The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
2. 2
Definition
Science of nourishing the body properly
or analysis of the effects of food on
living organisms.
Relationship between man and his food
and implies the psychological and
social as well as the physiological and
biochemical aspect
-Yudkin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. 3
Definition
Science devoted to the determination of
requirements of the body for food
constituents both qualitatively and
quantitatively and to the selection of
food in kinds and in quantity to meet
these requirements.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. 4
Definition
“The science of food, the nutrients and
other substances therein ,their action
,interaction and balance in relation to
health and diseases and the processes
by which the organism ingest, digest,
absorbs, transports ,utilizes and
excretes food substances”
- Council of food and nutrition of the
American Medical Association
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. 6
Historical Background
Molecular cellular era-(1955 –present)
Guilford -1874 was among the first to
advocate that dietary deficiencies could
be an underlying cause of dentofacial
irregularities
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. 7
Basic function of nutrients-
Supply energy .
To promote growth.
Repair of the body tissues .
Regulate body processes.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. 9
Carbohydrates
Energy yielding nutrients, is the largest
single component ,aside from water ,of
most diets.
Composed of –
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. 14
Carbohydrates
Absorption and storage –
small intestines
stored as glycogen in liver and
muscle
Function –
main source of energy.
1 gm – 4 kcal of energy
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. 15
Carbohydrates
Almost nothing is known of the effect of
carbohydrate deficient diet on the oral
cavity.
There is a group of disease which
represents a primary genetically
determined disturbance of the
mucopolysaccharide metabolism
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. 16
Carbohydrates
Hurler syndrome-
Head -appears large with prominent
forehead
-puffy eyelids
-nasal congestion with noisy
breathing
-shortening and broadening of the
mandible
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. 17
Carbohydrates
- wide intergonial distance
- increased arch length from ramus to
ramus
dentition-small and misshaped teeth.
Soft tissue –gingival hyperplasia.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. 18
Lipids
These are the most concentrated
energy yielding group of nutrients.
Basic structure –molecules of glycerol
to which one to three
fatty acid molecules
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. 20
Lipids
Classified as
- saturated
-unsaturated
Physical properties –
insoluble in water.
less dense than water.
not affected by temperature.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. 22
Lipids
Pancreatic lipase and intestinal lipase
triglycerides
diglycerides
monoglycerides
v
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. 23
Lipids
Absorption and storage
digested and divided molecules are
taken up from the GIT .
30%-free fatty combine with bile salts
70%-resynthesised immediately to form
triglycerides –lymph
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. 24
Lipids
Function –
Source of energy -1gm-9kcal.
Satiety value .
Carrier of the fat soluble vitamins.
Source of other essential fatty acids.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. 25
Lipids
Disturbances in the lipid metabolism are
not very common but they do occur
-Gauchers disease
-Neimann Pick disease
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. 26
Proteins
The term proteins mean –”to take first
place”-Mulder -1983
Half the dry weight and 20% of the total
weight of an adult is protein.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. 27
Proteins
Basic structure –
complex substances made up of many
amino acids.
there are 20 different naturally occurring
amino acid that have been identified as
the building blocks for body protein.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. 30
Proteins
Digestion and absorption
-attached to another substance or
surrounded by fat or carbohydrate
Stomach – gastric proteases (pepsin)
Small Intestine – pancreatic enzymes
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. 31
Proteins
30 %-absorbed directly
70%- chain of two or three AA
dipeptidases amino acids
Amino acids –enters blood stream
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. 32
Proteins
Functions –
Essential for growth-hair,skin,nail
Formation of essential body compounds
Regulation of the water balance
Act as buffers
Protective role
Transport of nutrients.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. 33
Proteins
The inadequate consumption of protein
and energy as a result of primary
dietary deficiency conditioned
deficiency may cause loss of body
mass and adipose tissue ,resulting in
protein energy malnutrition-
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. 34
Proteins
Kwashiorkor –
Definition- protein deficiency with sufficient
calorie intake.
Age-6 months and 3yrs
Features -growth failure
-wasting of muscles
- edema
-enlarged fatty liver
-serum protein low
- flag sign
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. 36
Proteins
Marasmus
Definition –starvation in infants with a overall
lack of calorie.
Age-infants under 1 yr of age
Feature-wasting of all tissues
-no edema
-no hepatic enlargement
-monkey like face
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. 37
Vitamins
Defined as organic substances not
made by the body ,which is soluble in
either fat or water and ordinarily is
needed in only minute quantities to act
in a variety of metabolic reactions.
Classified as-
water soluble
fat soluble
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. 38
Vitamins
Fat soluble Water soluble
Intake is in excess Minimal storage of
of daily body needs dietary excess
Not excreted Excreted in urine
Deficiency symptoms Develop rapidly
slow to develop
Not absolutely necessary Must be supplied in diet
Contain C,H,Oxygen N,Co,S
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. 40
Vitamins
Functions-
-Vision –role in dark adaptation and
vision in dim light
-Growth-studies have shown that animals
deprived of vita A cease to grow once
the reserves are depleted.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. 43
Vitamins
Dentition-disturbances in differentiation
and growth of developing teeth
-calcification of teeth
-retardation of eruption
- disturbances in periodontal tissues.
-failure to form tooth enamel.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. 44
Vitamins
Vitamin D
- Group of compounds called as
cholicalceferol.
- Source –
- Endogenous synthesis-sunlight
- Exogenous synthesis-deep sea fish ,fish
oil, butter, milk.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. 46
Vitamins
Function-
Maintain normal plasma level of calcium
and phosphorus.
