environmental chemistry

1. Table of contents :
Sr. no Topic name
1) Particulate Matter
1.1) Explanation
1.2) Important terms describing
atmospheric particles
2) composition of particulate
matter
3) size of particulate matter

2. 4) Types of particulate
matter
5) Effects of particulate matter
5.1)Effects of particulate matter on
human health
5.2) Effects of particulate matter on
vegetation
5.3) Environmental impact of
particulate matter

3. 6) control of particulate matter
2:
1) Industrial pollutants
1.1) Explanation
2) Types of industrial pollution
3) Effects Of industrial
pollutants
4) Impact
5)prevention of industrial pollution
Total No Of Figures:5

4. 1)Particulate Matter in the
atmosphere
Atmospheric particulate matter also known as
particulate matter or particulates are
microscopic solid or liquid suspended in the
Earth's atmosphere.
1.1)Explanation:
The term aerosol commonly refers to the
particulate mixture, as oppose to the
particulate matter alone source of particulate
matter can be man made or natural. They have
impact on climate

5. and precipitation that adversly affect human
health.
Particles in the atmosphere, which range in
size from about one half millimeter down to
molecular dimensions are made up of amazing
variety of materials and discrete objects.
Particulate matter make up the most visible
and obvious form of air pollution.
Atmospheric aerosols are solid or liquid
particles smaller than 100um in diameter. Very
small solid particles include carbon ,silver
iodide, combustion nuclei and sea

6. salt nuclei.Large particles include cement
dust, wind blown soil dust, foundry
dust.Liquid particulate matter, mist, includes
raindrops, fog, and sulfuric acid mist.
Particulate matter may be organic or
inorganic, both types are very important
atmospheric contaminants. Some particles
are of biological origin such as bacteria,
viruses, bacterial spores, fungal spores and
pollen.
1.2)Important terms describing

7. Atmospheric particles :
The term aerosol means colloidal sized
atmospheric particles
The term Condensation aerosol means formed
by condensation of vapours or reactions of
gases
The term Fog mean term denoting high level
of water droplets
The term Mists mean liquid particles
The term Smoke means particles made by
incomplete combustion of fuel.

8. 2)composition of particulate matter :
Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and
liquid particles suspended in the air. This
complex mixture includes both organic and
inorganic particles such as dust, pollen, soot,
smoke and liquid droplets.
The composition of aerosols and particles
depends on their sources. Sea salt is
considered the second largest contributor in
the global aerosol budget

9. ,and consists mainly of sodium chloride, other
constituents of atmospheric sea salt reflect the
composition of sea water.
The chemical composition of the aerosols
directly affects how it interact with solar
radiation. The composition of particulate
matter that generally causes visual affects such
as smog consist of sulfur dioxide ,nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, mineral dust, organic
matter and elemental carbon also known as
black carbon and soot. The particles are
hydroscopic due to the presence of Sulfur and
sulfur dioxide Is

10. converted to sulfate when high humidity and
low temperatures are present. This causes the
reduced visibility and yellow color.
Chemical composition of particulate
matter

11. 3)Size of particulate matter :
Particulate matter contains microscopic solids
or liquid droplets that are so small that they can
be inhaled and cause serious health problems.
Some particles less than 10um in diameter can
get deep into your lungs and some may even
get into your blood stream.

12. 4)Types of particulate matter :
Particulate matter is separated into three main
groupings.
a) coarse particles (PM10)
b) Fine particles (PM2.5)
c) Ultrafine particles (PM0.1)
These particles sizes in general differ in origin
and health effects.
5)Effects of particulate matter:
Particulate matter have negative effects on
human health, vegetation and environment.

14. 5.2)Effects of particulate matter on
vegetation :
Most of the effects of the dust particles on
plants include the potential to block and
damage the stomata such that photosynthesis
and respiration are affected. Other effects are
shading wearing down on the leaf surfaces
and cuticle.

