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Feasibility and Future Prospects of Biodiesel use in IC Engines - A Review
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 374 FEASIBILITY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF BIODIESEL USE IN IC ENGINES - AREVIEW- Prof. J.S.GITAY1, Dr. G.R.SELOKAR2 1 P.G Scholar, PhD Mechanical, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSSUTMS, Sehore, M.P., India 2 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSSUTMS, Sehore, M.P., India -----------------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The economic stability of a country is primarily depends on its energy security, particularly for those countries that do not possess adequate fossil or nuclear resources. The variable nature of fossil fuels resources and with the steady increase in energy consumption has propelled research interest in alternative and renewable energy sources. As a sustainable, renewable and alternative fuel for compression ignition diesel engine, the research on biodiesel to study its effects on engine performances and emissions has been increased in the recent decade. Chemically, biodiesel is a monoalkyl ester of saturated and unsaturated long chain fatty acids obtained by the transesterification reaction between renewable feed stock like vegetable oils or animal fats and a monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst. The second generation feed stocks or non-edible vegetable oils can be considered as promising substitutions for traditional edible oils foodcrops for the production of biodiesel because of the tremendous demand for edible oils as food source and its costs are far expensive to be used as fuel. The aim of the present paper is to do a comprehensive review of engine performance and emissions using biodiesel derived from different non-edible oils and to compare that with the diesel. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy is heart of everybody’s quality of life. But the global population and the need for the energy increase hand- in-hand. The current fossil-fuel based energy system is not sustainable as it contributes substantially to climate change and depends heavily on imports from foreign countries. The burning of these fuels leads to emission of pollutant gases like CO2, HC, NOx, SOx. The reasons like rapidly increasing prices, increased environmental concern, uncertainties of petroleum availability and effect of greenhouse gases. Industries have enhanced the search for alternative sources forpetroleum-based fuel including diesel fuel [1]. Thus attention has been focussed on using alternative sources of energy such as biodiesel. The diesel engine is frequently used in transportation, power generation, industrial and agricultural applications, and in many more applications. The inventor of the diesel engine, Rudolph Diesel first tested peanut oil in his compression ignition engine in 1900 [2]. In spite of vegetable oils performance in diesel engine the concerns that their higher costs as compared to petroleum fuel would pre- vent their prevalent uses. Vegetable oils create engine problems when used as diesel fuel especially indirect-injection engines. The major drawback of vegetable oils is their high viscosity which causes trumpet formation on the injectors and cooking resulting in poor atomization and ultimately leads to operational problems [3]. Transesterification is one of the most common solutions to reduce viscosity of vegetable oil which yields mono alkylesters of long chain fatty acids or fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE). In 1938 this idea of transesterification was originated that the glycerine in vegetable oils is likely to cause excess carbon deposit on the engine part and has no calorific value. Therefore it should be eliminated from the vegetable oils and the engine should run on the residuefatty acid. The residue fattyacid is known as “biodiesel”. Thefatty acid part or biodiesel is ten times less viscous than vegetable oil. Bio- diesel is biodegradable, renewable, environmental friendly, non-toxic, ecofriendlyand readilyavailable fuel [3]. Selection of proper feedstock for production of biodiesel is very important since the input cost is a major contributor to the production cost and affects the yield of the final product. There are two different generation of potential feed stocks for biodiesel production. One is the edible vegetable oils and the second are the non-edible vegetable oils. In the production of biodiesel abroad more than ninety five percent of feedstocks come from edible oils and these oils are much suitable to be used as diesel fuel substitute. Hence, the use of these feedstocks could not be possible in India. Therefore, non-edible vegetable oils or the second generation feedstocks have become moreattractive for biodiesel production. These feed stocks are very promising for the sustainable production of biodiesel. Moreover, microalgae with high oil content have the potential to produce an oil yield that is upto twenty five times higher than the yield of traditional biodiesel crops, such as palm oil. [4] This study concentrates on assessing the viability of using biodiesel as alternative fuels in the existing compression ignition engines. In this review, the results of some of the research works of vegetable oils are compared, summarized and added the research short comes to be incorporated in future work.