Indian Dental Academy - A Guide to Orthodontic Appliances

Contents
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• EDGE WISE APPLIANCE
ANGLE
ALEXANDER PHILOSOPHY
BIOPROGRESSIVE SYSTEM
• BEGG
• MODERN BEGG
CAT
FOUR STAGE APPLIANCE
BEDDTIOT
• TIP EDGE
PEA
ANDREWS
ROTH
MBT
BUTTERFLY
•SELF LIGATING BRACKETS
•SYNERGY BRACKETS
•LINGUAL BRACKETS
•ZERO BASED APPLIANCE
•CONCLUSION
•BIMETRIC SYSTEM
•DUAL ENVIRONMENT BRACKET
•BIO -EFFICIENT APPLIANCE
•SPEED
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Introduction
If you think the desire for straight teeth is a
trapping of modern society, think again! Extreme
Makeovers may be new, but "braces" date as far
back as ancient man!
Early History
Even ancient people wanted straight teeth!
According to the AAO (American Association of
Orthodontists), archaeologists have discovered
mummified ancients with crude metal bands
wrapped around individual teeth.

• While Greece was in its Golden
Age, the Etruscans were burying
their dead with appliances that
were used to maintain space and
prevent collapse of the dentition
during life.
• At the time of Christ, Aurelius
Cornelius Celsus first recorded the
treatment of teeth by finger
pressure.

• In 1728,. Fauchard used a device
called a "Bandeau," a horseshoe-
shaped piece of precious metal
which helped expand the arch..

• In 1847 in New York Dwinell
invented the regulating jack
screw. It delivered a
pushing force on the teeth,
which was later improved by
Dr.Edward Hartley angle to
increase the range of action.
During this time angle
developed the regulating
retraction screw.
• In 1887, Angle
developed the prototype of
the first bracket attachment
(a delicate metal tube
soldered to the band).

THE E-ARCH APPLIANCE
(1907) :

consists of heavy
arch wire – 4 designs
•Basic E arch –
used in mandible for
bakers anchorage
2. E arch for
expansion – by tying
bas ligatures to the
arch

• 3.E arch withiut threaded ends that fit
into the molar sheaths with attatched ball
for high pull head gear in the incisor
area.
• 4. E arch with hooks - intermaxillary
traction

PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE (1910) :
First used brackets
and bands.
Each band of the
tooth had a tube
paralleled to long
axis of the tooth
Pin were soldered
to the arch wire .

RIBBON ARCH
APPLIANCE
(1915) :
• Developed due to difficult in
use of pin and tube
appliance.
• It was actually the first
Bracket, as such to be sued
in an orthodontic appliance.
• It was characterized by
Bracket with a vertical slot
and the arch wire was held
in position by Brass pins.

This was one of the Angle final achievement introduced
2yrs before he died.( 1928).
The term edge wise implies : the rectangular wire insert into
the narrowed or edge wise position of the Bracket.
The new edge wise bracket consisted of rectangular box with 3
walls within the bracket, 0.022 x 0.028 inch dimension slot opening
horizontally. This new design provided more accuracy and then a
more efficient torquing mechanism.
THE EDGE WISE APPLIANCE.

At the beginning the historical development of the edge wise appliance
has been outlined. The original edge wise bracket as designed by
Angle was made of soft gold with a 0.022 x 0.028 inch slot that
was readily deformed by the forces of occlusion and by tying ligature
wires to the bracket.
The original edge wise bracket has been redesigned in the cross
section which is used today.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL EDGE WISE
BRACKET
SINGLE WIDTH BRACKET : The original edge wise arch
bracket was 0.050 inch wide and soldered to the gold band
material.
Arch wire was secured on the bottom of the bracket slot.
Disadvantages :
Because of narrow width, ineffective tooth rotation.
To overcome this Angle soldered gold eyelets at an appropriate
position on the orthodontic bands, ligature wire was tied from the
eyelet to the arch wire. Rotation was observed due to deflections of
the arch wire.

TWIN BRACKETS :
“Siamese twin brackets” by brainerd swain.
The next step in the development of the present day edge wise
bracket began with the use of the two brackets on a single tooth.
This was done by joining together of the two edge wise
brackets on a common base.
The space between two brackets was 0.050 inch equal to the
width of one of the brackets.
used on upper central incisors and on molar teeth.
.

