Local anesthesia /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
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Welcome to Indian Dental Academy The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats. Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
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Local anesthesia /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
- 1. LOCAL ANESTHESIA INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 2. DEFINITION ‘ ‘Local anesthesia has been defined as a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by a depression of excitation in nerve endings or an inhibition of conduction process in peripheral nerves.” www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 3. METHODS OF INDUCING LA: • • • • • • Mechanical Trauma Low temperature Anoxia Chemical irritants Neurolytic agents (alcohol & phenol) Chemical agents(local anesthetics) www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 4. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF LA • It should not be irritating to the tissues to which it is applied. • It should not cause any permanent alteration in the nerve structure. • Its systemic toxicity should be low. • It must be effective regardless of whether it is injected to the tissues or applied locally to the mucous membranes. • Time of onset of anesthesia should be as short as possible. • Duration of action must be long enough to permit completion of the procedure yet not so long as to require an extended recovery. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 5. • It should have potency sufficient to give complete anesthesia without the use of harmful concentrated solutions. • It should be relatively free from producing allergic reactions. • It should be stable in solution and readily undergo biotransformation. • It should either be sterile or capable of being sterilized by heat without deterioration. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 6. CONCEPT OF ACTION OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS: • Local anesthetics prevent both the generation and conduction of nerve impulse. • They set up a chemical road block between the source of impulse and the brain. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 7. ANOTOMY OF NERVE: NERON OR NERVE CELL: •Cell body •Axon •Dendrites SENSORY NERVE www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 9. NERVE MEMBRANE: Sensory nerve excitability and conduction are attributable to changes developing with in the nerve membrane. Proteins are classified as transport proteins and receptor proteins. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 10. •MYELINATED NERVE •UNMYELINATED NERVE MYELIN SHEATH: •75% lipids •20% proteins •5% carbohydrates Node of Ranvier – are constrictions located at regular interval- 0.5 to 3mm. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 11. CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE FIBRES: www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 13. ELECTRO PHYSIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF NERVE CONDUCTION: www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 14. • RESTING STATE: Nerve membrane is Slightly permeable to sodium ions Freely permeable to potassium ions Freely permeable to chloride ions • DEPOLARIZATION – 0.3msec • REPOLARIZATION – 0.7msec www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 15. • The firing threshold is actually the magnitude of decrease in negative transmembrane potential that is necessary to initiate action potential. • A decrease in negative transmembrane potential of 15 mV is necessary to reach the firing threshold. • Exposure of nerve to local anesthetic raises its firing threshold. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 16. MEMBRANE CHANNELS: • Lipoglycoprotein aqueous pores firmly situated in the membrane. • Internal diameter – 0.3nm to 0.5nm. • Hydrated sodium ions have radius of 3.4 AO www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 17. • The nerve membrane. • Sodium receptor channel. www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 18. IMPULSE SPREAD: Slow forward creeping conduction Saltatory conduction www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 19. MODE OF ACTION OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS: • Alter the basic resting potential potential of nerve membrane. • Alter the threshold potential • Decreasing the rate of depolarization • Increasing the rate of repolarization www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 20. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHEMICAL STRUCTURE • ESTER GROUP A) Benzoic acid esters 1) Cocaine 2) Benzocaine B) Para amino benzoic acid esters 1) Procaine 2) Tetracaine 3) Propoxycaine 4) 2-Chloroprocaine www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 21. • NON ESTER GROUP A) Anilide 1) Bupivacaine 2) Etidocaine 3) Lidocaine 4) Mepivacaine 5) Prilocaine 6) Articaine 7) Ropivacaine 8) Dibucaine B) Quinoline 1) Centbucridine www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 22. BASED ON DURATIOIN OF ACTION A) Ultra short acting – Less than 30 mins. 1) Procaine 2) 2- Chloroprocaine with vasoconstrictor 3) 2% Lidocaine 4) 4% Prilocaine B) Short acting – 45-75 mins 1) 2% Lidocaine with 1:1,00,000 Epinephrine 2) 2% Mepivacaine with 1:20,000 Levonordephrin 3) 4% Prilocaine 4) 2% Procaine with vasoconstrictor www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 23. C) Medium acting – 90-150 mins 1) 4% Prilocaine with 1:2,00,000 Epinephrine 2) 2% Lidocaine with vasoconstrictor D) Long acting – 180 mins or longer 1) 0.5% Bupivacaine with 1:2,00,000 Epinephrine 2) 0.5% or 1.5% Etidocaine with 1:2,00,000 Epinephrine www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 24. BASED ON ACTION ON RECEPTOR SITE www.indiandentalacademy.com
- 26. THANK YOU www.indiandentalacademy.com Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com
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