SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 61
Cybernetic Theory
of
Craniofacial Growth
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Petrovic 1977
• Demonstrate qualitative and quantitative
relationship between observed and experimental
findings.
• Broader understanding of orthodontic problems,
and action of appliances
• Familiarity of orthodontists with cybernetics
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cybernetics

Transfer of Information

• Cybernetic systems operate through transfer of
information
• Physical, Chemical, Electromagnetic

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Input

Input

Process

Cybernetic
System
Transfer Function

www.indiandentalacademy.com

Output

Output
Physiological cybernetic systems

Open loop

Closed loop

Regulator

Servosystem

Comparator

Feedback

www.indiandentalacademy.com

Peripheral
Central
Positive
Negative
Open Loop
Output has no affect on the input

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Closed Loop
Relationship maintained between input and output

Input

Comparator

Feedback
Loop

Transfer function

Output

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Regulation Type of Closed Loop
Input is constant
Any change of the input will initiate a “regulatory
process”
Input

Comparator

Regulation of input
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Transfer function
Servosystem Type of Closed Loop

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Components of a Servosystem
COMMAND

Reference Input Elements

Actuator, Coupling System,
Controlled System

COMPARATOR
Output
(Controlled Variable)

Central Comparator
(sensory engram)

Reference Input

Deviation Signal
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Performance
Analyzing
Elements

Performance
Growth of the Face
According to the
Servosystem Theory
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Types of Cartilage
Primary

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Types of Cartilage
Secondary

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Primary Cartilage:
Epiphysis, Synchondrosis, Nasal Septum, Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Secondary Cartilage:
Condyle, Coronoid, Mid Palatal Suture,
Fracture Callus
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Factors influencing Primary
Growth
Cartilage

Secondary
Cartilage

Hormones

Yes

Yes

Local Factors

No (Chondroblasts

Yes (Pre-

Orthopaedic
appliances

Only Direction

Direction and
Amount

surrounded by matrix) chondroblasts not
surrounded by matrix)

Charlier, Petrovic, Stutzmann
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Strasburg, France
Role of Lateral Pterygoid and Retrodiscal Pad
•Blood Supply

•Bio-mechanic

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Relationship Between Lateral Pterygoid,
Retrodiscal Pad and Condyle

MENISCUS

LPM
RDP

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Stutzmann and Petrovic

Proper function of Lateral Pterygoid and
retrodicsal pad:
• Excision of Lateral Pterygoid
• Reduced function of the Retrodiscal pad
(Rat experiments)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Face as a Servosystem

Input – Maxillary dental arch

Output – Adjustment of the position of mandibular
dental arch
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth of the maxilla

Growth in
Length

Growth in
Width

www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth in Length:

Traction
SeptoPremaxillary
ligament

Induction

Growth of
Nasal Septum

Biomechanical

Labio narinary
Muscles
Release of
STH
Somatomedin

Thrust

Growth of
Pre
Maxillary
extremity

Anterior shift
Of premaxillary
bones

Growth of
PremaxilloMaxillary
suture

Protrusion of
Upper Incisors
Increased size
Of Tongue

Thrust
Protrusion of
Lower Incisors
Direct Action
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Growth of
Maxillo
Palatine
suture
Growth in Width:
Growth of
Lateral cartilaginous
masses of Ethmoid

Release of
STH
Somatomedin

Transverse
Separation of
premaxillae
Outward growth
Of maxillary
bones

Growth of cartilage
B/w greater wings
& body of sphenoid

Increased size
Of Tongue

Outward shift of
Alveolus and
molars

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Direct effect

Growth of
inter Pre
Maxillary
suture

Transverse
Seperation of
Horizontal
Maxilla and
Palatine plates

Growth of
mid
Palatine
suture

Outward
Appositional
Bone
growth
The Face as a Servosystem
Release of
Hormones (Command)

LPM & RDP
(Coupling system)

Position of Maxillary
Dental arch (Ref Input)

Hormones

Growth at condyle
(Controlled System)