Basically there are four sizes of twin brackets.
Extra wide Standard Intermediate Junior

Another early development was the evolution of a solid bracket that
was approximately twice as size as the original edge wise
bracket called a posterior bracket. It was approximately
0.100 inch wide and although designed to be used on molar teeth,
it has gained popularity for use on practically all teeth.
Curved Base Twin Bracket :
These brackets confirm to the buccal surfaces of the canines
and premolars.

Advantages :
Maintain control of axial tooth inclinations.
“Positive control” – to retain corrected rotations
Ability to effect most of the tooth rotation without the use of auxiliary
eye let ties.
Disadvantages :
Inter bracket distance is decreased
Resiliency in the arch wire is increased
Difficulty in employing closing loop arch wires and second order
bends.

LEWIS BRACKET :
During the development of twin brackets, another
approach to the problem of efficient tooth rotation was developed
by Dr.Paul D. Lewis who soldered auxiliary rotation arms that
abutted to the bracket itself and then offered a lever arm to deflect
the arch wire ad rotate the teeth.
The present Lewis rotation bracket is a one piece bracket
with integral rotation wings. It is equivalent to the original edge
wise bracket but, the tooth rotation deficiency of the latter is over
come, while the single width feature is maintained.

Advantages :
One decided advantage is 100% tooth rotation can be easily
obtained and over correction of rotations. This can be accomplished
by bending one wing closer to the tooth and the apposite wing
farther away.
They do not interfere with the activation of closing loops, second
order bends and other arch wire fabrication.
The Lewis bracket is rigid and utilizes the same principle of tooth
rotation as do twin brackets i.e. deflection of the resilient arch wire
themselves.
Disadvantages :
Less control of axial inclination of tooth than to do twin brackets.

Anti Tip Lewis Bracket :
Incorporated notches / slats in the ends of wings of brackets.
Can be easily tied and is quicker.
Deflection of the arch wire is quick effecting rotation of the tooth.
Vertical Slot Lewis Bracket :
incorporation of 0.020 x 0.020 inch vertical slot.
Possible to use uprighting springs to correct axial inclination
Curved Base Lewis Bracket :
This involved the curving of the base and wings of the bracket to
conform to the canine and premolar teeth.
It allows greater contact with the band or bonding pad.

STEINER BRACKET :
Designed by Cecil Steiner.
These bracket did not depend on the resiliency of the arch wires for
tooth rotation due to their inbuilt flexible rotational arms.
Steiner bracket utilizes a single width edge wise bracket.
It is easy to tie and is quite efficient for tooth rotation. It works
satisfactorily as long as the flexible arms do not undergo permanent
deformation

Sved bracket
Designed by R.C Brunifield
Instead of being a horizontal channel it is formed by a 2 opposing
wedges.
This design permits turning of arch wire in the slot
So, that relationship between axis of tooth and arch wire can be
changed.

BROUSSARD BRACKET :
Another modification of the edge wise has been the addition of
0.0185 x 0046 inch vertical slot to accept a doubled 0.018 inch
auxillary wire.
Designed by Garford Broussard.
Other Bracket Modification :
Burstone has modified the canine bracket by adding a vertical tube
for the insertion of retraction assemblies.
Burstone also designed a second premolar bracket with an auxiliary
tube.

Alexander Principle
Given by Dr.Wick Alexander in 1978.
It is also called as Vari-Simplex discipline .
Vari – refers to variety of bracket types.
Simplex – Kiss principle (Keep it simple sir)
As archwires are simple, because first, 2nd, 3rd order effects
are incorporated into the bracket.
Hooks are not soldered to wire. Bracket hooks are used.
Multiloop arch forms are rarely used.
Discipline was chosen rather than appliance to reflect that
idea that the orthodontist must be knowledgable in edgewise
appliance and must play a active role in application of
appliance to the individual patient in order that the treatment
be successful.

