Expositor: Adan Piestrzyñski Lima, Perú. 27 de Octubre 2006

1. MITU – KUPFERSCHIEFER FORMATIONS:
SIMILARITIESAND DIFFERENCES,
(PERU – POLAND)
J. Pieczonka 1), S. Dunin-Borkowski , A. Piestrzyń 1), P. Lutyń 2), M. Wagner 1) , A. Durand 3)
ski ski
1) AGH-University of Science and Technology (Cracow, Poland)
2) Amera Resources Corporation AMS-TSX-V (Vancouver, Canada)
3) Resources de los Andes (Lima, Peru)

2. Kupferschiefer – Poland

3. GENERALINFORMATION
• mining area 400 km2
• reserve area 500 km2
• depth of economic deposits 700-1250 m
• average copper content 1.6-2.2 wt. %
• copper reserves 32,000,000 t (1250 m)
• silver reserves 86,000 t (1250 m)
• average silver content 40-60 g/t of the ore
• geological thickness 0.4-26 m
• economical thickness above 0.8 m
• annual copper production 520,000 t
• annual silver production 1100 -1200 t
• annual gold production 300-500 kg (20 t)

4. SR – Spessart-Rhon; R- Richelsdorf; S- Sangerhausen; M- Mansfeld; SW – Spremberg-Weisswasser;
NP – deposits in North-Sudetic Trough (Konrad, Lena, Nowy Koś ); LS- Lubin-Sieroszowice
ciół

7. Geological cross-section through the Fore-Sudetic Monocline

8. COPER DEPOSIT
COPPER DEPOSIT GOLD DEPOSIT
GOLD DEPOSIT
(m)
C o p p e r D e p o s it
A A A
Lower Anhydrite
A A
PZ4
PZ3
Zechstein Limestone
Z o n e (T Z )
Tra n s it io n
Ca1
Z e c h s te in
0,5
P e rm ia n
PZ2
O r e s e rie s
S e c o n d a ry O x id ize d
Kupferschiefer T1
S y st e m (S .O .S )
.. . .. . .. Boundary Dolomite CaO
.. ... .....
W e isslie g e n d e s W S
H e m a tite
G o ld D e p o s it
P Z1
Zechstein Sandstone
..... .
H e m a tit ic P a tc h e s
. ......
.. ..
Zechstein Conglomerate
R o tlie g e n de s
. .. . . Sandstone and Conglomerates
. .. . .
0

11. 100 m 100 m
100 m 400 m

12. 50 m 50 m
50 m 50 m

13. 100 m 100 m
100 m

14. 50 m 20 m
100 m 50 m

15. 38000
TOC [% wt.]
14
36000
12
34000
10
32000
8
30000 6
4
28000
2
26000
1
24000
sam pling points
22000
limi t of the mining area
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
scale 1:125 000
6000
58000 60000 62000 64000 66000 68000 70000 72000 74000 76000 78000 80000 82000 84000 86000 88000 90000

16. 40000
1.3
R [%]
1.25
35000 1.2
1.15
1.1
30000 1.05
1
0.95
25000 0.9
0.85
0.8
20000 0.75
15000 Contour map of organic carbon
reflectivity in shale, Kupfersch iefer
(kriging method )
10000
scale 1:200 000
60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000