OCCLUSION
Output

Periodontium,
Teeth
Musculature
Joint

Actuating
signal

Actuator (Motor Cortex)
Brain
(sensory engram)

(Comparator)

Deviation Signal
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Mastication
(Performance)
Growth at the Posterior Border of the Ramus

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Other Terms Related to a Servosystem
Gain

=

Output
Input

Enhancement (Gain>1)

Attenuatation (Gain <1)

1. Large amounts of
TESTOSTERONE
2. Small or large amounts of
2. Small amounts of
OESTROGEN
TESTOSTERONE
3. Large amounts of
3. Very small amounts of
CORTISONE
OESTROGEN
1. STH – Somatomedin

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Attractor

Cusp to fossa relation

Repeller

Cusp to cusp relation

Disturbances

Abnormal tooth position
Occlusal interferences
Arthritis
Muscle Inflammation
Periodontitis, Pulpitis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Peripheral Comparator
Before development of Occlusion:•Sensory engram not developed
•Servosystem does not operate
•Genetic influence on mandibular
growth
•Anodontia
After Development of Occlusion:•Sensory engram forms
•Peripheral comparator controls
growth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Failure of Servosystem to Control Growth
• Peripheral comparator faulty – Caries,
Mutilated dentition.
•Discrepancy between rotation pattern (Anterior
or Posterior) and location of comparator.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Discontinuities

Stable

Unstable

Catastrophe Theory
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Stable
Bifurcation

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Catastrophe Theory

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Importance of Discontinuities

•Growth prediction , treatment planning , decision making
•Stability of occlusion after it is established
•Genotype does not directly influence the phenotype

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Height of
Bifurcation

OR

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Sensory Engram

• Collection of feedback loops
• Blueprint of ideal muscular function/position
• CNS tends to operate along these feedback loops

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Optimality of Function

•Minimum deviation signal
•CNS always tries to revert back to optimal position
•Observation of Chain gang prisoners by Jacobs (1968)

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Development of Skeletal Malocclusion
According to the Servosystem Theory

www.indiandentalacademy.com
For every unit of Growth hormone released,
the amount of growth in the maxilla is less than
in the mandible.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Increase in length

LPM(max)
LPM(norm)
LPM(min)
MAX

Retrognathism

Prognathism

L1

N

www.indiandentalacademy.com
L2

Hormone levels
Action of Functional
Appliances

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Two Types of Functional Appliances:

) Activator, Postural hyperpropulsor, Frankel
appliance, Twin block, Bionator, Class II Elastics(?)

) Herren activator, LSU activator, Harvold-Woodside
activator, Extra oral traction on the mandible.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
FIRST GROUP:
Position mandible
Forward

Increased activity of
LPM and RDP

Less fatigable fibres in LPM
•Oudet et al (1988)
•Carlson et al (1990)

LPM “helped to contract more” by
Functional appliances.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CELLULAR LEVEL
1. Precursor
Skeletoblast –
pleuripotent,
fibroblast like.
2. Prechondroblast –
faster cell cycle,
matures into
Chondroblast
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Chondroblasts lost

Increased
multiplication of
prechondroblasts

(hypertrophy, surgically removed)

Local
control
prechondroblasts

over

multiplication

of

Originates from chondroblastic layer
•Stutzmann and Petrovic
(1982, 1990)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional appliances (especially Class II elastics)

Increased activity of RDP
Increased nutrients and growth factors supplied
and inhibitors removed.
Increased mitoses and earlier hypertrophy of
chondroblasts.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Reduced negative feedback
signal reaching
prechondroblasts
Increased growth at the
condyle

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytoplasmic junctions between skeletoblasts reduce.

Transmission of inhibitory factors reduce.

