fire fighting systems,extinguishers.alarm system technology in fire fighting robots and safety guidelines ....

2.  Fire history
 General information about fire
 Fire fighting equipment(extinguishers)
 Fire safety(alarms and sprinkle system etc.)
 Technology in fire fighting(fire fighting robots)
 Safety cautions

3.  Definition
 Fire is a process in which substances
combine chemically with oxygen from the air
and typically give out bright light, heat, and
smoke; combustion or burning.

4.  The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a
simple model for understanding the
necessary ingredients for most fires.
The triangle illustrates the three elements
a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an
oxidizing agent (usually oxygen).

5.  The main three types of fire have been coded with
either a letter or a standard pictogram shown to the
right. Class A: Fires with trash, wood, paper or other
combustible materials as the fuel source. Class
 B: Fires with flammable or combustible liquids as the
fuel source.
 Class C: Fires involving electrical equipment.
 Class D: Fires with certain ignitable metals as a
fuel source. Class K
 Class K fires are fires in cooking oils and
greases such as animals fats and vegetable fats.

6.  These stages are incipient, growth, fully
developed, and decay.
 Incipient – This first stage begins when heat,
oxygen and a fuel source combine and have a
chemical reaction resulting in fire. This is also
known as “ignition” and is usually represented
by a very small fire which often (and hopefully)
goes out on its own, before the following stages
are reached.

7.  Growth – The growth stage is where the
structures fire load and oxygen are used as fuel
for the fire. There are numerous factors
affecting the growth stage including where the
fire started, what combustibles are near it,
ceiling height and the potential for “thermal
layering”. It is during this shortest of the 4
stages when a deadly “flashover” can occur;
potentially trapping, injuring or killing
firefighters.

9.  – When the growth stage has reached its
max and all combustible materials have
been ignited, a fire is considered fully
developed. This is the hottest phase of a fire
and the most dangerous for anybody trapped
within.

10.  Decay – Usually the longest stage of a fire,
the decay stage is characterized a significant
decrease in oxygen or fuel, putting an end to
the fire. Two common dangers during this stage
are first – the existence of non-flaming
combustibles, which can potentially start a new
fire if not fully extinguished. Second, there is
the danger of a backdraft when oxygen is
reintroduced to a volatile, confined space.

11.  A fire extinguisher, or extinguisher, is an
active fire protection device used to
extinguish or control small fires, often in
emergency situations.

12.  Water and Foam
 Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the
fire by taking away the heat element of the fire
triangle. Foam agents also separate
the oxygen element from the other elements.
 Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they
should not be used on Class B or C fires. The
discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid
in a Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on
a Class C fire.

13.  Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers
extinguish fire by taking away
the oxygen element of the fire triangle and
also be removing the heat with a very cold
discharge.
 Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C
fires. They are usually ineffective on Class A
fires.

14.  Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire
primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire
triangle.
 Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the
multipurpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A, B,
and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.
 Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is
important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of
fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-
ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

15.  Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes
the fire by removing the heat of the fire triangle
and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier
between the oxygen and fuel elements.
 Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were
developed for modern, high efficiency deep fat
fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some
may also be used on Class A fires in
commercial kitchens.

16.  Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers
include the halon agents as well as the
newer and less ozone depleting halocarbon
agents. They extinguish the fire by
interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire
triangle.
 Clean agent extinguishers are primarily for
Class B & C fires. Some larger clean agent
extinguishers can be used on Class A, B,
and C fires.

17.  Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry
chemical except that they extinguish the fire
by separating the fuel from
the oxygen element or by removing
the heat element of the fire triangle.
 However, dry powder extinguishers are for
Class D or combustible metal fires, only.
They are ineffective on all other classes of
fires.

18.  Water Mist extinguishers are a recent
development that extinguish the fire by
taking away the heatelement of the fire
triangle. They are an alternative to the clean
agent extinguishers where contamination is
a concern.
 Water mist extinguishers are primarily for
Class A fires, although they are safe for use
on Class C fires as well.

19.  Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers
extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical
reaction of the fire triangle.
 Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the
multipurpose dry chemical is effective on Class A, B, and
C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.
 Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is
important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of
fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-
ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

20.  Just remember the three A's
 ACTIVATE the building alarm system or notify the fire
department by calling 911. Or, have someone else do this for
you.
 ASSIST any persons in immediate danger, or those incapable
on their own, to exit the building, without risk to yourself.
 Only after these two are completed should you ATTEMPT to
extinguish the fire.
 Only fight a fire if:
 The fire is small and contained
 You are safe from toxic smoke
 You have a means of escape
 Your instincts tell you it's OK

21.  It is important to know the locations and the types of extinguishers in your
workplace prior to actually using one.
 Fire extinguishers can be heavy, so it's a good idea to practice picking up
and holding an extinguisher to get an idea of the weight and feel.
 Take time to read the operating instructions and warnings found on the fire
extinguisher label. Not all fire extinguishers look alike.
 Practice releasing the discharge hose or horn and aiming it at the base of
an imagined fire. Do not pull the pin or squeeze the lever. This will break
the extinguisher seal and cause it to lose pressure.
 When it is time to use the extinguisher on a fire, just remember PASS!
 Pull the pin.
 Aim the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the recommended safe
distance.
 Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguishing agent.
 Starting at the recommended distance, Sweep the nozzle or hose from
side to side until the fire is out. Move forward or around the fire area as the
fire diminishes. Watch the area in case of re-ignition.