Vari-Simplex Discipline contains several unique concepts. Prior to its
introduction, no straight wire system used different brackets on the
same case.
A combination of twin, lang, lewis brackets is used according to
which type is most effective for a particular type of tooth.
5O
lower anterior torque is an unique feature.
Fewer arch wires.
Most significant development of rectangular, multistranded
archwires.

Appliance Design :
The most important factors in determining the design of vari
simplex appliance are the ;
(1) size and shape of teeth especially mesiodistal curvature and
with which will also influence ease of archwire ligation into
bracket.
(2) Other major factor – is the accessibility of tooth and whether it is
located in a curved or straight area of the arch.
• “Vari simplex system is designed for 0.018 bracket slots
and .017 wire”.
• All brackets used in vari simplex systems allow maximum
engagement of archwires in the bracket slot.

Bracket Types :
Twin brackets : Used on large, flat surface
teeth maximum central incisor and lateral
incisor.
Mini-Diamond twin brackets are preferred as
they are rhomboidal which aids in accurate
bracket placement and increases interbracket
span.
Lateral incisor twin brackets have additional
tie wings for easy engagement of wire where
canines are placed high
.
Lateral incisor brackets have permanent
hooks attachment to accommodate Class II
elastics.

Lang Brackets
Were invented by Dr.Howard Lang,
They are used on round surfaced teeth at the corners of the mouth i.e.
on Maximum and Mandibular cuspids.
It is diamond form, single bracket with flat rotational wings containing a
circular hole. This aperture increases flexibility of wing and can be used
for ligation.
The pad is contoured so that the bracket fits especially well to cuspid.
tooth
The straight wing of lang eliminates interferences in this curved portion of
arch.
Single bracket increases interbracket width, so better rotational control.www.indiandentalacademy.com

Lewis Bracket : Are selected for large round surface teeth that
are not at curve of arch, and also for small flat surface teeth i.e.
premolar, mandibular incisor. It is fixed wing single bracket with built
in lateral curvature of rotation wings. This intends to provide 3 point
contact on the wire, and they are wedge shaped.

A twin bracket with a convertible sheath is used on each maxillary
and mandibular first molar. The convertible sheath is easily
removed when second molars are handed converting the
attachment to twin bracket. Headgear tubes are placed occlusally.
15o distal offset is built into upper straight molar tube and 5o to
lower first molar tube. Ball hooks are attached to upper and lower
brackets.
Single buccal tubes are used of maxillary and mandibular
2nd molars.

Tip values and torque values in Alexander philosophy.

Bracket Positioning :
Bicuspid bracket height is the key to positioning all the
brackets.
Bracket Height :
Maxillary Mandibular
CI X X -= 0.5
LI X - 0.5 X – 0.5
C X + 0.5 X + 0.5
1PM X X
2PM X X
1 M X – 0.5 X – 0.5

BIO-PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM
• developed by Robert.M. Ricketts in
1950.
• Ricketts described development of
Edgewise in 3 phases-
primary egde wise – Angle
secondary edgewise – strang ,Brodie.
tertiary edge wise – Tweed
quaternery edge wise - bioprogressive

• development of bioprogressive set ups
– 3 phases
• standard bioprogressive – 1950
• Full torque bioprogressive – 1960
• Triple control bioprogressive

Bioprogressive therapy
Standard bioprogressive therapy
Brackets were
angulated on
bands on all
canines -50
80- lateral incisor
50 - lower molars
Torque - 220
- CI
140
- LI
70
- c
Acc to jarabak
and holdaway

Fully Torque Bioprogressive
Incorporated 120
rotation to lower
molar.
220
of torque on
lower second
premolar and lower
molar – for
anchorage.

Triple control Bioprogressive
Raised bracket on
canine and
premolar of both
arches
150
rotation triple
tube- upper molar
Convertible lower
first molar tubes
with 120
rotation
220
torque.
Second molar
tube with 320
torque and 120
rotation

Begg Bracket
• Introduced by Precival Raymond Begg.
• In 1933 , about 3 yrs after switching from
rectangular to roUnd wires he began using
stainless steel ribbon arch brackets with slots
gingivally rather than ooclusally.Hence The
Begg bracket was the modified ribbon arch
bracket .
• In 1956 he introduced the concept of
differential force system.