Increased mitotic rate and rate of differentiation into
prechondroblasts.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
SECOND GROUP:
Position mandible forward , open in beyond rest
position.
No increase in activity of LPM
•Herren (1953)
•Auf der Maur (1978)

Yet there was an increase in growth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
wo steps:

) While appliance is worn:Forward position
Reduction of length of LPM
New sensory engram

) While appliance is not worn:New sensory engram
Functioning in anterior position
Increased activity of RDP
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Action of first group

while appliance is worn

Action of second

while appliance is not worn

group

www.indiandentalacademy.com
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
1) Principle of optimality of function :Less relapse tendency if post orthodontic
treatment muscular activity produces a lower
deviation signal.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2) Removal of functional appliance – when growth
is complete.

3) If removed when growth not complete – Proper
intercuspation.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
4) Understanding of when, and for how long a
particular functional appliance should be worn.
First group – Full time
Second group – Part time

www.indiandentalacademy.com
5) Proper functioning of LPM and RDP important for
growth – Proper parent counseling.
6) Sensory engram poorly developed in younger
children.

7) Utilization of high hormonal activity at puberty.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Drawbacks
Lot of importance on condyle:
Fracture?

Peripheral comparator (occlusion)
discrepancies may be overcome by Dentoalveolar
changes.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Occurrence of Class II end on relation is seen often?

Action of reverse pull headgear on maxilla
(primary cartilage)

www.indiandentalacademy.com
References
Dentofacial Orthopedics with Functional
Appliances
Graber, Rakosi, Petrovic

Craniofacial Growth Series – Monograph 23
(Craniofacial Growth Theory and Orthodontic Treatment –
Edited by Carlson)

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Treatment objectives and case retention:
Cybernetic and myometric considerations
R.M. Jacobs Am J Orthod, 58:552-564, 1970

Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Thank you
For more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com

www.indiandentalacademy.com

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Visualised treatment objective /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Visualised treatment objective  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Visualised treatment objective  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Visualised treatment objective /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
 
Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...
Twin studies seminar1   /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian   dent...Twin studies seminar1   /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian   dent...
Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
 
Cephalometric superimposition methods
Cephalometric superimposition methodsCephalometric superimposition methods
Cephalometric superimposition methodsIndian dental academy
 
Functional matrix Hypothesis- Revisited
Functional matrix Hypothesis- RevisitedFunctional matrix Hypothesis- Revisited
Functional matrix Hypothesis- RevisitedDr Susna Paul
 
Canine Impaction and Its Importance in Orthodontics
Canine Impaction and Its Importance in OrthodonticsCanine Impaction and Its Importance in Orthodontics
Canine Impaction and Its Importance in OrthodonticsAnalhaq Shaikh
 
Part one the royal london space planning
Part one the royal london space planningPart one the royal london space planning
Part one the royal london space planningMohanad Elsherif
 
hygenic rapid maxillary expansion in orthodontics
hygenic rapid maxillary expansion in orthodonticshygenic rapid maxillary expansion in orthodontics
hygenic rapid maxillary expansion in orthodonticsDhanyabhiram Chowdary
 
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
 
Holdway's analysis
Holdway's analysisHoldway's analysis
Holdway's analysisAjeesha Nair
 
Orthodontic space analysis
Orthodontic space analysisOrthodontic space analysis
Orthodontic space analysisMaher Fouda
 
Tweeds analysis & wits appraisal / dental crown & bridge courses
Tweeds analysis & wits appraisal / dental crown & bridge coursesTweeds analysis & wits appraisal / dental crown & bridge courses
Tweeds analysis & wits appraisal / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
 
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
 
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
 
VTO (visualised Treatment objective)
VTO (visualised Treatment objective)VTO (visualised Treatment objective)
VTO (visualised Treatment objective)Indian dental academy
 
Functional & ceph analysis for functional appliance /certified fixed ortho...
Functional & ceph analysis for functional appliance    /certified fixed ortho...Functional & ceph analysis for functional appliance    /certified fixed ortho...
Functional & ceph analysis for functional appliance /certified fixed ortho...Indian dental academy
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Visualised treatment objective /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Visualised treatment objective  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Visualised treatment objective  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Visualised treatment objective /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
 
Rakosis analysis
Rakosis analysisRakosis analysis
Rakosis analysis
 
Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...
Twin studies seminar1   /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian   dent...Twin studies seminar1   /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian   dent...
Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...
 
