cold water, which is heavy, comes downward
from the tank and is stored at the bottom. The phenomenon is
called as natural Thermosyphon circulation, which occurs in
every tube.
Key Words: Evacuated Tube Collector, Twisted tapes,
Thermosyphon System, Solar Water Heater, Heat Loss,
Vacuum tube
1. INTRODUCTION
It is the most popular utilization of solar energy. In this,
usually there is a collection device, which is directlyexposed
to the solar radiation. This can be an absorbing type or
concentrating type. In the former case, there is a dark
surface exposed to sun, which absorbs radiation. Absorbed
energy is then transferred to a fluid (likeairorwater), which
is in contact with the absorber. In the later case solar
radiation is concentrated to a focal pointandtheheat energy
is transferred to the fluid [2].
 Solar radiation is an alternative energy source for
numerous industrial anddomestic applications.One
of the simplest and most direct applications of this
energy is the conversion of solarradiationintoheat.
Hence the domestic sector can lessen its impact on
the environment is by the installation of solar flat
collector for heating water. Conventional natural
circulation flat plate solar water heaters are the
most economical and large scale use of solar energy
all over the world. Its thermal performance and
efficiency which depends on its design parameters,
thickness, type of insulation, number and type of
glass covers, spacing between absorber and inner
glass. Apart from these parameters its performance
also depends on climatic and operational
parameters.
 The circulation of the water in solar water heater is
natural circulation due to the density differences
between the hot water and cold water. The block
diagram of solar water heater is shown in figure.
Solar water heating systems use collector panels to
capture the suns radiation and convert itintouseful
heat in the form of hot water. A solar collector
coupled with solar water storage reduces the fuel
needed for domestic hot water. Solar thermal
systems could make a contribution to spaceheating
as well as providing hot water. Water flowsthrough
tubes that are attached to a black metal absorber
plate [4] [5]. The plate is enclosed in an insulated
box with a transparent window to let in sunlight.
The heated water is transferred to a tank whereitis
available for home, commercial or institutional use.
1.1 Problem Summary
Solar collectors are one of the simplest and most popular
devices used to convert solar radiations into heat which is
further utilized for the purpose of heating water. But these
types of collectors suffer from heat loss due to radiation and
convection. Such losses increase rapidly as the temperature
of the working fluid increases.
Solar heater is a device which is used for heating the water,
forproducing the steamfordomesticandindustrialpurposes
by utilizing the solar energy.Solar energyistheenergywhich
is coming from sun in the form of solar radiations in infinite
amount, when these solar radiations falls on absorbing
surface, then they gets converted into the heat, this heat is
used for heating the water. This type of thermal collector
suffers from heatlossesduetoradiationandconvection.Such
losses increase rapidly as the temperature of the working
fluid increases[3].
1.2 Objective
In the present work two set-ups will be fabricated out of
which one will be conventional ETC solar water heater and
in the other set-up twisted tapes areinsertedinsidetheglass
tubes and comparison of their thermal performance will be
carried out [1].
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 900
Reason behind the insertion of twisted tapes is to make the
flow of water turbulent inside the tubes [1].
2. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
• In the present work from glass material evacuated
tube is fabricated having inner diameter of 18 mm
and 40 mm with length of 1000 mm.
• Having storage tank of 10lt capacity with 150 mm
diameter and 600 mm length made of GI coated
material.
• Twisted tape made of copper strip 1 mm thick 1200
mm long with 180 mm pitch and 10 mm width.
• Two set up has been fabricated one with twisted
tape insertion and one without twisted tape
insertion.
• The digital K type thermocouples are used for
temperature measurements.
• The frame is made from angle section of 25 mm X
25 mm X 5 mm. The main water supply tank is 20 lt
capacities.
Fig -1: Experimental Set-up
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE
Solar water heating systems using vacuum tubes made of
borosilicate glass with special coating to absorb the solar
energy are called as Evacuated Tube Collector system (ETC
Systems). Vacuum tube, as shown in the sketch, is the main
component, which absorbs solar energy. The vacuum tube is
an assembly of two concentric, borosilicate glass tubes.