It is necessary for all animals with a
bony skeleton ,since it facilitates
absorption and utilization calcium and
phosphorus for bone formation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. 47
Vitamins
Deficiency of vit D-
1.Rickets in growing child
-craniotabes
-harrisons sulcus
-Rickets rosary
-pigeon chest
-Bow legs
-Knock knees
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. 50
Vitamins
Vitamin E-
Anti sterility factor
Sources –vegetable oils, yellow
cornmeal, wheat
bread, egg ,butter .
Role in human nutrition is poorly
understood.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. 51
Vitamins
Vitamin K
Basic structures consist of a group
called as quinones
Sources-green vegetables
-fruits
Function-it is necessary for the
synthesis of prothrombin.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. 52
Vitamins
Vitamin C(ascorbic acid)
Sources-citrus fruits –orange ,lemon
,grape ,certain vegetables.
Function-
-formation of the collagen .
-normal formation of dentin.
-utilization of iron and calcium .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. 53
Vitamins
Lesions of vit C deficiency-Scurvy
Haemorrhagic diasthesis
Skeletal lesions
Delayed wound healing
Teeth and gums.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. 56
Vitamins
B complex-these consist of a group of
essential compounds which are
biochemically unrelated but occur
together in some foods
Sources-green leafy vegetables,cereals
,yeast ,liver, and milk.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. 57
Vitamins
Thaimine(B1)
Function-carbohydrate metabolism.
Deficiency-beri beri
Dry beri beri-neuromuscular symptoms
weakness, paresthesia, sensory
loss,polyneuritis.
Wet beri beri-CV involvement
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. 60
Vitamins
Pyridoxine(B6)
Function-exact function not known
-fat and protein metabolism
-transmission of neural impulse
Deficiency-dermatitis
-glossitis
-angular stomatitis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. 62
Minerals
Calcium
Inert inorganic element which is associated
with bone and tooth formation.
1.5-2.5 wt –of the adult body
99% of the hard tissue.
Sources-milk and milk products
green leafy vegetables
legumes
citrus fruitswww.indiandentalacademy.com
63. 63
Minerals
Function –
1. Bone formation.
2. Tooth formation.
3. Essential for growth
4. Blood clotting.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. 64
Minerals
Abnormalities of Ca Metabolism –
Osteoporosis-middle aged women
decreased density of bone
shortening stature
bone fractures
Osteomalacia –decrease in the mineral
content
lack of Vit D.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. 66
Minerals
Phosphorus
1% of the total body weight.
Major constituents of bone and teeth
Regulates the release of energy in the
form of ATP.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. 68
Nutrition deficiencies –and
dentofacial growth
Nutrition and Skeletal Maturation
Studies have shown
“prolonged nutritive failure in growing
child result in retardation of bone
growth centers in the hand and wrist
radiographs”.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
69. 69
Nutrition deficiencies –and
dentofacial growth
Malformations and prenatal
deficiencies-
Dietary intake of the expectant mother is
directly related to the condition of the
infant at birth.
Warkany –showed riboflavin-cleft
palate, shortening of mandible
www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. 71
Nutrition deficiencies –and
dentofacial growth
Role of fluorides-
Anticariogenic factor.
Long continued exposure to excessive
amounts may result –dental fluorosis
-skeletal fluorosis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
72. 72
Nutrition deficiencies –and
dentofacial growth
Increased density of various bones .
Increased calcification of ligaments,
tendons and vague pain in small joints
of the hands and feet
In the most severest form –stiffening of
the spine virtually making the patient
immobile.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
73. 73
Nutrition deficiencies –and
dentofacial growth
Nutrition and malocclusion-
results from various nutrient
deficiencies-abnormal bone growth
-loss of teeth.
-severe caries.
-periodontal breakdown.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
74. 74
Nutrition deficiencies –and
dentofacial growth
Vitamins in relation to growth and
dentition-
VitA-disturbances in differentiation and
positional growth of the developing
teeth.
-defective calcification.
-Retardation of eruption.
-disturbances of periodontal tissues.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
75. 75
Nutrition deficiencies –and
dentofacial growth
Vit B-
-loss of apatite
-disturbed digestion.
-Retardation of growth
Vit C
-disturbed calcification of teeth.
-retarded eruption.
-thickened jawbones.
-narrow maxilla.
-short mandible.
-High vault palate.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
76. 76
Role of nutrition on the periodontium-
response to tooth movement
Physical nature of the food-
-soft food vs. fibrous food.
Vitamin deficiency
- Vit C
Increased blood sugar levels.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
77. 77
Role of Nutrition in Root Resorption
Common iatrogenic problem associated
with orthodontic treatment
Marshall et.al-greater degree of
resorption in deficient diets.
Beck –calcium deficiency were more
susceptible.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
78. 78
Effects of consistency of food
Throughout its various stages of growth
mouth is affected by complex system of
forces .
Diet that does not supply food of a sufficient
hard consistency does not supply adequate
stimulus for proper mastication resulting in a
narrow maxillary arch .
Similar observations have been made in
humans –arch collapse syndrome.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
79. 79
Effects of consistency of food
1. Low level of eruption –posteriors
2. Maxillary arch are narrower.
3. Mandible are shorter and condyles are
thinner.
4. Less tonicity of temporalis and
masseter.
5. Reduced linear dimension of skull.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
80. 80
Effects of consistency of food
In humans-
Some authors have proposed-
weakening of the
temporomandibular articulation
Resulting in malocclusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
81. 81
Bibliography
Contemporary orthodontics-Proffit
Current Principles and Techniques –Graber
Vanarsdall
Nutrition and oral health-Pollack
Introductory nutrition-Helen Andrews
Principles of nutrition-Wilson,Fisher
Clinical dietetics and nutrition-F.P.Antia
Basic pathology-Robbins
Pathology for dental students-Harsh Mohan
www.indiandentalacademy.com