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IRJET- Review of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless Communication
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3609 REVIEW OF ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Akash Sindhikar1, Dr.S.P.Mohani2 1M.tech Scholar, E&TC Department, Government college of engineering, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India 2Associate Professor, E&TC Department, Government college of engineering, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a topic of prime importance in the new era of wireless communication field. In few years wirelesscommunicationhas attracted increasing the attention from both industry and educational areas. The paper introduces the implementation of OFDM. This paper explains one of the multiplexing techniques that helps in efficient use of transmission bandwidth and that speeds up the data transfer, namely Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing.Thismultiplexing technique overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional Frequency Division Multiplexing ofusingguardbandsbetween two signals being transmitted to avoid mixing of signals. This article provides an overview of the BPSK modulation in OFDM technology and focuses on BER calculations. Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Binary phase shift keying(BPSK), Bit Error Rate. 1. INTRODUCTION OFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing technique. In this technique, the given bandwidth is shared among individual modulated data resources. OFDM is especially suitable for high-speed communication due to its resistance to ISI[1]. As communication systems increase their information transfer speed, the time for each transmission necessarily becomes shorter. OFDM playsvital role in 4G communication leading to various applications in wireless communication. FFT and IFFT are the hearts of OFDM system. This overlapping of subcarriers in frequency domain improves its spectral efficiency than the conventional multicarrier communication scheme[6].OFDM is implemented by using different modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, M-ary QAM etc. This Orthogonally can be completely maintained with a minute increase in SNR, even though the signal passes through a time dispersive fading channel, by introducing a cyclic prefix. We need to take care that the length of the cyclic prefix is at least equal to the length of the multipath channel. The size of cyclic prefix is usually taken as one fourth the symbol size. In this paper, both transmission and reception process of OFDM are analysed by using BPSK modulation. Biterrorrate analysis is also carried out. The transmission takes place over Gaussian channel. 2. REVIEW WORK Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of lower rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously over a number of subcarriers. Transmission of OFDM signal Consider that we want to send the following data bits using OFDM: D = { , …). The first thing that should be considered in designing the OFDM transmitteristhenumber of subcarriers required to send the given data. As a generic case,N number of subcarriers are assumed. Each subcarrier is centered at frequencies that are orthogonal to each other (usually integer multiplesof frequencies).Theseconddesign parameter could be the modulation format that is tobeused. An OFDM signal can be constructed using anyone of the following digital modulation,techniquesnamelyBPSK,QPSK, QAM etc. The data (D) has to be first converted from serial stream into parallel stream depending onthenumberofsub- carriers (N). Since we assumed that there are N subcarriers allowed for the OFDM transmission, the subcarriers are named from 0 to N-1. Now, the Serial to Parallel converter takes the serial stream of input bits and outputs N parallel streams (indexed from 0 to N-1). These parallel streams are individually converted into the required digital modulation format (BPSK, QPSK, QAM etc.)[1]. Once the data bits are converted to required modulation format, they need to be superimposed on the required orthogonal subcarriers for transmission: This is achieved by a series of N parallel sinusoidal oscillators tuned to N orthogonal frequencies ( ). Finally, the resultant output from the N parallel arms are summed up together to produce the OFDM signal. The following figure illustrates the basic concept of OFDM transmission.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3610 FIG-1: OFDM transmitter OFDM transmission using BPSK modulation technique Suppose the data that is to be transmitted be 1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1 Step 1: Initially serial to parallel converter Time D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 T1 1 0 1 0 1 T2 1 1 1 0 1 T3 0 0 0 1 0 T4 1 0 0 1 1 Step2: BPSK mapping Step3: Multiplying by orthogonal carrier signal, we get OFDM transmitter signal Tim e K0 K1 K2 K3 K4 T1+ 1*sin2π - 1*sin2 1*sin2 - 1*sin2 1*sin2π T2+ 1* sin2π 1* sin2 1* sin2 -1* sin2 1* sin2π T3+ -1* sin2π -1* sin2 -1* sin2 1* sin2 -1* sin2π T4+ 1* sin2π -1* sin2 -1* sin2 1* sin2 1* sin2π This multiplication provides OFDM signal. Generally, an OFDM signal can be represented as C(t) = …….(i) This equation can be thought of as an IFFT process The Fourier transform breaks a signal into different frequency bits by multiplying the signal with a series of sinusoids. This essentially translates the signal from time domain to frequency domain. But, IFFT is viewed as a conversion process from frequency domain to time domain. The equation for FFT and IFFT differ by the coefficientstheytake and the minus sign. Both these operations multiply the incoming signal with a series of sinusoids and separates them into bits. In fact, FFT and IFFT are dual and behave in a similar way.An inverse Fourier transform converts the frequency domain data set into samples of the corresponding time domain representation of this data. Specifically, the IFFT is useful for OFDM because itgenerates samples of a waveform with frequency components satisfying orthogonality conditions. Then, the parallel to serial converter block creates the OFDM signal by sequentially outputting the time domain samples. The channel simulation allowsexamination of common wireless channel characteristics such as noise, multipath, and clipping. By adding random noise effect to the transmitted signal, simple noise is simulated. Multipath simulation involves adding attenuated and delayed copies of the transmitted signal to the original.This simulatestheproblem in wireless communication when the signal propagates on many paths. For example, a receiver may see a signal via a direct path as well as a path that bounces off a building.The receiver performs the inverse of the transmitter. First, the OFDM data are split from a serial stream into parallel sets. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) converts the timedomain samples back into the frequency domain. Time S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 T1 1 -1 1 -1 1 T2 1 1 1 -1 1 T3 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 T4 1 -1 -1 1 1