Fig -2: Working Principle of Evacuated tube Collector
Air between the gap of two glass tubes is evacuated.Itresults
in high level of vacuum, which acts as the best insulation to
minimize the heat loss from inner tube. The black coating on
the inner tube absorbs the solar energy and transfersittothe
water.
Fig -3: Showing vacuum gap between two tubes
The water on upper side of Vacuum Tube becomes hot and
thus lighter, so it starts moving upwards in the tank. At the
same time cold water, which is heavy, comes downward
from the tank and is stored at the bottom. The phenomenon
is called as natural Thermosyphon circulation, which occurs
in every tube [2] [5].
4. METHODOLOGY
In the present work first of all the flow rate of both the set-
up will be adjusted and made equal. Then the outlet
temperature of the water coming out from both the set-up
will be measured at regularintervalswithina particulartime
limit. Readings will be taken for three different flowratesi.e.
low, medium and high.
And finally their thermal performance will be compared.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 901
5. OBSERVATIONS
Table -1: Readings
Time
Temperature
without Twisted
Tape
Temperature with
Twisted Tape
Flow Rate = 0.0375 kg/s
10:15 30.9 31.5
10:45 33.3 34
11:15 36.2 36.5
11:45 38.8 39.2
12:15 41.2 41.2
12:45 42.1 43.2
13:15 43.8 44.8
13:45 43.9 44.9
14:15 45.6 46
Flow Rate = 0.0512 kg/s
10:15 30.6 32.8
10:45 33.5 35.2
11:15 35.5 38.1
11:45 36.2 39.1
12:15 38.2 40.8
12:45 38.9 41.6
13:15 40.2 42.9
13:45 41.9 43.9
14:15 43.1 44.9
Flow Rate = 0.0625 kg/s
10:15 29.5 31.6
10:45 32.1 34.3
11:15 34.1 36.8
11:45 36.3 38.9
12:15 38.5 40.4
12:45 39.8 41.6
13:15 40.9 42.8
13:45 41.9 43.2
14:15 39.8 41.9
Chart -1: Temperature variation for low flow rate
Chart -2: Temperature variation with medium flow rate
Chart -3: Temperature variation with high flow rate
6. RESULTS
• From observation Table itisclearlyobservedthatin
low and medium flow rate temperature gain is
better in both the cases compare to high flow rate.
• In the present work temperature gain in all cases
are almost 10 0C because it is small experimental
model of 10 lt capacity with covering glass sheet.
• Compare to without twisted tape in case of with
twisted tape better temperature gain can be
obtained due to turbulence in the flow.
• The average temperature difference in case of with
and without twisted tape with respecttotimeis10C
only due to small size of set up and only two
evacuated tubes are used.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The major conclusions of present work are:
• There will be more heat collected through
evacuated tube.
• Solar water heater must not lose the heat from
water to air due to convection, because of there is
evacuated tube in which vacuum is created in
annular space.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 902
• Due to introduction of twisted tape there will be
more heat transfer because of water passing
through swirling action means turbulence in the
flow get created.
REFERENCE
[1] S. Jaisankar, J. Ananth, S. Thulasic, S.T.Jayasuthakar,K.N.
Sheeba, A comprehensivereviewonsolarwaterheaters,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011)
3045– 3050.