MODIFIED RIBBON ARCH BRACKET
Slot dimensions 0.020x0.045inch to accept both 0.020 inch arch wire
and when required a 0.016 inch torquing auxillary invented during
1960
BRACKET PLACEMENT
Brackets are centered mesiodistally on the labial or buccal surface of
the teeth with the base of the arch wire slot 4mm fron the incisal edges
or cusp tips
The only exception to this vertical placement is the maxillary lateral
incisors- 3.5mm

Modern begg
combination of begg and egdewise

Combination Anchorage Technique
• It is introduced by William J. Thompson in 1981.
• The concept of the appliance was to use a light wire appliance system to
establish the early organization of malocclusion and then to finish the
treatment with a more rigid and precise straight wire appliance.
• With combination light wire mechanics it is possible to use light wire
mechanics at their optimum for rapid anterior alignment,
maximum retraction of anteriors and good bite opening.

At the desired point in treatment, the anchorage resistance can
be altered by changing slots, wire size and friction to
produce maximum edgewise control and resistance in
specific area of the appliance.
For combination treatment, it is essential that the combination
anchorage bracket be designed to produce optimum light wire /
straight wire movements.
The CAT bracket has a 0.022 x 0.035 inch gingival or ribbon
arch slot for light for tipping movement and 0.018 x 0.025 inch
or 0.022 x 0.025 edgewise slot to facilitate 3 dimension
movements with inbuilt tip, torque and compensation. An enclosed
vertical slot to incorporate uprighting and rotating springs.

Four stage appliance

Beddtiot
Begg edgewise diagnosis determined
totally individualized orthodontic technique.
• By Hocevar
• This system uses narrow , single width , with 0.022x0.028 inch edge
wise arch wire slot and 0.020x0.020 vertical slot for various auxillaries.
• 5 brackets – different torque values
• 0, 5,10,15,20 degrees
buccal tubes are conventional with 4.5mm long, 0.022x0.028 inch torqued
edge wire tube
with additional rectangular tube at a 15 degree angle to basic tube used
in extraction cases for anchorage purposes and bite openning.

Bracket Prescription Chart :
Maxillary canine torque has been reduced to 0o
to
produce less promise of the canine roots on the lateral plane.
Torque on lower premolar has been changed from -17o
on the first premolar and -20o
on the 2nd premolar to a standard
of 19o
for both. This change reduces the inventors requirement
and does not effect precise tooth positioning or intracuspation.
Bracket Placement :
Molar : 3.5 mm
Premolar: 3.5 mm
Canine : 4 mm
Lateral : 3 mm
Central : 3.5 mm

Tip-Edge bracket
Tip- edge bracket was invented by
Dr.Peter Kesling .
Introduced differential tooth movement in
edgewise based bracket system.
As, its name suggests Tip Edge combines
initial degree of tooth tipping ,which greatly
facilitates tooth movement prior to edge
wise precision finishing.

Characteristics of Tip Edge
bracket.
By removing the predetermined ,diagonally
apposed corners from the conventional
edgewise slot, tip edge bracket is created.
Conventional tie wings and circular marking
on the distogingival wing for identification on
uppers and triangular marking on lowers.
A vertical slot is incorporated lingual to main
arch wire to accommodate auxiliaries
The shape of this slot is also known
as propeller slot

The cut out surfaces of the arch wire
slot forms the tip limiting surfaces
which restrict the degree of the tipping.
The intact surfaces are finishing
surfaces,containg the the individualized
finishing prescription for each tooth.
The point at which tip limiting surface
and intact surfaces meet constitutes a
central ridge provide vertical control
and also torque is imparted ,under the
influence of auxillary springs under the
influence of final rectangular wire
phase.
The amount of tipping is dependent on
the angulations of cut portion of tip
limiting surface.

Anterior tip edge brackets are
designed to allow distal crown tipping
during translation in the first stage of
treatment.
But ,premolar brackets are selected
according to the extraction site.
Tip Edge employs double buccal tubes. .
022x.028 rectangular tubes with convertible
tubes.
0.036 inch internal diameter –gingival
placed round tube.www.indiandentalacademy.com

side winders are used for uprighting of the roots, and
simultaneously help in expressing the in built torque.

