CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION,
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
PRESENTED BY:
BELLEN, ALYSSA C.
ESTA, LORAINE B.
RAMOS, ARNOLD
VELARDE, PAULINE R.

2. Data Presentation
The data presentation section
introduces the chapter by indicating
order of presentation.
• It summarizes background
information of the respondents and
the data collected through
literature, survey questionnaires,
interviews and observations.
• Data should be sufficient, valid
and accurate; presentation should
be clear and logical.

3. Data Presentation
• It follows the sequence
questions raised. The data
should adequately answer the
research questions.
• The tables, graphs and figures
are appropriately presented,
placed, titled, numbered and
referred to in the text.
• The text presents only the
highlight of the tables.

4. Data Presentation
• Appropriate sub headings are
used to facilitate reader
perusal of text and presents
non-evaluative analysis of
data.

5. This chapter presents the findings of
the study.
Presentation should be clear and scholarly done
and may come in the form of tables, figures or
charts. Analysis refers to the skill of the
researcher in describing, delineating
similarities and differences, highlighting the
significant findings or data and ability to
extract information or messages out of the
presented data. Interpretation is the
explanation or suggestions inferred from the
data, their implications but not conclusions.

6. ANALYSIS OF DATA
In analyzing data, stress only
those important result that
gives information that could
answer the problem you
raised or posed in your
study which you stated in
Chapter 1. you highlight
only those important and
unique findings. You have to
be consistent and coherent
in your approach as well as
logical, based on certain
academic conventions.

7. ANALYSIS OF DATA
• Data may be analyzed quantitatively
or qualitatively depending on the
level of measurement and the number
of dimensions and variables of the
study.
• Analyze in depth to give meaning to
the data presented in the data
presented in the table. Avoid table
reading.
• State statistical descriptions in
declarative sentences, e.g. in the
studies involving:

8. INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Establish interconnection between
and among data
• Check for indicators whether
hypothesis/es is/are supported or
not by findings.
• Link the present findings with
the previous literature.
• Use parallel observations with
contemporary events to give
credence presented in the
introduction.

9. PRESENTATION OF DATA
• Present the findings of the
study in the order of the
specific problem as stated
in the statement of the
Problem.
• Present the data in these
forms:
–Tabular
–Textual
–Graphical

10. A.Tabular Presentation
Tables organize and compress
data into standardized forms.
They facilitate the study and
interpretation.
Example: Slide 4

12. B. Textual Presentation of Data
Presenting the data
textually involves using
statements with number to
describe a given data. It
aims to highlight some
important data and supplement
the tabular or graphical
presentation.
Example:

14. C. Graphical Presentation of Data
• A graph is a chart representing
the quantitative variations of a
variable itself or in comparison
with those of another variable.
•Graphing presents variations,
changes and relationships of data
in a very attractive, appealing,
effective and convincing way.
•The common types of graphs used
in research are bar graph, line
graph, circle graph, pictogram and
map graph. You should only choose
the graphs which represent best
your data to avoid redundancy.Bar
- vertical, horizontal, Multiple
component

15. • BAR GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Not At
All
Fair Relative Too
Much
Excessive Not At
All
Fair Relative Too
Much
Excessive
46
14
60 68 62
71
41
75
37
26
Interests Studies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Not At
All
Fair Relative Too
Much
Excessive Not At
All
Fair Relative Too
Much
Excessive
48
31
60 61
50 42 43
73
43 49
Attire Hobbies

16. • Bar graph & Pie Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Yes No Maybe I don't know
173
15
55
7
Will the repondents still
patronize OPM?
69.20%
6.00%
22.00%
2.80%
Percentage
Yes No Maybe I don't know

17. •Line Graph

18. The External Format
The use of tables and graph
• Tables and graphs are both ways
to organize and arrange data so
that it is more easily
understood by the viewer.
• Tables and graphs are related
in the sense that the
information used in tables is
frequently also used for the
basis of graphs.

19.  When designing table, keep the
format clear and simple. Line up
decimal places, note units clearly,
use a large enough typeface and
construct a clean orderly
arrangement of rows and columns.
 Bar graphs are an excellent way to
show the results that are one time,
that are not continuous—especially
samplings such as surveys and
inventories.
 Bar graphs are used to get an
overall idea or trends in responses
which categories get, many versus
few responses.

20. • Bars in a graph should be wider
than the spaces between them.
• All bars should be of equal width,
and all spaces including the space
between the axis and the first bar,
should be equal of width.
• Bars should be neither very thin
nor very wide.
• Use the same color for all the bars
in a graph that are in a single
data set.
• Use different fill colors for
positive and negative values.
• Line graph is most useful in
displaying data or information that
change continuously over time.

21.  The column graph is more
similar
 Circle or pie graphs are
particularly good illustrations
when considering how many parts
of a whole are inception.
 Each slice should be easily
distinguished from the rest and
clearly labeled.
 Use 6 or fewer slices in a
graph.
 Emphasize a slice in a pie
graph by exploding it or by
choosing a color different from
the rest of the slices.
 Number of segments or slices in
a pie graph should be limited
to those that can be seen and
labeled.

22. • Components that are too small to be
shown individually can be grouped into
one segment labeled other or
miscellaneous.
• The largest segment conventionally
begins at 1200 or at a quarter hour and
runs clockwise. Remaining segments
continue clockwise.
• The most important slice is in the
upper-right quadrant.

23. Other Conventions
Regarding Graphics
1. Keep graphics simple. Design the
graphic to help others understand
your point.
2. Simplify your data
3. Use consistent symbols
4. Avoid special effects if they do
not enhance the point to be made.

24. Caption, Labels And Lines
Table caption should be the same as
that which appears in the list of
tables. It is placed above the table
unlike that which is used in
figures. The caption should tell in
precise terms what the table
contains.

25. Other Rules in Caption
1. No terminal punctuation.
2. Unusual abbreviation are not allowed
in the table, if necessary, put a
legend at the bottom of the table.
3. Captions should be worded as
concisely as clarity permits.
4. When a table is placed broadside on
a page the caption should be on the
binding side.
5. Be consistent in label size, font
and style.

26. Figure (Chart, Graph And
Illustration)
These should be done judiciously. The
research reporter must ask himself
the following questions: is the
illustration necessary? Does it
simply repeat what the text said?
Illustrative materials shall be called
figures. The figure number and
caption should be centered below the
illustration. An Arabic numeral is
written after the word “Figure”
followed by a period.
The caption should be brief and
explanatory.