Arnetts analysis
Arnetts analysisArnetts analysis
Arnetts analysis
 
Cephalometric superimposition methods
Cephalometric superimposition methodsCephalometric superimposition methods
Cephalometric superimposition methods
 
Functional matrix Hypothesis- Revisited
Functional matrix Hypothesis- RevisitedFunctional matrix Hypothesis- Revisited
Functional matrix Hypothesis- Revisited
 
Canine Impaction and Its Importance in Orthodontics
Canine Impaction and Its Importance in OrthodonticsCanine Impaction and Its Importance in Orthodontics
Canine Impaction and Its Importance in Orthodontics
 
Part one the royal london space planning
Part one the royal london space planningPart one the royal london space planning
Part one the royal london space planning
 
Rakosi’s analysis
Rakosi’s analysisRakosi’s analysis
Rakosi’s analysis
 
hygenic rapid maxillary expansion in orthodontics
hygenic rapid maxillary expansion in orthodonticshygenic rapid maxillary expansion in orthodontics
hygenic rapid maxillary expansion in orthodontics
 
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
 
Holdway's analysis
Holdway's analysisHoldway's analysis
Holdway's analysis
 
Orthodontic space analysis
Orthodontic space analysisOrthodontic space analysis
Orthodontic space analysis
 
Tweeds analysis & wits appraisal / dental crown & bridge courses
Tweeds analysis & wits appraisal / dental crown & bridge coursesTweeds analysis & wits appraisal / dental crown & bridge courses
Tweeds analysis & wits appraisal / dental crown & bridge courses
 
V bend principle
V bend principleV bend principle
V bend principle
 
Tweeds
TweedsTweeds
Tweeds
 
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
 
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...
 
VTO (visualised Treatment objective)
VTO (visualised Treatment objective)VTO (visualised Treatment objective)
VTO (visualised Treatment objective)
 
Functional & ceph analysis for functional appliance /certified fixed ortho...
Functional & ceph analysis for functional appliance    /certified fixed ortho...Functional & ceph analysis for functional appliance    /certified fixed ortho...
Functional & ceph analysis for functional appliance /certified fixed ortho...
 

Ähnlich wie Cybernetic theory of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
 
Cybernetic Theory and Craniofacial Growth
Cybernetic Theory and Craniofacial GrowthCybernetic Theory and Craniofacial Growth
Cybernetic Theory and Craniofacial GrowthIndian dental academy
 
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
 
Functional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theory
Functional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theoryFunctional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theory
Functional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theoryIndian dental academy
 
Theories of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Theories of growth  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Theories of growth  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Theories of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
 
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
 
seminar 1 cybernetics theory.pptx
seminar 1 cybernetics theory.pptxseminar 1 cybernetics theory.pptx
seminar 1 cybernetics theory.pptxShreyaMittal29
 
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Cybernetics  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Cybernetics  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
 
accelerated orthodontic tooth movments.docx
accelerated orthodontic tooth movments.docxaccelerated orthodontic tooth movments.docx
accelerated orthodontic tooth movments.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
 
biologic basis of Functional appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses...
biologic basis of Functional appliance   /certified fixed orthodontic courses...biologic basis of Functional appliance   /certified fixed orthodontic courses...
biologic basis of Functional appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
 
History of fracture fixation part 2
History of fracture fixation part 2History of fracture fixation part 2
History of fracture fixation part 2fathi neana
 
Turn Away from Traditional Tethering and Towards a Better Method for Data Col...
Turn Away from Traditional Tethering and Towards a Better Method for Data Col...Turn Away from Traditional Tethering and Towards a Better Method for Data Col...
Turn Away from Traditional Tethering and Towards a Better Method for Data Col...InsideScientific
 