22.  Like any mechanical device, fire extinguishers must be
maintained on a regular basis to ensure their proper operation.
You, the owner or occupant of the property where the fire
extinguishers are located, are responsible for arranging your fire
extinguishers' maintenance.
 Fire extinguishers must be inspected or given a "quick check"
every 30 days. For most extinguishers, this is a job that you can
easily do by locating the extinguishers in your workplace and
answering the three questions below.
 Is the extinguisher in the correct location?
 Is it visible and accessible?
 Does the gauge or pressure indicator show the correct
pressure?

23.  In addition, fire extinguishers must be
maintained annually in accordance with local,
state, and national codes and regulations. This
is a thorough examination of the fire
extinguisher's mechanical parts, fire
extinguishing agent, and the expellant gas. Your
fire equipment professional is the ideal person
to perform the annual maintenance because
they have the appropriate servicing manuals,
tools, recharge materials, parts, lubricants, and
the necessary training and experience.

24. It’s easy to remember how to use a fire
extinguisher if you remember the acronym
PASS:
 Pull
 Aim
 Squeeze
 Sweep

25.  Pull the pin…
 This will allow you to discharge the
extinguisher

26.  Aim at the base of the fire…
Hit the fuel.
If you aim at the flames...
 … the extinguishing agent will fly right
through and do no good.

27.  Squeeze the top handle…
 This depresses a button that releases
the pressurized extinguishing agent.

28.  Sweep from side to side…
 Start using the extinguisher from a safe
distance away, then slowly move
forward.
.. until the fire is completely
out.
 Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the
area in case it re-ignites.

30.  A fire alarm system is number of devices
working together to detect and alert people
through visual and audio appliances when
smoke/fire is present. These alarms may be
activated from smoke detectors, and heat
detectors.

31.  An Alarm Monitoring Center
or Central Monitoring Station (also known
as "CMS") is a company that provides
services to monitor burglar, fire and
residential alarm systems.
The Central Monitoring Station may also
provide watchman and supervisory services.

32.  A flame detector is a sensor designed to
detect and respond to the presence of
a flame or fire. Responses to a
detected flame depend on the installation,
but can include sounding an alarm,
deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or
a natural gas line), and activating
a firesuppression system.

33.  A fire alarm system is number of devices
working together to detect and alert people
through visual and audio appliances when
smoke/fire is present. These alarms may be
activated from smoke detectors, heat
detectors, water flow systems, which are
automatic or from a manual fire alarm pull
station.

35. 1) Why are fire detection & alarm systems
installed?
2) Types of alarm systems
3) Automatic alarm initiating devices
3.1) Heat detectors
3.2) Smoke detectors
3.3) Flame detectors
3.4) Fire – gas detectors

36. 4) Combination detectors
5) Indicating devices
6) Automatic alarm systems
- Remote station system
- Proprietary system
- Central station system

37. 7) Supervising fire alarm systems
8) Auxiliary systems
9) Fire alarm systems – general info.

38.  Notify building occupants to take evasive
action to escape the dangers of a hostile
fire
 Summon organized assistance to initiate
or assist in fire control activities
 Initiate automatic fire control &
suppression systems & to sound alarm

39.  Supervise fire control & suppression
systems to assure operational status is
maintained
 Initiate auxiliary functions involving
environmental, utility & process
controls
 Systems may incorporate one or all of
these functions

40.  System components may operate :
mechanically
hydraulically
pneumatically or
electrically

41.  Most basic type is designed to only be
initiated manually – known as a local
system or protected premises (pull
station & bell)
 Typically, this system is expanded to
include fire detection devices to sense
the presence of a fire and initiate a
signal

42. 3.1) Heat detectors – fixed temp. &
rate-of-rise
 Fixed-temperature devices
› Oldest types in use
› Relatively inexpensive
› Least prone to false alarms
› Activation temperature slightly above highest
ceiling temperature

43.  Detect heat by one or more of 3 primary
principles of physics:
 Expansion of heated material
 Melting of heated material
 Changes in resistance of heated material

44. Fusible devices and frangible bulbs can be
used but are typically found in???
o Automatic sprinklers
(Review this section on page 560)

45.  Most detectors are of the spot type
 Designed to detect heat in only in a
relatively small area surrounding the spot
they are located
 May find continuous line detection
devices – detect heat over a linear area
parallel to the detector (eg. conveyors,
electric cable trays etc.)