[2] I.Budihardjo, G.L. Morrison, Performance of water-in-
glass evacuated tube solar water heaters, Solar Energy
83 (2009) 49–56
[3] Y. Taheri, Behrooz M.Ziapour,K.Alimardani, Study of an
efficient compact solar water heater,EnergyConversion
and Management 70 (2013) 187–193
[4] N.M. Nahar, Year round performance and potential of a
natural circulation type of solar water heater in India,
Energy and Buildings 35 (2003) 239–247
[5] K.K. Chong, K.G. Chay, K.H. Chin, Study of a solar water
heater using stationary V-trough collector, Renewable
Energy 39 (2012) 207-215

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IRJET- Thermal Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Solar Water Heater with Twisted Tapes

  • 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 899 Thermal Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Solar Water Heater with Twisted Tapes Sunny Rach1, Soubhik Roy2, Kuldipsinh Sindha3, Vishvjitsinh Solanki4, Ankit Singh5 1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babaria Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India 2, 3,4,5Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babaria Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract -Solar water heating systems using vacuumtubes made of borosilicate glass with special coating to absorb the solar energy are called as Evacuated Tube Collector system (ETC Systems).Vacuum tube, as shown in the sketch, is the main component, which absorbs solar energy. The vacuum tube is an assembly of two concentric, borosilicate glasstubes. Air between the gap of two glass tubes is evacuated. It results in high level of vacuum, which acts as the best insulation to minimize the heat loss from inner tube. The black coating on the inner tube absorbs the solar energy and transfers it to the water. The water on upper side of Vacuum Tube becomes hot and thus lighter, so it starts moving upwards in the tank. At the same time cold water, which is heavy, comes downward from the tank and is stored at the bottom. The phenomenon is called as natural Thermosyphon circulation, which occurs in every tube. Key Words: Evacuated Tube Collector, Twisted tapes, Thermosyphon System, Solar Water Heater, Heat Loss, Vacuum tube 1. INTRODUCTION It is the most popular utilization of solar energy. In this, usually there is a collection device, which is directlyexposed to the solar radiation. This can be an absorbing type or concentrating type. In the former case, there is a dark surface exposed to sun, which absorbs radiation. Absorbed energy is then transferred to a fluid (likeairorwater), which is in contact with the absorber. In the later case solar radiation is concentrated to a focal pointandtheheat energy is transferred to the fluid [2].  Solar radiation is an alternative energy source for numerous industrial anddomestic applications.One of the simplest and most direct applications of this energy is the conversion of solarradiationintoheat. Hence the domestic sector can lessen its impact on the environment is by the installation of solar flat collector for heating water. Conventional natural circulation flat plate solar water heaters are the most economical and large scale use of solar energy all over the world. Its thermal performance and efficiency which depends on its design parameters, thickness, type of insulation, number and type of glass covers, spacing between absorber and inner glass. Apart from these parameters its performance also depends on climatic and operational parameters.  The circulation of the water in solar water heater is natural circulation due to the density differences between the hot water and cold water. The block diagram of solar water heater is shown in figure. Solar water heating systems use collector panels to capture the suns radiation and convert itintouseful heat in the form of hot water. A solar collector coupled with solar water storage reduces the fuel needed for domestic hot water. Solar thermal systems could make a contribution to spaceheating as well as providing hot water. Water flowsthrough tubes that are attached to a black metal absorber plate [4] [5]. The plate is enclosed in an insulated box with a transparent window to let in sunlight. The heated water is transferred to a tank whereitis available for home, commercial or institutional use. 1.1 Problem Summary Solar collectors are one of the simplest and most popular devices used to convert solar radiations into heat which is further utilized for the purpose of heating water. But these types of collectors suffer from heat loss due to radiation and convection. Such losses increase rapidly as the temperature of the working fluid increases. Solar heater is a device which is used for heating the water, forproducing the steamfordomesticandindustrialpurposes by utilizing the solar energy.Solar energyistheenergywhich is coming from sun in the form of solar radiations in infinite amount, when these solar radiations falls on absorbing surface, then they gets converted into the heat, this heat is used for heating the water. This type of thermal collector suffers from heatlossesduetoradiationandconvection.Such losses increase rapidly as the temperature of the working fluid increases[3]. 1.2 Objective In the present work two set-ups will be fabricated out of which one will be conventional ETC solar water heater and in the other set-up twisted tapes areinsertedinsidetheglass tubes and comparison of their thermal performance will be carried out [1].