The finishing prescription contained within the Rx-1 bracket is
identical to today's straight wire systems with tip in face and torque
in base. These values were comparable with ROTH values.

Tip Edge Plus
Modified version of Rx – 1 tip
edge bracket.
It has an additional horizontal
slot on the lingual surface of
the bracket .
It carries HANT auxiliary arch
wire to achieve up righting
root movements instead of
side winders.
Advantages- spring free
stage iii, oral hygiene, patient
comfort.

Bioefficient therapy - Vaizis
Is system was mainly designed to shorten the time consumed for initial
leveling.
Bracket design –
It is a multipurpose single bracket to increase the flexibility of wire and
also control the rotations .
ITS capabilities are -
 Triangular in shape- confirms the crown anatomy and gingival contour.
 Low profile of bracket allows easy engagement of arch wire.

 Side elbows and wings of the bracket allows easy engagement
of Elastomeric modules.
 Minimum friction due to increased interbracket span, increased
flexibilty of wire.
 Ease of bracket placement
 Tip control - is due to narrow and elongated configuration of
bracket
 Rotational control
 Vertical slot for auxillaries

Bimetric appliance
• The bimetric system of the edge wise mechanism is a tecnique which
uses bracket slots of two different sizes in the same mouth
• Introduced by Schudy f.f and Schudy g.f in 1975
• It uses 0.016 inch brackets on upper and lower incisors and canines
• 0.022 inch brackets on upper and lower premolars and first molars.
• When an 0.016 x 0.022 inch wire is used an 90° twist is made to canine
the wire will fit all the brackets. Thus in anterior section the treatment
wire is edge wise and in posterior section it is ribbon arch
• Use of 0.022 inch dimension of the wire both horizontally and vertically
depending on the need in different faces of treatment necessitates the
use of the 2 way buccal tube on the molar .This tube will receive either
dimension of wire vertically or horizontally without allowing it to turn in
the tube

The rationale for these changes -
To best control the correct movement of anterior teeth by placing the
0.016 inch wire vertically in anterior portion ,it gives resilient , gentle,
effective torquing force.
When the wire is twisted 90°distal to canine the 0.022 dimension is
placed vertically so, that the maximum strength of the wire is utilized
single width bracket (0.05 inch) with steiners double rotating levers

The Level Anchorage System
- Terrel
L.Root
Its consists of banded and bonded edge wise appliance with built
in torque, tip and offset and a treatment planning chart with a
step by step procedure.
CHARLES TWEED- ANCHORAGE PREPARATION
ANDREWS – STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE
LEVEL ANCHORGE SYSTEM- combination of anchorage
preparation and straight wire appliance.
Bracket type- utilizes twin brackets for upper central incisors and
single lewis bracket for other teeth.
Pre-adjustments in level anchorage systems.

Speed system - Dr. Hanson
The acronym speed is derived from the descriptive terms Spring
loaded, Edgewise, Energy and Delivery system.
The main components of the appliance are multi slotted bracket
body,a spring clip, specially shaped foil meshed bonding bases.
The Bracket Body- consists of 4 slots, a small traingular groove ,
short welding flanges and no gingival tie wing .
0.018x0.025 inch horizontal arch wire slot which opens labially.
0.017x0.017 inch horizontal opens lingually.
A vertical spring slot opens lingually
A short and narrow angled access slot

The highly resilient spring clip
is made of stainless steel
strip .Each has a short labial
arm joining a longer lingual arm
by a occlusal curved portion.
A labially projecting indent on the
gingival end of the long lingual
spring arm is housed within the
intrument acess slot which has
become a tapered tube
penetrating out at a appropraite
level for limiting the occlusal
travel of the spring to that
required for parking of labial
arm into its slot open position.