46.  May also find bimetallic detectors
 Uses 2 metals with different thermal
expansion characteristics
 When heated, 1 metal expands faster than
the other causing the strip to bend or arch
 Deflection of strip makes or breaks alarm
circuit, initiating an alarm
 Bimetallic detectors will reset automatically
when cooled (but should be checked after a
fire for damage)

47.  Operate on the principle that the
temperature in a room will increase faster
from fire than from atmospheric
temperature
 Will initiate an alarm when the rise in
temp. exceeds 12-15F (7-8C) per minute
 Alarm can be initiated at a temp. far
below that required for a fixed-temp.
device

48.  Reliable devices, not subject to false
activations
 But if not properly installed, they can be
activated under nonfire conditions (eg.
detector located too close to doorway and
subject to extreme fluctuations in
temperatures)

49.  Several different types of
detectors:
› Pneumatic rate-of-rise spot detector
› Pneumatic rate-of-rise line detector
› Rate compensated detector
› Thermoelectric detector
(Review details on pages 562 & 563)

50.  Can initiate an alarm much quicker than
a heat detector because it responds to
smoke generated very early in a fire’s
development (incipient stage)
 2 basic types:
› Photoelectric
› Ionization

51. • Photoelectric smoke detector
 Uses a photocell coupled with a
specific light source
 Basically smoke entering the smoke
detector chamber disrupts the
light beam causing an alarm signal
to be initiated
 More sensitive to smoldering fires

52. • Ionization smoke detector
 Invisible products of combustion enter the
chamber decreasing the current between
the –ve & +ve plates, thereby initiating an
alarm signal
 Generally responds faster to flaming fires
versus smoldering fires
 Automatically resets when the atmosphere
clears

53.  Can be batteries or household power
 Battery operated are easy to install and
are economical to purchase
 Independent of house power so they
will operate during power failures
 BC Fire Code will permit battery
operated units (existing buildings)

54.  BC Building Code requires hard wired
smoke alarms for new construction
 Should install both on every level of
home plus in the sleeping rooms
 Lack of maintenance (ie. not replacing
batteries) is greatest concern
 Change your clock – change your battery

55.  3 basic types of flame detectors:
 Ultraviolet light (UV)
 Infrared (IR)
 Can detect both types of light
 Most sensitive to detect fires
but also easily activated by
nonfire conditions (eg. welding,
sunlight etc.)

56.  Must be positioned with an unobstructed
view of the protected area
 Will not activate if line of site is blocked
 IR detectors are designed to require the
flickering motion of a flame
 UV detectors insensitive to sunlight so
they can be used in areas not suitable for
IR detectors

57.  Monitors levels of carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide (common to all fires)
 More discriminating than other
detectors – can be designed to be
sensitive only to gases produced by
specific types of hostile fires and
ignores gases produced by friendly
fires
 Not many in use – very specialized
applications

58.  Single device can be designed to have
more than 1 function eg. heat/smoke,
smoke/carbon monxide detectors
 Different combos make the detectors
more versatile and more responsive to
fire conditions

59.  Audible and visible alarms
 Audible: could be bells, horns, chimes
 Visible: strobes
 May be used together

60.  Depending on the BC Building Code
requirement, some occupancies (eg.
schools) are required to transmit an
alarm signal to an off-site location
 Purpose: notify fire departments
 Signal produces an automatic response
upon activation of local alarm on
protected property

61.  Can use dedicated wire pairs, leased
telephone lines, fiber-optic cable or
wireless communication links
 Refer to BC Building Code for
occupancies required to transmit a
signal off-site
 Still request occupants call 9-1-1 should
there be a problem with link

62.  3 types of systems:
 Local energy (municipal fire alarm
boxes installed-wired directly to
fire dept.)
 Shunt (circuits from municipal fire
alarm system extended into
protected property)
 Parallel telephone (alarm directly
to center over municipally
controlled telephone line)

63.  Remote station system transmits alarm,
supervisory and trouble signals from
protected property to a remote location
where action is taken
 Owners pay a monthly fee to a
monitoring company
 Most popular method of off-site
monitoring

64.  Used to protect large commercial and
industrial buildings
 Each building has its own system that is
wired into a common receiving point
somewhere on the site
 Receiving point must be in a separate
building or area remote from any
hazardous operations
 Constantly staffed with special training
to handle all types of calls

65.  Similar to a proprietary system
 Primary difference: receiving location
for calls is off-site, at a central
station, and monitored by non-staff
 Central station is an alarm company
that contracts with individual
customers
 Alarm received, info taken, and initiate
emergency response

66.  Call fire department and property
contacts
 May have supervised telephone lines

67.  Fire alarm systems designed to be self-
supervising (ie. if system not operating
normally, a trouble signal is generated)
 May happen when system switches to
battery back-up during a power outage,
break in a detector or notification circuit
etc.

68.  Fire alarm and supervisory systems may
be installed to complement wet or dry
sprinkler systems
 Flow and pressure devices are installed to
supervise the systems
 Movement in the devices would indicate a
sprinkler head activation due to a fire or
water leak due to pipe break etc.

69.  Technological improvements in fire alarm
systems have enhanced their capabilities
 Systems now integrate process and
environmental controls, security and
personnel access controls etc.

70.  Some of the auxiliary services available
are:
› Smoke control in HVAC systems
› Closing fire doors and dampers
› Assisting with evacuation by increasing air
pressure in stairwells
› Overriding elevator controls
› Controlling personnel access to hazardous
areas etc. etc.

71.  30% of calls with alarm bells ringing
and no fire in 1999
 Zones indicated on fire alarm panel
 Re-setting alarm systems - who?
 Silencing of bells – who?

72.  Emergency Evacuation is the immediate
and urgent movement of people away from
the threat or actual occurrence of a hazard.
Examples range from the small
scale evacuation of a building due to a
storm or fire to the large scale evacuation of
a district because of a flood, bombardment
or approaching weather system.

73.  A fire emergency evacuation plan (FEEP) is
a written document which includes the action
to be taken by all staff in the event of fire and
the arrangements for calling the fire brigade.
It can include any relevant information in
relation to the FEEP.

75. FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT

76. • Introduction
• Robot
• How Does It work
• Block Diagram
• Software And Hardware Requirements
• Specification
• Circuit Diagram
• Power Supply
• Working Of Fire Fighting Robot
• Advantages
• Limitation
• Application
• Future Scope
• Reference

77. This is movement based robot. It used to
sense the fire and spreads the water over
that direction.
In this, we use RF communication to
communicate between robot and control
room that is placed in a remote place.

78.  Robot exactly, is a system that contains
sensors, control systems, manipulators,
power supplies and software all working
together to perform a task. Designing,
building, programming and testing a robot is
a combination of physics, mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, structural
engineering, mathematics and computing.

79.  Stays balled-up until its sensors pick up a
fire within a half-mile radius.
 Self-guided by GPS, intelligent feelers,
infrared and heat sensors.
 Has six legs to navigate itself through and
around obstacles

80. Software Tools:
 WINAVR to compile the source file and
generate the hex code.
 AVR Studio 4.18
 AT Prog to programmer the microcontroller
Hardware Tools:
 AVR Microcontroller
 IR Sensor
 DC motors
 Pump

81.  Made from fire-resistant ceramic-fiber
compounds.
 Can stand temperatures up to 1850 ̊ F.
 The robot is equipped with tanks of water
and powdered fire extinguishing agents.

83. • The micro controller is the most important
of the design – acts as the brain for robot
• Interfaces all sensors and motors
• Contains all code for robot operations

84.  4k Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable
Flash Memory
 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Six Interrupt Sources
 On chip oscillator & clock circuitry

85.  The controller is the part of the Robot
which operates the mechanical arm and
maintains contacts with its environment.
This device is a combination of hardware
and software which enable it to carry out
its assigned tasks.

86. • The robot along with two sensors moves in all
the directions from its mount position. When
the flame or high temperature point is
detected, the Robot motion will stop
automatically and indicates fire has been
detected.

• Then the Signals from the sensors are sent to
the computer terminal and it activates the fire
preventive system.

87.  This is what Bot ,by placing sensors
appropriately we can efficiently detect the
location of fire.

88.  Would be most valuable to have in small
business stores, factories, or restaurants.
 Germany plans to place these bugs in
campgrounds in order to prevent wildfires.

89. The fire detecting Robots helps in following
ways:
To detect the exact direction of the fire
source.
 Capability of sensing accurately with
increased flexibility
 Low cost in the long run
 Reliable and economical

90.  Many believe it will be a better scout than
firefighter.
 Cannot leave outside for long
periods of time due to battery life.
 It is not meant to put out large fires.

91.  Can be used in Server rooms for immediate action in case of
fire
 Can be used in extinguishing fire where probability of
explosion is high. For e.g. Hotel kitchens, LPG/CNG gas
stores, etc.
 Every working environment requiring permanent operator's
attention. -At power plant control rooms. -At captain bridges. -
At flight control centers.

92. • As we all know that these days Pakistan is
sick off massive fire tragedy, to avoid such
disasters, technological power must exceed
human power because “Human life and time
are priceless”.
• Extended to a real fire extinguisher by
replacing the water carrier by carbon dioxide
Carrier.

93. Thank you