17. 200 m 200 m
200 m 200 m

18. 200 m 200 m
200 m 200 m

19. Hydrogenindex
Ra09-676/113
Ra09-1028/108
Ra09-364/113 Ra10-337/110
Ra14-0274/113
Ra19-0011/109
Ra19-84/112
700
Jm22-0006/105
S-64/sp¹g
Sr04-221/110
Mo01-405/105
Mo03-0618/106
Mo03-0607/107
Mo03-0857/1
Mo03-0290/109 650
Mo02-5012/105
Mo01-340/108
Mo06-1071/106
Mo06-690/108
Sr09-815/109
Mo09-0586/107
Sr09-873/110
Sr10-3449/103
Sr10-3556/106
Sr10-3484/105
Sr14-0982/104
Sr14-0979/106
Sr14-1103/106
Sr14-1071/104
Sr14-1097/106 Mo11-2731/117
Mo08-0451/105
Mo09-0670/1
Km12-39s/105
Km12-0001/107
Km12-60s/104
600
Km11-146/105
SW8/97Co/³2 Km11-0276/1
Km11-249/103
Mo13-1534/1 Km11-0220/102
Km16-160s/102
Sr18-1741/109
Sr18-1725/106
Sr17-0036/108
Sr18-1728/107
Sr17-0040/108
Sr17-0070/109
Sr20-0822/116
Km16-0142/103
550
Mo24-1282/1
Mo23-2187/110
500
Mo22-2217/107
Mo25-1372/104
Po05-1536/102
PZ-13/2
PZ-14/1
Po02-2870/1
Po02-2822/108
S-214/sp¹g
PZ-20/2
PZ-19/2
PZ-18/2 Po10-0001/102
450
Po13-2526s/1
400
R-4 sp¹g
Po13-2496/109
Po12-2504/110
Po20-0195/103
R-2a
Po20-0302/101
Pr18-0367/114
Po20-0196/104
Po20-0311s/1
Pr18-0331/115 Po17-2289/113 Po20-0294/101
Po17-2125/111
350
Sz05-1027/107
Sz05-2207/104
Sz05-1154/102
Sz05-2140/104
Ko01-0776/102
Sz07-0054/118
Sz09-2063/109
Sz05-2246/108
300
Sz09-2041/106
Ko06-1458/101
Ko12-740/103
Sz14-2156/111
Sz15-3780/110
Sz14-2051/111
Sz15-3678/107
Sz15-3781/110
Ko11-2439/106
Ko11-2029/101
Ko11-2303/102
Ko11-2410/102 Ko12-0570/102
Ko11-2436/103
250
200
Br05-1427/106
150
Br05-1147/113
Br05-1480/108
Br05-1479/104
Br04-254/101
Br05-1003/113
Br05-1124/112
Lu08-999/102
Lu08-190/102
Lu09-765/102+103
Lu08-566/101 Lu09-569/103
Lu09-727/102+103+104
100
Lu10-203/105
Lu09-656/103
Lu10-35/104Lu10-43/102
Lu13-1453/104
Lu13-1584/101+102
Lu14-281/101+102
Lu13-1505/107
Lu14-291/102+103
50
Lu18-1359/103+104+105
Lu18-1374/101+102+103
Lu18-711/103
Lu23-616/105
Lu23-67/106 Lu23-851/104
Lu23-869/101+102+103
Lu23-670/102
0