Operation of speed bracket.
The spring is moved into a open position by application of
approximately 10 ½ ounces of occlusally directed force by using a
suitable lingual director.
The SPEED appliance has been designed for precise rational
control in 3 axis
occlusogingival axis
Labiolingual axis
Mesio distal axis

Andrews- SWA
The concept that an edge wise appliance could be fully
programmed evolved from a series of 5 studies.
SWA is given by Andrews in 1972
edge wise appliance - three catogories
non programmed appliance
partially programmed appliance
fully programmed appliance

Non programmed appliance - Angle
Had six shortcomming like
• perpendicular bases
• bases not contoured occusogingivally and
• mesiodistally
• Slot not angulated
• stems of equal prominence
• Maxillary molar offset not build in
that always required wire bends

Fully programmed appliance
design features of the bracket
slot siting features
convenience features
auxiliary features
.

slot siting features-
MID TRANSVERSE PLANE
-
• Mid transverse plane of
slot ,stem and crown must
be same.
• The base of the bracket
should have same inclination
has facial plane crown.
• Inclined base contoured
occlusogingivally

IN MID SAGITTAL PLANE-
4) midsagital plane of slot, stem and crown is same
5) the plane of bracket base is same as that of facial axis
point on crown. Maxillary molars – 1000
on all other crown – 900
6) base of the bracket is contoured mesiodistally

7) Vertical components of the bracket should be parallel
( mesial and distal borders of stem and tie wings) and
straddle to crown FACC.
horizontal components to be parallel( superior and
inferior edges of the bracket) should be equidistant
from gingival margin and crown tip – FA point.
Parallelogram bracket - ease of bracket placement

MID FRONTAL PLANE
8) with in the arch all slot points must have the same
distance between them and embrasure line.

• Convenience
features –
9) Assymetrical tie wings to aid
in ligation and prevent
gingival impingement on
posterior teeth.
10) Inclined bases prevent
occlusal interferences.
11) The face of the bracket is
contoured same as their
bases for lip comfort.

Auxillary features-
power arms
face bow tubes
utility tubes
Rotation wings

Fully programmed appliance –
standard brackets -
translation brackets –
Standard brackets – incisors –
3 standard brackets
for class I
class ii
class iii

• posterior teeth 2 brackets
• for class I
• class ii

• In 1976 Roth published a report entitled “
five year clinical evaluation of the Andrews
SWA “
• Discussed the disadvantages of SWA .
• Reasons for modification.
Inventory
Anchorage control
overcorrection - to finish a case to an end
of appliance therapy in which all tooth
positions are slightly overcorrected
Roth bracket system (1987)

Roth recommended single bracket system ,consisting
of primarily of minimum extraction series .

• Bracket Height :
Maxillary Mandibular
Central 3.5 3.5
Lateral 3.5 3.5
Canine 4.0 4.0
1st
Premolar 3.5 3.5
2nd
Premolar 3.5 3.5
1st
Molar 3.0 3.0
2nd
Molar 2.5 3.0

MBT system
• Third generation of preadjusted appliance
Evolution of MBT –
McLaughlin and Bennet 1975 and 1993-
Standard
SWA
bracket
Oviod
arch form
Brackets
positioned
at the centre
of clinical
crowns
Light force
levels and
sliding
mechanics

Mc Laughlin, Bennet , and Trevesi 1993-1997
new range
of MBT
brackets
ovoid arch
form
brackets
positioned
with guage
Light force
levels and
sliding
mechanics

1997 and 2001
New range
of MBT
brackets
Oviod,
square ,
tapered arch
forms
Brackets
positioned
with guage
Updated light
force levels
and sliding
mechanics

MBT
Basic features of brackets
of modern bracket
system-
1) Range of brackets –
standard
mid size
esthetic
2) Rhomboidal shape
3)Torque in base
4)Expression of in out
5)Expression of tip-
19 x 25 wire in 0.022
slot almost express its
tip as clearance is less
than 10.
T www.indiandentalacademy.com

6)Expression of torque-
Torque is inefficiently expressed by PEA appliance due to
.twist effect of small wire when compared to the bulk of the teeth
.amount of play with 19x 25 wire -100
Extra torque was built into the appliance

Versatility of MBT bracket system-

DUAL ENVIRONMENT
BRACKETS
Introduced by George F. Schudy in 1990.
This edge wise bracket would offer a
maximum range of action of wires, yet still
permit précise control with small edge wise
wires and require minimum change in the
techniques.
Bracket Proper
Outer slot
Inner slot
Larger outer slot for maximum arch wire
flexibility in the initial phase.
Smaller inner slot that accepts
small rectangular wires for maximum
control later in treatment.
The outer slot measures 0.040 inch
for twin bracket and 0.030 inch for single
bracket. The inner slot can be 0.016 or
0.018 inch

.
Advantages :
The flexibility of the outer slot in some cases allows the sue
of a full size 0.016 x 0.022 inch initial arch wire, even with a
great deal of irregularity.
The inner slot is used after rotations have been partially
corrected and vertical alignment has been accomplished.
Later in the treatment the same full size arch wire can then
be seated in the smaller slot.
This bracket system allows the teeth to adjust comfortably
during the initial phase of treatment, therefore patties
experience little discomfort when the arch wire is seated in
the inner precision slot after two to four weeks. Faster
leveling of arches with fewer arch wire changes easier
torquing of teeth with less patient discomfort.
Fewer permanent sets in arch wires due to mastication
since the working arch is not closely held in the posterior
bracket.

Butterfly brackets
Given by Dr. Bowman and
Dr. Carano
• The Butterfly system has
several unique features
designed to improve upon
existing PEA appliance
concepts in response to
the finding of ABO
• The Butterfly system is
based on a new low
profile, miniature twin wing
design and rounded tie
wings, elimination of hooks
.

It has seven unique
features-
1) versatile vertical slot
2) progressive posterior
torque
3) reversible second premolar
brackets- +3o
tip to
achieve good
intercuspation.
in extraction cases -these
brackets are reversed to
get better root
parallelism( -3o
)www.indiandentalacademy.com

4) progressive mandibular anterior
tip
5) angulated first molar
attatchments -60
tip
6) mandibular anterior torque -
available at - 50
and -100
7) conservative anterior torque- 00
torque for upper canine and -30
for
lower canine
in deep bite cases it can be
inverted to get +30
to move crowns
labially back

Zero Based Orthodontic Appliance System
• This system allows the orthodontic community to enhance the quality
of treatment results .
• The key is to move away from a universal
appliance that is applied to all the patients
toward an indivisualized appliance that fits the
specific needs of each patient.
• 3M Unitek has developed Zero Based Orthodontic Appliance System
to provide pts specific prescription that takes advantages of 3M
unitek victory series and APC system.

Self Ligating Brackets
Self ligating brackets are ligatureless bracket system that have
mechanical device built into the bracket to close off the
edgewise slot .
• first self ligating bracket -Russel lock.
• low frictional resistance.
• They are 2 types –
• 1) Active-spring clip
• 2) passive

The Ultradent company -a tooth-colored self-
ligating bracket which is made of a
polycrystalline with a high glass fiber portion.
The Opal Bracket. This bracket has a built-in
hinged door which fits over the arch wire.
Brackets Metálicos TIME - Self Ligating System-
available in 0.018 and 0.022 Roth prescription.
ADENTA - New self ligating lingual bracket

Washington State orthodontist Dwight
Damon, use a 'sliding door' technique in
the Damon bracket.
Damon bracket, Damon 3, which is part
ceramic (clear or tooth-colored) and part
metal.
The 3M Company -self-ligating passive bracket
called SmartClips,, SmartClips brackets do not
have a "sliding door" or separate clip. The arch
wire is held in place with a specially designed clip
built into the bracket.
In-Ovation is made by the GAC
company. It is a twin bracket made
entirely of metal, and utilizes a special
clip built-in clip.

Synergy brackets
Is the bracket which has
friction contol due to the
morphology of the slot.
Low friction during
alignment.
Superelatic wires
combined with synergy
bracket - dynamic
synergistic effect.

LINGUALLY BONDABLE BRACKET SYSTEM
Introduced by Dr.Craven Kurz in 1970’s
As the straight wire appliance was developed,
treatment demands had increased and adults were seeking
treatment in greater numbers. This increasing demand for
adult treatment brought unique concern to the profession.
Esthetics was then and continues to be a primary concern
of patients. On esthetic grounds the demand for an
appliance that did not show, the concept of lingually
bondable appliance was born.

From Generation #1 to Generation #7
Generation #1 – 1976
This appliance had a flat maxillary occlusal bite plane from
canine to canine. The lower incisor and premolar brackets were low
profile and half-round, and there were no hooks on any brackets.