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 375 2. THE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS The key to effectively preparing for the biodiesel process is to make sure the feedstocks have been sufficientlyfilteredby removing all contaminants and water. Upon filtration the feedstocks are fed to the transesterification process. The catalyst usually sodium hydroxideor potassiumhydroxideis dissolved in alcohol usually methanol and then blend with the pretreated oil. The co-products of this reaction are bio- diesel and glycerine as shown in figure 1. Figure 1. The transesterification reaction ( RI, RII and RIII long-chain hydrocarbons which may be the same or different with R = CH3/C2H5) The overall transesterification reaction [5] is given by three consecutive and reversible equations as below: The sequence of conversion is of triglycerides to diglycerides and then diglycerides to monoglycerides, of monoglycerides to glycerol, givesone methyl estermolecule per mole of glyceride at each conversion.Once separated from the glycerin, the biodiesel goes through a purification process, removing all remaining alcohol and catalyst. It is then dried and stored. The additional process must be implemented to free biodiesel from odor, sulphur and without color.Biodiesel can be used as pure fuel namely B100 or used in blending with neat diesel fuel. The “BXX” with “XX” represents the biodiesel blends which shows the percentage of biodiesel contained in the blend e.g., B80 is 80% of biodiesel, 20% of petroleum diesel. Similarly, B20 contains 20% biodiesel. Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel engine with no or only minor modifications. [4, 5] 3. PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL Some of the biodiesel fuels properties [6-22] are compared in Table 1.The characteristics of biodiesel are close to petroleum diesel, and, therefore, biodiesel becomes a strong candidate to replace the petroleum diesel. The molecular weight and the viscosity of vegetable oils is reduced by the conversion of vegetable oil into biodiesel through the transesterification process which increases the volatility marginally. Table 1. The Properties of Biodiesel Properties DieselBiodiesel Jatropha curcas L.KaranjaCastorMahuaCotton seed Density (g/cc) 0.83 0.88 0.88 0.91 0.88 0.85 kinematic viscosity at 40 C (cst) 4 4.12 9.5 10.4 5.58 6 Flash point (˚C) 44 162 187 149 170 200 cloud point (˚C) 4 -4 -2 - -3 -2 pour point (˚C) -6 -8 -6 - -18 -4 Calorific value (MJ/kg)42.5 39.6 36.6 46.2 42 41.6 Cetane number 47 57 48 42 - 52
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 376 4. ENGINE PERFORMANCES AND EMISSIONS To evaluate the performance of diesel engine using bio- diesel and its blends the following operating parameters have to decide. A. Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) It is a very effective yardstick for comparing the performance of different fuels. It is defined as the average or mean pressure through one complete operating cycle which, if imposed on the pistons uniformly, would produce the measured or brake power output. BMEP is independent of the RPM and size of the engine. BMEP is purely theoretical and has nothing to do with actual cylinder pressures. It is simply a tool to evaluate the efficiency of a given engine at producing torque froma given displacement. B. MechanicalEfficiency (ηm) Part of the indicated work per cycle is used to expel exhaust gases, induct fresh air, and also overcome the friction of the bearings, pistons, and other mechanical parts of the engine. The ratio of BP to IP is used to express the mechanical efficiency w h i c h g i v es the ability of the engine to overcome the frictional power loss. The leakage of fuel are favorable to compensate power loss due to less calorific value of biodiesel [14]. It was reported that there was no significant difference in engine power be- tween biodiesel and diesel [20]. It has also been reported there is an increase in fuel consumption in case of biodiesel compared to diesel [6].This is attributed due to combined effects of the higher fuel density, viscosity and low heating value of biodiesel. The higher densities of biodiesel resulted in higher values for BSFC because it led to more discharge of fuel for the same dis- placement of the plunger in the fuel injection pump. The BTE obtained from biodiesel was lesser than that of diesel which is attributed to poor air fuel mixing, poor spray characteristics, higher volatility, higher viscosity and lower calorific value [6, 7]. Due to smaller ignition delay of bio- diesel causes increases in the compression work as well as heat loss that also leads to reduction in the efficiency of the engine. C. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) The BSFC defined as the fuel flow rate per unit of power output. It is desirable to obtain a lower value of BSFC that is the engine will use less fuel to produce the same amount of work. D. Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTE) It is the ratio of the thermal energy in the fuel to the energy delivered by the engine at the crankshaft. It greatlydepends on the manner in which the energy is converted as the effi- ciency is normalized respect to the fuel heating value. It can be expressed by: BTE (ηb) = BP/(mf x NCV) (5) where, mf = fuel consumption and NCV = net calorific value E. Comparable Effect on Operating Parameters The above defined parameters are determined by various researchers by performing experiments on the diesel engine with biodiesel produced by different vegetable oils. Due to less calorific value and inefficient combustion the engine power decreased with the utilization of biodiesel [19]. How- ever properties like higher density which results in injection of increased mass of fuel andhigher viscosity which reduces Biodiesel has shown a lot of promise in terms of lower harmful emissions compared to diesel. Canakci [21] and Nabi et al. [22] found 18.4% and 4% reductions in CO emissions, respectively with B100 due to oxygen content of bio-diesel and also due to lower carbon to hydrogen ratio of bio- diesel. The complete combustion of the fuel with biodiesel is possible because biodiesel has oxygen contain in their mole- cule [18]. There is contradiction regarding emission of NOx in the literature. Some of the literature reported higher NOx emission with biodiesel. The major causes for biodiesel’s in- creased NOx emissions content of oxygen in biodiesel. Approximately 10% increase in NOx emission was reported by Rao et al. [7] with 30% biodiesel mixtures. There are also some evidences of less emission of NOx. Kalligeros et al. [23] reported 38.4% reduction of NOx emissions, which is due to lower flash point and higher cetane number of biodiesel. PM (particulate matter) which is composed mainly of drysoot, sulphate and soluble organic fraction [23] were generally reduced with the use of biodiesel as compare to diesel. Shorter ignition delay due to higher cetanenumber of biodiesel and longer combustion duration results in low particulate emissions [18]. The smoke emission is also lowered due to low carbon to hydrogen ratio [24]. It has also been reported the significant reduction in hydro carbons (HC) emission with biodiesel. Kalligeros et al. [25] reported that the addition of methyl esters contributed to a faster evaporation and more stable combustion, andhence, a decrease in HC in comparison to diesel. At higher loads, HC emission increases due to higher fumigation rate and non- availability of oxygen relative to diesel [26]. CO2 emissions of biodiesel are higher than that of diesel fuel due to the presence of oxygen in biodiesel and relatively lower content of carbon in biodiesel for the same volume of fuel consumed [6].
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 377 The analysis and summary of this work is helpful for re- searchers and engine manufacturers to optimize and readjust biodiesel engine and to develop the further related research for its relevant systems. It will also helpful for governments to design new energy policies relating to the use of biodiesel in the light of environmental costs and for private users to understand profits for usingbiodiesel, andto enhance awareness of environmental protection. As per the author’s point of view, it has been observed that no literature is available for the effect on operating parameters and emissions performance of biodiesel with the engine operating temperature related to ambient atmospheric temperatures. The authors are in strong opinion to evaluate the research on engine operating temperature with biodiesel with its blends as this would have definite impact on engine performance, especially specific fuel consumption, power output and as well as emissions. 5. CONCLUSIONS Clearly, biodiesel is one of the environmentally responsible alternatives to petroleum-based gasoline and diesel. Still tremendous scope of research is there to optimize the operating temperature based fuel economy and emissions. The agricultural industry can be expanded through the use of biodiesel in automotive. The devastating effects of corporate agribusiness practices would be tempered and the small marginal farmers would have good opportunity for their better survival and return back to the community with lavish- ness. In general the food versus fuel conflict does not arise if non-edible oils are used as biodiesel. REFERENCES [1] M. Balat, H. Balat, “A critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel” Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 49, pp. 2727–2741, 2008. [2] L. Sharma, N.K. Grover, M. Bhardwaj and I. Kaushal, “Comparison of Engine Performance of Mixed Jatropha and Cottonseed Derived Biodiesel Blends with Conventional Diesel”, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, Vol. 3(1), pp. 29-32, 2012. [3] T. Issariyakul, A. K.. Dalai, “Biodiesel from vegetable oils”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Re- views, Vol. 31, pp. 446–471, 2014. [4] A.E. Atabani, A.S.Silitonga, H.C.Ong, T.M.I.Mahlia, H.H. Masjuki, I. A. Badruddin, H. Fayaz, “Nonedible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 18, pp. 211–245, 2013. [5] B.K. Barnwal, M.P. 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