20. Oxidationindex
Ra09-676/113
Ra09-1028/108
Ra09-364/113 Ra10-337/110
Ra14-0274/113
Ra19-0011/109
600
Ra19-84/112
Jm22-0006/105
Mo03-0618/106
500
Mo03-0607/107
Mo03-0857/1
Mo03-0290/109
Sr04-221/110
S-64/sp¹g Mo01-405/105
Mo02-5012/105
Mo01-340/108
Mo06-1071/106
Sr09-815/109
Sr09-873/110
Mo06-690/108
Mo08-0451/105
Mo09-0586/107 400
Mo09-0670/1
Sr10-3484/105
Sr10-3449/103
Sr10-3556/106
Sr14-0982/104 Km12-0001/107
Km12-60s/104
Sr14-1071/104
Sr14-0979/106
Sr14-1097/106 Km12-39s/105
Sr14-1103/106 Mo11-2731/117
Km11-146/105
Km11-0276/1
SW8/97Co/³2
Sr18-1741/109
Sr18-1725/106
Sr17-0036/108
Sr18-1728/107
Sr20-0822/116
Mo13-1534/1
Km11-249/103
Km11-0220/102
Km16-160s/102
Km16-0142/103 300
Sr17-0040/108
Sr17-0070/109
Mo24-1282/1
Mo23-2187/110
PZ-13/2
Mo22-2217/107
Mo25-1372/104
Po05-1536/102
200
PZ-14/1
Po02-2870/1
Po02-2822/108
S-214/sp¹g
PZ-18/2
PZ-19/2
PZ-20/2 Po10-0001/102
150
Po13-2526s/1
R-4 sp¹g
Po13-2496/109
Po12-2504/110
Pr18-0367/114
Pr18-0331/115
Po17-2289/113
Po17-2125/111
Po20-0195/103
R-2a
Po20-0302/101
Po20-0294/101
Po20-0196/104
Po20-0311s/1
100
Sz05-1027/107
Sz05-2207/104
Sz05-2140/104
Sz05-1154/102
Ko01-0776/102
50
Sz05-2246/108
Sz07-0054/118
Sz09-2063/109
Sz09-2041/106
Sz14-2156/111
Ko06-1458/101
Ko11-2439/106
Ko12-740/103
Ko11-2029/101
40
Sz15-3780/110
Sz14-2051/111
Sz15-3678/107
Sz15-3781/110 Ko11-2303/102
Ko11-2410/102 Ko12-0570/102
Ko11-2436/103
30
Br05-1147/113
Br05-1427/106
Br05-1479/104
Br05-1480/108
Br04-254/101
20
Br05-1003/113
Br05-1124/112
Lu08-999/102
Lu08-190/102
Lu09-569/103
Lu09-765/102+103
Lu08-566/101 Lu09-727/102+103+104Lu10-203/105
Lu13-1453/104
Lu09-656/103
Lu10-35/104
Lu10-43/102
10
Lu13-1584/101+102 Lu14-281/101+102
Lu13-1505/107
Lu14-291/102+103
Lu18-1359/103+104+105
Lu18-1374/101+102+103
Lu23-67/106
Lu18-711/103
Lu23-616/105
Lu23-851/104
0
Lu23-869/101+102+103
Lu23-670/102

23. 1- sandstone; 2 – Kupferschiefer shale; 3 – clay dolomite; 4 – streaky dolomite

24. 1- sandstone; 2 – boundary dolomite; 3 – pitchy shale; 4 – carbonate-clay shale;
5 – clay dolomite; 6- dolomite

25. 1- sandstone; 2 – boundary dolomite; 3 – pitchy shale; 4 – carbonate-clay shale;
5 – clay dolomite; 6- dolomite

26. PARAGENESES
Copper deposit:
• Framboidal pyrite – digenite – bornite - galena
• Chalcocite – digenite – djurleite – anilite – bornite - covellite
• Bornite – chalcopyrite – galena - tennantite
• Galena – sphalerite – pyrite - marcasite
• pink-violet bornite – digenite - native silver - stromeyerite
• Ag-amalgams – digenite – Cu-Ag-Hg-S and Cu-Ag-Hg-Fe-S
• Molybdenite – digenite – covellite – blue remaining covellite –
castaingite
• Chalcopyrite – idaite – covellite – blue remaining covellite
• Digenite – rammelsbergite –gersdorffite – niccolite – covellite
• electrum – covellite – digenite – Ni-Co arsenides, Pd-arsenides –
sobolevskite (PdBi), native Pd, (Au-PGM-enriched Ca-Fe phosphate);
associated with boracite, native sulfur, thucholite (Kucha 1982, 1983,
1999)