Generation #2 – 1980 :
Hooks were added to all canine brackets.

Hooks were added to all
anterior premolar brackets. The first
molar had a bracket with an internal
hook. The second molar had a
terminal sheath without a hook but has
a terminal recess for elastic traction.
This generation saw the
addition of a low profile anterior
inclined plane on the central and
lateral incisor brackets. Hooks were
optional, based upon individual
treatment needs and hygiene
concerns.

Generation #5 – 1985-86
The anterior inclined plane became more pronounced, with an
increase in labial torque in the maxillary anterior region. The canine
also had an inclined plane; however, it was bibeveled to allow
intercuspation of the maxillary cusp with the embrasure between the
mandibular canine and the first premolar. Hooks were optional. A
transpalatal bar attachment was now available for the first molar
bracket.

Generation #6 – 1987-90
The inclined plane on the maxillary anteriors become more
square in shape. Hooks on the anteriors and premolars were
elongated. Hooks were now available for all the brackets. The
transpalatal bar attachment for the first molar band was optional. A
hinge cap, allowing ease of archwire manipulation, was now available
for molar brackets.

Generation #7 – 1990 to Present :
Maxillary anterior inclined plane is now heart shaped with
short hooks
The lower anterior brackets have larger inclined plane with
short hooks
The premolar brackets were widened mesiodistally and
hooks were shortened
the increased width of Premolar bracket allows better
angulation and rotation control

Lingual Beggs
-STEPHEN F. PAIGE
• Unipoint combination
bracket (Unitek), with the
slot oriented in the
occlusal-incisal direction
• TP 256-500 Begg
Bracket
• gingival "wing" to place
elastic modules
• vertical slots for arch
auxiliaries
• Molar Tube Design
oval tube with a
mesiogingival hook

• buccolingual distance
minimal would also have
advantages, since a small
buccolingual dimension
will increase interbracket
distance.
• doubled -over O-ring
elastics, Pins and steel
ligatures
• In crowded situations,
more brackets could be
placed

• safety-hold
uprighting spring
• a torqued ribbon
arch
– Beta titanium,
stainless steel, and
Elgiloy rectangular
wire may also be
very useful for this
purpose
• torquing auxiliary

Lingual straight wire (LSW)
Given by KYOTO TAKEMOTO and GIUSEPPE SCUZZO.
The lingual orthodontic technique of Fujita uses a mushroom
archform because of the morphology of lingual tooth surfaces.
As Buccolingual distances at the gingival margin did not vary
substantiallythis led to conclude that straight archwires could be
used in lingual orthodontics if they were placed as close to the
gingival margin as possible.

References Points
The following are taken into consideration
• 1. Li-Point—the most prominent point of the
lingual surface or the tip of the protuberance of
each tooth (horizontal bracket position).
• 2. Embrasure Line—a line connecting all
the contact points, as defined by Andrews.
• 3. Lingual Crown Height (LCH)—the
vertical dimension of each clinical crown.
• 4. Lingual Straight Plane (L-S Plane)—
the plane of vertical bracket slot positions, formed
by connecting the centers of the posterior lingual
clinical crowns and extending the line to the A
anterior segment.www.indiandentalacademy.com

LSW appliance Vs Kurz appliance
• Advantages
– Allows ease of flossing.
– Gingival portion of bracket has fewer undercuts such as hooks, resulting in
improved oral hygiene in the cervical region of lower anterior teeth.
– Distance of contact point from the wire is long enough to permit proximal slicing
without removing the wire.
– Without bite planes it is easy to establish adequate overbite during detailing
stage.
– Opposite direction of wire insertion helps in easy rotational correction.
– Bracket rebondinig is easier as it doesn’t require removal of archwire.
– Torque control is better as the wire is pushed into the slot during application of
the retraction forces.
– Ease of anterior expansion.

Orthodontist Clarke Stevens, in Nebraska
developed brackets shaped like hearts, flowers,
footballs, baseballs, and stars. He calls his
product WildSmiles Brackets.

THANK YOUwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Indian Dental Academy - A Guide to Orthodontic Appliances

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