  • 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 900 Reason behind the insertion of twisted tapes is to make the flow of water turbulent inside the tubes [1]. 2. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS • In the present work from glass material evacuated tube is fabricated having inner diameter of 18 mm and 40 mm with length of 1000 mm. • Having storage tank of 10lt capacity with 150 mm diameter and 600 mm length made of GI coated material. • Twisted tape made of copper strip 1 mm thick 1200 mm long with 180 mm pitch and 10 mm width. • Two set up has been fabricated one with twisted tape insertion and one without twisted tape insertion. • The digital K type thermocouples are used for temperature measurements. • The frame is made from angle section of 25 mm X 25 mm X 5 mm. The main water supply tank is 20 lt capacities. Fig -1: Experimental Set-up 3. WORKING PRINCIPLE Solar water heating systems using vacuum tubes made of borosilicate glass with special coating to absorb the solar energy are called as Evacuated Tube Collector system (ETC Systems). Vacuum tube, as shown in the sketch, is the main component, which absorbs solar energy. The vacuum tube is an assembly of two concentric, borosilicate glass tubes. Fig -2: Working Principle of Evacuated tube Collector Air between the gap of two glass tubes is evacuated.Itresults in high level of vacuum, which acts as the best insulation to minimize the heat loss from inner tube. The black coating on the inner tube absorbs the solar energy and transfersittothe water. Fig -3: Showing vacuum gap between two tubes The water on upper side of Vacuum Tube becomes hot and thus lighter, so it starts moving upwards in the tank. At the same time cold water, which is heavy, comes downward from the tank and is stored at the bottom. The phenomenon is called as natural Thermosyphon circulation, which occurs in every tube [2] [5]. 4. METHODOLOGY In the present work first of all the flow rate of both the set- up will be adjusted and made equal. Then the outlet temperature of the water coming out from both the set-up will be measured at regularintervalswithina particulartime limit. Readings will be taken for three different flowratesi.e. low, medium and high. And finally their thermal performance will be compared.
  • 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 901 5. OBSERVATIONS Table -1: Readings Time Temperature without Twisted Tape Temperature with Twisted Tape Flow Rate = 0.0375 kg/s 10:15 30.9 31.5 10:45 33.3 34 11:15 36.2 36.5 11:45 38.8 39.2 12:15 41.2 41.2 12:45 42.1 43.2 13:15 43.8 44.8 13:45 43.9 44.9 14:15 45.6 46 Flow Rate = 0.0512 kg/s 10:15 30.6 32.8 10:45 33.5 35.2 11:15 35.5 38.1 11:45 36.2 39.1 12:15 38.2 40.8 12:45 38.9 41.6 13:15 40.2 42.9 13:45 41.9 43.9 14:15 43.1 44.9 Flow Rate = 0.0625 kg/s 10:15 29.5 31.6 10:45 32.1 34.3 11:15 34.1 36.8 11:45 36.3 38.9 12:15 38.5 40.4 12:45 39.8 41.6 13:15 40.9 42.8 13:45 41.9 43.2 14:15 39.8 41.9 Chart -1: Temperature variation for low flow rate Chart -2: Temperature variation with medium flow rate Chart -3: Temperature variation with high flow rate 6. RESULTS • From observation Table itisclearlyobservedthatin low and medium flow rate temperature gain is better in both the cases compare to high flow rate. • In the present work temperature gain in all cases are almost 10 0C because it is small experimental model of 10 lt capacity with covering glass sheet. • Compare to without twisted tape in case of with twisted tape better temperature gain can be obtained due to turbulence in the flow. • The average temperature difference in case of with and without twisted tape with respecttotimeis10C only due to small size of set up and only two evacuated tubes are used. 7. CONCLUSIONS The major conclusions of present work are: • There will be more heat collected through evacuated tube. • Solar water heater must not lose the heat from water to air due to convection, because of there is evacuated tube in which vacuum is created in annular space.
  • 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 902 • Due to introduction of twisted tape there will be more heat transfer because of water passing through swirling action means turbulence in the flow get created. REFERENCE [1] S. Jaisankar, J. Ananth, S. Thulasic, S.T.Jayasuthakar,K.N. Sheeba, A comprehensivereviewonsolarwaterheaters, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 3045– 3050. [2] I.Budihardjo, G.L. Morrison, Performance of water-in- glass evacuated tube solar water heaters, Solar Energy 83 (2009) 49–56 [3] Y. Taheri, Behrooz M.Ziapour,K.Alimardani, Study of an efficient compact solar water heater,EnergyConversion and Management 70 (2013) 187–193 [4] N.M. Nahar, Year round performance and potential of a natural circulation type of solar water heater in India, Energy and Buildings 35 (2003) 239–247 [5] K.K. Chong, K.G. Chay, K.H. Chin, Study of a solar water heater using stationary V-trough collector, Renewable Energy 39 (2012) 207-215