Programming Fundamentals and Programming Languages Concepts Translators Types of Translators Assembler Compiler Simple C Program Basics of C Environment Executing a C Program Executing a C Program

1. Translators
• A translator is a computer program that performs the translation of a program
written in a given programming language into a functionally equivalent program in
a different computer language, without losing the functional or logical structure of
the original code
• These include translations between high-level and human-readable computer
languages such as C++ and Java , intermediate-level languages such as Java byte
code, low-level languages such as the assembly language and machine code,

2. Types of Translators
Assembler:
• An assembler translates assembly language into machine code.
Interpreter:
• An interpreter program executes other programs directly, running through
program code and executing it line-by-line.
Compiler:
• A Compiler is a computer program that translates code written in a high
level language to a lower level language, object/machine code.

3. Simple C Program
/* A first C Program*/
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf("Hello World n");
}

4. Simple C Program
/* A first C Program*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
printf("Hello World n");
getch();
}

5. Simple C Program
• Line 1: #include <stdio.h>
• As part of compilation, the C compiler runs a program called
the C preprocessor. The preprocessor is able to add and
remove code from your source file.
• In this case, the directive #include tells the preprocessor to
include code from the file stdio.h.
• This file contains declarations for functions that the program
needs to use. A declaration for the print function is in this file.

6. Simple C Program
• Line 2: void main()
• This statement declares the main function.
• C program can contain many functions but must always have
one main function.
• A function is a self-contained module of code that can
accomplish some task.
• "void" specifies the return type of main. In this case, nothing is
returned to the operating system.

7. Simple C Program
• Line 3: {
• This opening bracket denotes the start of the
program.

8. Simple C Program
• Line 4: printf("Hello Worldn");
• printf is a function from a standard C library that is
used to print strings to the standard output, normally
your screen.
• The "n" is a special format modifier that tells the
printf to put a line feed at the end of the line.
• If there were another printf in this program, its string
would print on the next line.

9. Simple C Program
• Line 5: }
• This closing bracket denotes the end of the
program.

10. Basics of C Environment
• C systems consist of 3 parts
• Environment
• Language
• C Standard Library
• Development environment has 6 phases
 Edit - Writing the source code by using some IDE or editor
 Pre-processor - Already available routines
 Compile - translates or converts source to object code for a
specific platform ie., source code -> object code
 Link - resolves external references and produces the executable
module
 Load – put the program into the memory
 Execute – runs the program

11. Basics of C Environment
Editor DiskPhase 1
Program edited in
Editor and stored
on disk
Preprocessor DiskPhase 2
Preprocessor
program processes
the code
Compiler DiskPhase 3
Creates object code
and stores on disk
Linker DiskPhase 4
Links object code
with libraries and
stores on disk

12. Basics of C Environment
LoaderPhase 5
Puts program in
memory
Primary memory
CPUPhase 6
Takes each instruction
and executes it storing
new data values
Primary memory

13. Executing a C Program
Steps involved in execution are
• Creating the program
• Compiling the program
• Linking the program with functions that are needed from the C
library
• Executing the program

14. Executing a C Program
Edit
Program
Source
Code
Compile
Object
Code
Link Object
Code Executable
Library
Files