Robotic Sacrocolpopexy OLV
Robotic Sacrocolpopexy OLVRobotic Sacrocolpopexy OLV
Robotic Sacrocolpopexy OLVORSI-MELLE
 

Ähnlich wie Cybernetic theory of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)

Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
 
Cybernetic Theory and Craniofacial Growth
Cybernetic Theory and Craniofacial GrowthCybernetic Theory and Craniofacial Growth
Cybernetic Theory and Craniofacial Growth
 
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
 
Functional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theory
Functional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theoryFunctional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theory
Functional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theory
 
Theories of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Theories of growth  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Theories of growth  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Theories of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
 
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
 
Presentation1servosystem
Presentation1servosystemPresentation1servosystem
Presentation1servosystem
 
Servo system
Servo systemServo system
Servo system
 
Servosystem
ServosystemServosystem
Servosystem
 
seminar 1 cybernetics theory.pptx
seminar 1 cybernetics theory.pptxseminar 1 cybernetics theory.pptx
seminar 1 cybernetics theory.pptx
 
Theories of growth
Theories of growthTheories of growth
Theories of growth
 
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Cybernetics  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Cybernetics  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
 
Servosystem/ oral surgery courses
Servosystem/ oral surgery courses  Servosystem/ oral surgery courses
Servosystem/ oral surgery courses
 
Servosystem/ oral surgery courses
Servosystem/ oral surgery coursesServosystem/ oral surgery courses
Servosystem/ oral surgery courses
 
Servosystem/ oral surgery courses
Servosystem/ oral surgery coursesServosystem/ oral surgery courses
Servosystem/ oral surgery courses
 
accelerated orthodontic tooth movments.docx
accelerated orthodontic tooth movments.docxaccelerated orthodontic tooth movments.docx
accelerated orthodontic tooth movments.docx
 
biologic basis of Functional appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses...
biologic basis of Functional appliance   /certified fixed orthodontic courses...biologic basis of Functional appliance   /certified fixed orthodontic courses...
biologic basis of Functional appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses...
 
History of fracture fixation part 2
History of fracture fixation part 2History of fracture fixation part 2
History of fracture fixation part 2
 
Turn Away from Traditional Tethering and Towards a Better Method for Data Col...
Turn Away from Traditional Tethering and Towards a Better Method for Data Col...Turn Away from Traditional Tethering and Towards a Better Method for Data Col...
Turn Away from Traditional Tethering and Towards a Better Method for Data Col...
 
Robotic Sacrocolpopexy OLV
Robotic Sacrocolpopexy OLVRobotic Sacrocolpopexy OLV
Robotic Sacrocolpopexy OLV
 

Mehr von Indian dental academy

Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdomIndian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdomIndian dental academy
 
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india Indian dental academy
 
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics praticeInvisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics praticeIndian dental academy
 
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant coursesDevelopment of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
 
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
 
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesDiagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
 
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesProperties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
 
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
Use of modified  tooth forms  in  complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Use of modified  tooth forms  in  complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
 
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses  
Dental   luting cements / oral surgery courses  Dental   luting cements / oral surgery courses  
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic coursesDental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
 
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic coursesDental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
 
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry coursesDental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry coursesIndian dental academy
 
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
 

Mehr von Indian dental academy (20)

Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdomIndian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
 
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
 
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics praticeInvisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
 
online fixed orthodontics course
online fixed orthodontics courseonline fixed orthodontics course
online fixed orthodontics course
 
online orthodontics course
online orthodontics courseonline orthodontics course
online orthodontics course
 
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant coursesDevelopment of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
 
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
 
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
 
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesDiagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
 
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesProperties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
 
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
Use of modified  tooth forms  in  complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Use of modified  tooth forms  in  complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
 
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses  
Dental   luting cements / oral surgery courses  Dental   luting cements / oral surgery courses  
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses  
 
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
 
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic coursesDental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
 
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
 
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic coursesDental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
 
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
 
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry coursesDental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
 
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
 
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 

Cybernetic theory of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy