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3. Edward Hartley Angle
(1855 – 1930)
“Lover of art & nature, intimate friend of trees &
flowers, but preeminently founder of the
science of orthodontia, to which best thought of
a life has been given in experiments & tests.”
- Provost Smith, university of Pensylvania
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4. His Early Life.
Born in Herrick, Pennsylvania –
June 1st , 1855.
Dislike for school & work around the farm.
Greatest pleasure – roaming around –
hills & woods.
Fascinated – crude machines – farming
community.
Early flair for inventiveness – designed & built
the horse drawn hay rake.
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5. In Dentistry.
To avoid distasteful work of the farmer –
apprenticed to a dentist.
1876 – Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery.
Graduated – 1878.
Private practice – Minneapolis – few years.
Interest – alignment of misplaced teeth &
correction of deformities of the jaws.
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6. His interest – considerable attention.
1886 join faculty of dental school of University
of Minnesota.
Resigned – moved to Chicago.
Teacher of Orthodontia – Northwestern Dental
College.
1895 dental wing – Marion Sims College of
Medicine - St. Louis.
Washington University – short time as a teacher.
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7. Experiences – various colleges – conviction –
orthodontia – not properly taught – dental college.
Orthodontia – part of prosthetic department.
Students – demands from other depts – less
attention to his work.
Since then – establishment of separate
educational facilities for orthodontia.
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8. Angle’s School.
Thomas B. Mercer, Henry A. Lindas,
Milton T Watson & Herbert A. Pullen – 1900 Approached Angle – to learn his principles.
3 weeks – training – first ever – school of
Orthodontia ( any dental specialty ).
Profound influence on students.
Unorthodox teaching methods.
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9. Learn – rigid system of discipline – every phase
of life – training period.
Preparation of assignments, meticulous
execution of technical procedures, even menial
house keeping tasks – dusting, polishing –
working quarters.
Against –custom – lengthy classroom lectures –
formal examination.
Classes – small – largest enrollment – 14.
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10. Lectures – 3 hours or more.
Philosophy of great men- history, letters & science Oliver Wendell Holmes, Charles Darwin,
Ralph Waldo Emerson – familiar to his students –
along with - biology & force control in orthodontia.
Objective – “light the fire of ambition.”
Students – left feeling – most thorough training
available – that covered far more than
orthodontia.
Evangelists – burning to spread the gospel.
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11. First Specialist.
Sense of responsibility – provide best available
sources of information.
Restricting practice – trt. of malocclusion – first
dental specialist.
Faculty – some members – trained – one of the
basic sciences.
Milo Hellman – paleontologist.
Raymond C Osborn – Comparative anatomist.
Frederick B Noyes
experimental
histologists
Albin Openheim
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12. They taught about –
Tissue tolerance.
Effect of mech. forces – bone & tooth str.
Physio & anat. – dev. of dentofacial complex.
Angle – dev. insight – fundamental principles –
underlie orthodontic procedues – mech. & bio.
His appl. – more delicate & refined.
Angle – mech. genius.
Appl. designed – satisfy principles – physio,
mech & art.
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13. 1907 – started school in New York.
1908 – shifted to New London, Connecticut.
Regular sessions till 1911.
Gave up clinical practice.
Devoted – study & to dev. of more refined ortho.
appl.
1916 – Pasadena California
Health related reasons.
Continued work – appl.refinement & addnl. writing.
Had to continue training. Space limitations – only
three could be accepted at a time.
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14. 1922 – previous students –Pasadena, California
– funds – building.
First building – devoted exclusively –
Teaching of orthodontia
Chartered for that purpose – State or National
Govt.
1924 – charter granted – State of California.
Official name – Edward H. Angle,
College of Orthodontia.
Training period – 1 year.
1927 – school closed - ILL Health.
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15. Innovator & mechanical Genius.
E H Angle – mech. genius – Frederick B Noyes.
Despite – advances in materials – ideas &
principles – current appl. – similar to those dev.
by Angle & his colleagues.
Pioneer in seeking legal protection- ideas &
mech.
Personal antagonisms – Angle’s contemporaries.
1906 – American Society of Orthodontists – presidency
– Rodriguez Ottolengui – resolution – condemning –
patents.
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16. Angle’s Patented Orthodontic
Devices.
1889 –
First patent – device combining
adjustable clamp band & regulating
screw.
pushing action – tubular shaft –
threaded sheath – threaded nut.
Arch wire – forcing the teeth
outward & forward (rod ) &
Plier – to increase the arch’s
length.
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17. “E” (expansion) arch appliance.
Ends threaded, extended – anchor
tube
or into clamping
bands.
Elastic round bar – conforming to –
ideal arch.
Banded teeth – attached to arch –
soft wire – allowed tipping or
aligning.
Improvements in E- arch.
Allowing detachment from the
bands – unscrewing nuts.
Superposing – piggyback arch .
Addnl. arch – rib. Notches to
prevent sliding of ligatures.
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18. Kingsley’s headgear & Baker’s
intermaxillary anchorage – added
to his arch.
Jaws interconnected with elastic
Occipital headgear removed at will –
helpof a ball
joint.
1909 – 1915 – series of
improvements – connection &
detachment of arch from the
banded teeth.
Imp. threaded part – arch –
prevent adjusting nut –
accidentally moved.
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19. Pin shaped end entering tubes soldered
to bands.
Joint patent with J Lowe Young
1st step towards – Pin & tube appl.
Intr. of two interchangeable arches.
1st arch – ‘regulating’ teeth.
2nd arch – less springy, series of spurs,
entering vertical tubes in bands.
Retaining teeth.
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20. Detachable coil –
Exerted a torsion action between
the arch
& the band.
Pin & tube Appliance.
Radical departure from E arch.
Small vertical tubes soldered –
bands – amounted to the first use
of brackets.
Bulky adjustable camp band –
replaced.
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21. 1915 – “Orthodontia Appliance”.
Solve the problem – solder &
unsolder pins
as trt. progressed.
To provide free but controlled
movements – bands along the
archwire.
Vertical tubes br. with a vertical
slot.
Round arch wire Ribbon arch.
2 variations.
br. received ribbon arch – 2
walls, 3rd – band itself.
Arch entirely contained –
bifurcated lug.
Series of locking pins or wedges.
Inserted into each br. or slots
made into br & arch.
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22. Bifurcated pins – prevent both rotation
& lateral tipping.
1925 – Edgewise bracket.
His most imp. gift to the profession.
P.R Begg –cut the first br. on the lathe
Rect. wire – inserted in horizontal slot –
edgewise – kept with ligature ties - tie
wings.
“latest and best” non-extn. appl.
Further stressed the adv. of vertical
slot.
Last patent – filed 3yrs after his death.
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23. Non Patented Orthodontic materials.
Biologic response to foreign bodies – imp.
Inventory of available materials.
[ gold, silver, platinum, platinous silver, iridio-platinum,
aluminum, brass, copper, aluminum bronze, steel ,iron
& vulcanized rubber.]
Material most fitting – Nickel silver or German
silver.
Copper, Ni, Zn aloy with no silver.
Pepared in varying proprns. – intended use.
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24. Introduction of soldering – 1887.
Composition – German silver – varied b/w.
60% - 70% Cu.
10% - 20% Zn.
10% - 15% Ni.
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25. Extraction Vs Non Extraction.
Occlusal concepts def. of normal occlusion.
Potential complications:
Facial esthetics.
Stability of results.
Angle influenced by:
Philosophy of Rousseau & biologic concepts of
his time.
Rousseau perfectibility of man
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26. Extn. for ortho trt. – inappropriate.
Inherent capability – perfect dentition.
Ideal relation of 32 natural teeth.
Angle impressed by discovery
Bone architecture stresses placed.
1900’s – German Physiologist – Wolff
“Wolff’s law of bone” – bone trabeculae
arranged in
response to stress lines on the bone.
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27. Two Key Concepts.
Skeletal growth – infl. by external pressures.
Class II or Class III problem – abnormal
stress on jaws.
Difft. pressure patterns – with trt – change
growth overcome problem.
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28. Proper fn. Key – maintain teeth in correct
position.
teeth in proper occl. – force transmitted to
teeth – stimulate bone growth – stabilize teeth
in new position.
Edgewise appl. – “Bone growing appliance” –
capable of controlling root posn. – bodily
movement.
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29. Dentofacial Esthetics:
Professor Wuerpel – tremendous variety – impossible
to specify – ideal.
Angle’s insight:
Reln. of dentition to face
&
VARY
esthetics of lower face
Ideal esthetics for each individual – teeth in
ideal occlusion
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30. Calvin Case’s challenge:
arches expanded – teeth aligned –
neither esthetics nor stability satisfactory – long term.
“The Extraction debate of 1911”.
1911 meeting of National Dental Association –
Calvin Case –article – “ the question of extraction
in Orthodontia”.
Following discussions – Cryer, Dewey, Ferris,
Buckley, Bowman & Hinman – published.
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31. Case
inherited
inharmonies in contiguous
structures – impossible to place all teeth in
the arch.
Mandible – growing to a normal size – under
ext. infl – depend on – stunted normal growth
dev.
Malreln’s – point to heredity. Mandible cannot
be made to grow beyond its inherited size –
by artificial stimuli.
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32. Publications & Presentations
1887 – paper – “ irregularities of teeth” –
Ninth International Medical Congress.
First edn. of his textbook.
1890 - A system of Appliances for correcting
irregularities of teeth.
1892 – Angle system of regulating and
retention of the teeth.
1895 – Addn. of Treatment of fractures of
Maxilla.
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33. 1899 – Reprint.
- paper – “ The Classification of Malocclusion”
1900 – Malocclusion of teeth and fractures of
the Maxillae.
Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth.
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34. Societies & Study Groups
Graduates from Angles school – organized
continuation study groups.
1900 – graduates from – school in St. Louis –
first Orthodontic Society –
Society of Orthodontists.
1901 – American Society of Orthodontists.
Forerunner of AAO.
American Orthodontist – Quarterly magazine –
1907 – 1912.
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35. 1909 – Graduates of New York & New London
Schools – Eastern Association of Graduates of
the Angle School of Orthodontia.
1913 – Angles students – West of Mississippi
river – Pacific Coast Society of Graduates of
the Angle School.
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36. 1922 – Edward H. Angle Society of
Orthodontia.
Started – graduates – college in California,
supplemented by – New London & New York
schools.
Nov 17, 1930 – reorganized the society – “to
carry forward Dr. Angles ideals of orthodontia”.
Society – decided publication of the Angle
Orthodontist.
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37. Criticisms.
Inability to recognize wide range of diff. in men
– matter of their endowments.
Ridicule – colleagues – scorn & sarcasm.
Weurpel – “ the trouble was that his profession
was more than religion to him: it was his
religion and his god. He would sacrifice
everything for its sake. Anything that in he
slightest degree lessened one’s attitude of
respect towards his profession was wrong.”
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38. Conclusion
No matter how inventive Angle have been
from a clinical pint of view, it is unlikely he
would have been considered father of Modern
Orthodontics without his ability to
demonstrate his concepts, supported by his
mechanical & metallurgical acumen.
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39. Long after his accomplishments have faded into
history, Angle’s name will be associated with the
onward march of biologic science & his perceptive
mind that could penetrate the empiricism of his day
& proclaim the significance of normal occlusion.
This established Orthodontia as a science and it
will remain Angle’s greatest monument
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40. Thank you
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