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3611 2. OFDM System FIG-2: OFDM System In the typical OFDM system, the serial binary data is encoded into parallel form which reduces bit rate per carrier. This parallel data is mapped by using any suitable modulation technique. As a result, the amplitude of such a signal can have very large values. This large amplitude variation is a big disadvantage of OFDM, which tends to reduce the efficiency of power amplifier[2],since the amplifier is typically rather non-linear for high input amplitudes.In this system, N overlaps orthogonal sub- carriers, each carrying a baud rate of 1/T and spaced 1/ T apart is used, orthogonality of sub-carrierrequiresthateach sub carrier have exactly same integer number of cycles in the interval T. The IFFT block is provided for maintaining orthogonality among the sub carriers which is decoded properly with a FFT block on the receiver side. The above figure shows the block diagram of OFDM system. In the channel, time spread interference is caused between the adjacent OFDM symbols.To mitigate this interferenceandto preserve the orthogonality between the subcarriers,aCPor guard interval is provided. The length of this CP is kept greater than or equal to the channel length, which introduces redundancy. As a result, inter symbol interference (ISI) is completely eliminated. The resultant symbol is then applied to a power amplifier and subsequently sent over the channel. The binary datainputis encoded and converted to parallel data by serial to parallel (S/P) converter. This data is further modulated. The IFFT block receives this data. The IFFT transforms this data into time domain signal maintaining the orthogonality of the OFDM signal. Before adding the CP, data needs to be converted into serial data. Hence the data is converted into serial form then CP is added and the data is transmitted through channel.This data is received at thereceiverandthe CP or guard interval is removed from the OFDM symbol. Then the data is converted from serial to parallel. This parallel data is transformed by the FFT block and the time domain signal gets converted into frequency domain signal. The signal is further demodulated and decoded. Thus, the received symbol is equalized and detected to retrieve the original transmitted symbol.The use of FFT avoids the complexity in the circuit. It reduces the number of modulators and filters to be used at the transmitter as well as complementary filters and demodulators at the receiver[5]. A spectral spreading and in-band distortion occurs which impairs OFDM signal on passing through a nonlinear device liketransmit power amplifier. OFDM is currentlyused inthe wirelesssystem to a large extent and hence it issignificantto resolve this problem, which hasbecomeanimportantareaof research. OFDM design parameters for wireless application The random binary generator block generates random binary numbers that are applied to BPSK modulator. This modulates using the binary phase shift keying method. The output is a baseband representation of the modulatedsignal. The input must be a discrete-time binary-valuedsignal.Ifthe input bit is 0 or 1, then the modulated symbol is exp(θ) or - exp(θ) respectively, where θ is the phase offset parameter. Above figure shows the frequency domain signal is then applied to IFFT block .The IFFT block computes the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) of length-M input, where M must be a power of two. The output is always frame-based, and each output frame containsthe M-pointInverseDiscrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) of the corresponding input. Thus IFFT transfers from frequency domain into time domain signal and at the same time maintains the orthogonality among the carriers. The AWGN channel block adds white Gaussian noise to a real or complex input signal. When the input signal is real, then it addsrealGaussiannoise and g a real output generates signal. When the input signalis complex, this block adds complex Gaussian noise and produces a complex output signal. 3. Bit Error Rate for BPSK modulation In digital communication,BER reveals the system behavior and evaluates the systemperformance[3]. Bit error is the number of bits that are altered by factors such as unwanted signal, interference and bit synchronization errors. BER is the ratio of bit errors to the total number of bits of an information signal i.e. BER = No of bit in errors/ Total no of bits transmitted It is unitless performance measure, often express as a percentage. BER can beimproved by using appropriate modulation scheme and coding technique[4]. = ½ ( ) Modulation Type BPSK/QPSK/16QAM FFT size 64 with 52 subcarriers FFT period 3.2μs Data period 6 to 48 Mbps SubCarriers freq spacing 0.312μs Symbol time 4 μs
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3612 For OFDM, using BPSK Modulation having parameter like No. of bits transmitted = 12000 No. of carriers used = 6 Bits per each carrier = 2000 4. CONCLUSION The paper presents review of OFDM scheme over Gaussian channel. The paper also discusses the basic steps towards the generation of OFDM signal and also the BER-SNR relationship. REFERENCES [1] An introduction to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Technology; Keithley. [2] S. Kumar and Deepak Kedia,”Study and Performance Analysis of a General MIMOOFDM System for Next Generation Communication Systems,” International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Technology (IJECCT), Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp. 460-463, 2013. [3] Mr. Sivanagaraju and Dr. Siddaiah,”Comprehensive Analysis of BER and SNR in OFDM Systems,” IJIRCCE, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 3059-3065, 2014. [4] Nimay Ch. Giri, Rupanita Das and SK Mohammed Ali, “BER Analysis and Performance of MIMO-OFDM System,Using BPSK Modulation Scheme for Next Generation Communication Systems,” IJESRT, Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp .1622- 1629,March 2014. [5]Van Nee, Richard, and Ramjee Prasad. OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications. Boston: Artech House, 2000. [6] Naguib, Ayman F., Nambi Seshadri, and A. R. Calderbank. “Increasing Data Rate over Wireless Channels.” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine (May, 2000): 76-92. SNR BER(using the above expression) 0 0.0757 1 0.0564 2 0.0388 3 0.0215 4 0.0118
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