15. 5.3)Environmental impact of
particulate matter :
Particulate matter pollution contributes to acid
rain and climate change. In addition to the
worsening of acid rain, particulate matter can
also change weather patterns, cause drought,
contribute to global warming, and the ocean to
acidify.
6)Control of particulate matter :
Due to environmental concerns, most
industries are required to operate some kind of
dust collection system to control

16. Particulate emissions. These systems include
a) Inertial collectors (cyclonic separators)
b) Fabric filter collectors (baghouses)
c)Wet scrubbers
d) Electrostatic precipitators
In summary, source elimination is the most
effective and often the least expensive
method for PM control.More than 90 percent
dust removal efficiency was observed within
the indoor environments.

17. 2
1)Industrial pollutants
Pollutants whose source originates directly
from industry is known as industrial
pollutants. After the industrial
Revolution,manufacturing and technology
made advances, which resulted more
factories and more industries. These
industries and factories emitted smoke .

18. 1.1)Explanation:
Industrial pollution is the contamination of
the environment by business's, particularly
plants and factories that dump waste
products into the air and water. Industrial
waste is one of the largest contributors to the
global pollution problem endangering people
and the environment. 17 industries declared
to be most polluting. These include the
caustic soda, cement distillery, dyes, iron,
paper and pulp, oil refineries, pesticides and
tanneries etc.

19. 2)Types of industrial pollution :
1)Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
2)Sulfur oxides(SOx)
3)Particulate matter(PM)
4)Ground level ozone (O3)
5)Volatile organic compounds (Vocs)
6)Mercury(Hg)
7)Peroxyacyl nitrates(PANs)
8)and more.

20. 3)Effects of Industrial pollution :
Industrial pollution can also impact air quality
and enter the soil, causing widespread
environmental problems. Industrial activities
are a major source of air, water and land
pollution. It cause significant damage to earth
and it's inhabitants.It affects wildlife,
ecosystem and natural habitat. Animals are
being extinct.

21. 4) Impact of Industrial pollution on
environment :
Industrial pollution continues to cause significant
damage to the earth and all of its inhabitants due
to chemical wastes, pesticides, radioactive
materials etc. It affects wildlife and ecosystem
and disrupts natural habitats. Animals are
becoming extinct, and habitat are being
destroyed. Industrial activities are a major source
of air, water and land pollution, leading to illness
and loss of life all over the world.

22. 5)Prevention of Industrial pollution :
There are many ways to reduce or control
industrial pollution.
a) Source Control
b) Recycling
c) Cleaning of Resources
d) Industry site selection
e) Proper Treatment of Industrial waste
f) Rebuilding Habitats and Afforestation
g) Stricter Laws and Enforcement

24. Environmental protection, 9(1),27-44.
3:Tschanz,F.,Amstutz, A., onder, C. H.,and
Guzzela, L. (2013).Feedback control of
particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emissions
in diesel engines. Control engineering practice,
21(12),1809-1820.
( 2)
Industrial pollutants
1:Rybicka,E.H.(1989)."Metals and their
chemicals and mineralogical form in industrial
pollutants of the atmosphere. "Environmental
technology,10(10),921-928.

25. 2:Jorgenson,A.k.(2009).Political-economic
integration, industrial pollutants and human
health. Panel study of less developed
countries, 1980-2000.International sociology,
24(1),115-143.
3:Freeman,H.,Harten. T., Springer, J., Randall,
p., curran, M.A.,and stone, K.
(1992).Industrial pollution prevention! A
critical review.Journal of the Air and waste
Management Association, 42(5),618-656.

26. (Questions)
Particulate matter in the atmosphere
1:Who is most affected by PM?
2:What does particulate matter cause in the
environment?
3:What are the health effects of PM2.5?
4:Which is the biggest source PM?
5:What is PM10?
6:How do control particulate emissions?

27. (2)
Industrial pollutants
1:What happens if the whole community is
affected by pollutants?
2:Discuss the types of industrial pollution?
3:How does industrial pollution affects
humans?
4:How does Industrial pollution affect the
environment?
5:How we reduce industrial pollution?