27. S isotopes

28. COPER DEPOSIT
COPPER DEPOSIT GOLD DEPOSIT
GOLD DEPOSIT
(m)
C o p p e r D e p o s it
A A A
Lower Anhydrite
A A
PZ4
PZ3
Zechstein Limestone
Z o n e (T Z )
Tra n s it io n
Ca1
Z e c h s te in
0,5
P e rm ia n
PZ2
O r e s e rie s
S e c o n d a ry O x id ize d
Kupferschiefer T1
S y st e m (S .O .S )
.. . .. . .. Boundary Dolomite CaO
.. ... .....
W e isslie g e n d e s W S
H e m a tite
G o ld D e p o s it
P Z1
Zechstein Sandstone
..... .
H e m a tit ic P a tc h e s
. ......
.. ..
Zechstein Conglomerate
R o tlie g e n de s
. .. . . Sandstone and Conglomerates
. .. . .
0

31. Secon ryoxi iz
da d edstage(SOS),Tr sitionZon
an eandCo erdep tpara ter
pp osi me s
SO - Audeposit
S TZ Cudeposit
Litholo gy S Ks W-d S Ks W-d S Ks W-d
sulfides abundant present veryrich
hematite present,coarsegrains abundant,dispersed abundant
FeO%  7  8
0.1 0.1 0.1 8
7-1.0 0.53 0.67 0.55 058
Fe 03 %
2 2.1 5.0
4 -8.7 3.2 1.5 3.09 0.53 0.98 0.75
Cu%  1 
0.0 0.2 0.2  0.1 0.15 2.0 10.0 1.5
Auppm 0.0 0.5
1- -101 0.012-1.4 0.0 64 0.0
99 1-4.2 1-71.29 0.0 04-13.13  37  13
0.1 0.0  48
0.0
110
Pt+P dppm 0.0 0.5-2.9 0.0
07 2 08-1.3 0.0
32 04-0.1 0.0
0 05-3.7 0.0
6 04-0.308  14  18  08
0.0 0.0 0.0
-0.8
Agpp m 0.4 1.2 -1.9 n.a. n.a 0.4-9.2 7.5 40 164 63
Uppm 1.7 7.3 -15.6 n.a. n.a. 7-14 2.8 13.0 25.9 5.3
Thppm 1.8 5-13 n.a. n.a. 7-14 7.3 1.3 1.5 3.7
Vppm 48 1000 n.a. n.a. 1100-1400 62 65 1106 151
TO C%  0.0
0.1 8-0.4 n.a. n.a 0.4-1.7 0.15 0.40 7.32 0.78
Fe O3/TOC 21 12
2 -87 1.1-1.7 1.3 0.8 0.96

32. PARAGENESES
Golddeposit :
• gold - hematite - covellite - Fe-chalcocite
• gold - electrum - digenite - bornite
• electrum - chalcocite - bornite - chalcopiryte - clausthalite

38. DEFINITIVECHARACTERISTICS
OFTHE REDBED-TYPEDEPOSIT:
• basin-wide (tens of square kilometers) distribution of the Au-Pt-
Pd, dispered character of mineralization
• association of gold and hydrotermal hematite
• the presence of redox barrier containing copper sulphides deposit
on the reduce side and gold mineralization within the red,
secondary oxided sediments (SOS)
• the correlation of platinum and palladium with maximum gold
concetration is restricted only to the maroon variety of the
Kupferschiefer. No other PGM’s were observed in the deposit.

40. FINALCRYSTALIZATION
COPPER GOLD
REDISTRIBUTION DEPOSIT
REDUCTION
OXIDATION
OXIDATION
CuDEPOSIT
DIAGENESIS
SEDIMENTATION

41. Mitu – Peru

47. 200 m 200 m

48. 100 m 100 m

49. 100 m 100 m

52. Characteristics of organic mater from Mitu Formation, Peru
TOC - total organic carbon content
OI - oxidation index
HI - hydrogen index
S1 - oil and gas yield mgHC/g rock
S2 - residual hydrocarbon potential (mg HC/g of rock);
S3 - (mg CO2 /g rock);
PI - production index S1 /(S1 + S)2

54. Pucara limestone

55. 100 m

56. 100 m 100 m

57. 100 m 100 m

58. 100 m 100 m

59. 100 m 100 m

60. 100 m

61. 100 m

62. 100 m

63. 100 m

64. 100 m

65. 100 m

66. 100 m

67. 100 m

68. 100 m

69. 100 m

70. 100 m

71. 100 m 100 m

72. FINALCRYSTALIZATION
CuDEPOSIT
OXIDATION REDUCTION
zeolite-greenshist facies
DIAGENESIS
SEDIMENTATION

73. Mitu formation, Peru Lubin deposit, Poland
Element 426200 425207 425205 425204 425203 425202 425201 sandstone shale dolomite
(ppm)
Cu [%] 1.750 0.709 0.043 0.0102 9.302 2.831 8.950 3.340 11.920 2.450
Zn 27 42 55 63 276 296 255 400 400 300
Pb 2 28 16 20 336 36 142 180 1,300 1,400
Ag 36 9 4 6 1,005 121 395 40 200 60
Bi 16 40 28 56 12 3 7
Co 14 10 35 36 14 12 6 19 100 40
Ni 30 17 24 42 18 14 12 46 200 60
Fe [%] 3.79 0.50 23.85 21.75 1.76 3.07 1.44 0.95 1,35 1.19
Cr 3 1.5 3 1.5 30 24 18
V 24 8 45 74 75 45 40 59 1,200 120
Cd 1 6 4 7 7 1 6
S [%] 2.34 3.34 1.68
C org. [%] 0.06 0.016 0.17 0.71 0.32 7.32 0.78
Au 0.011 0.011 0.018 0.012 0.013 0.009 0.008 0.095 0.005 0.077
Hg 0.215 0.258 0.163 0.024 2.85 1.71 1.27 3.70 22.74 3.03
Pd 0.117 0.062 0.091 0.032 0.247 0.097 0.104 0.076 0.0003 0.1334
Pt 0.0034 0.0002 0.002 0.0005 0.0049 0.003 0.0024 0.0088 0.0005 0.0062
Re 0.0004 0.0014 0.0018 0.0002 0.049 0.022 0.036 0.7462 15.105 0.4382
Sb 0.109 0.073 0.97 0.121 0.302 0.124 0.854 0.4293 0.2017 0.1879
As 30.2 752 46.1 7.27 168 27.5 321 121.48 312.27 119.74
Se 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.87 0.02 0.02 2.3963 27.085 5.739
Sn 0.143 0.069 0.068 0.071 0.141 0.181 0.119 0.4183 0.3174 0.2494
Mo 1.21 0.658 1.46 0.937 126 11.4 27.6 72.659 199.43 34.291
U 0.131 1.29 0.632 3.38 17.8 0.143 0.93 0.2846 5.7919 1.4058
Number of 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 80 80 80
analyses
Cu ore Cu ore Cu ore

74. CONCLUSIONS

75. Mitu – Kupferschiefer: similarities and differences
Mitu Kupferschiefer
Geology  clastic sediments
  shallow to deep see


bimodal volcanism sediments,
 bimodal volcanism
Stratigraphy Permian Permian
Lithology  sandstone,
  dolomite

schist  black shale,

 sandstone,

Microtectonic present present
Ore minerals  sulphides  sulphides,
 oxides  native alloys
 15 phases  oxides
 arsenides
 thiosulphides
 140 phases
Structures of or minerals Dissemination dissemination
Organic matter present, two types present, two types
Diagenesis silification dolomitization
albitization silification
sericitization oxidation
zeolitisation
oxidation
Temperature 150-210ºC 70-100ºC
Cu rich, potential deposit: 52 Mt
V low rich
S isotopes ? -15 to -45
Ag high high
Au low Low and high in oxides
sections
Pt+Pd low Low and high in oxides
sections
Tectonic position ? close to regional deep faults
Genesis hydrothermal hydrothermal

76. ThankYou For Attention
ThankYou For Attention