3. PDH Bit rates
Page 3 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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4. PDH Multiplexing Structure
Page 4 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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5. Tributary Access
Page 5 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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6. Tributary Access
Page 6 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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7. No Common Standard
Page 7 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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8. Synchronisation
Page 8 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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9. Point to Point Networks
Page 9 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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10. Developing Networks
Page 10 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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11. Pre SDH Summary : Limitations of PDH Network
Traffic Add Drop
Inter vendor operability
Bandwidth Utilisation of Transmission Media
Synchronisation
Efficient Network Management
Page 11 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Efficient Network Management
12. SDH Definition
Page 12 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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13. Advantages of SDH
Page 13 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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14. Notes on SDH Rates
Page 14 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
15. SONET
Page 15 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
18. ETSI Multiplexing structure
139 264Kb/sC-4
C-3VC-3
44 736Kb/s
34 368Kb/s
x 7
x 3
x 1
x 1
x N
STM-N AU-4 VC-4
TU-3
POH processing
SOH
TUG-3
AU-G
POH
POH
Pointer
Pointer
POH
Page 18 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
x 3
X 1
VC-12 C-12
VC-11
VC-2
C-11
2 048Kb/s
1 544Kb/s
Pointer processing
Multiplexing
Mapping
Aligning
TU-
2
TU-12
TUG-
2
POH
POH
POH
Pointer
Pointer
19. The STM1 Frame
VC-12
TU-12
TUG-2
PTrVC-12
3 time
TU-12TU-12 TU-12
7 time
PO
H
C-12
C-12
Page 19 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
TUG-3
STM-1
VC-4
AU-4
7 time
TUG-2
TUG-3 TUG-3
TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2
3 time
PTrAU-4 TUG-3
SOHSOH
1 time
PO
H
20. Basic SDH frame
STM1 linear structure
32 bytes /125µs
2430 bytes /125µs
1st line 2nd line 3rd line 4th line 5th line 6th line 7th line 8th line 9th line
2M
Page 20 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
SOH
STM1
PointerSOH
Transmission data carried by a VC4
(payload)
21. Basic STM1 frame
ITU-T structure
Pointer
SOH
(Payload)
9 rows
Page 21 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
SOH
9 Columns
270 Columns
261 Columns
22. Path and section
26
1
2 Mbit/s
Sectio
nVC12 path
Page 22 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
3452 Mbit/s
23. Two types of section:
Regenerator : (RSOH)
Multiplexing : (MSOH)
RSOH RSOHRSOHRSOH
STM Overhead
Page 23 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Regenerato
r
Section
MSOH MSOH
Multiplexin
g
Section
Regenerato
r
Section
Regenerato
r
Section
24. The situation
The economic situation in the Telecom Industry
has changed...
Page 24 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
...and so has the technological approach to meet
new challenges!
25. The future - as seen in 2000
SONET/SDH
Network
SONET/SDH for
VOICE
Services
Seen Status
Future Network
Page 25 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
One new network for both applications!
LAN
Fully Routed
Optical IP
Network
Optical IP for
DATA
Services
Future Network
26. The Status Today
SDH/ SONET - is the deployed technology in the core network
with huge investments in capacity!
Ethernet - is the dominant technology of choice at LANs and
well known at all enterprises worldwide!
Data traffic is still growing, but only at a slower speed than
expected
Page 26 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
All network topologies focusing on a IP/Ethernet ONLY
approach are shifted to long-term future.
The future today:
Bring SONET/SDH and Ethernet together!
27. New Customer Applications
Virtual Private Network
(VPN)
Core Network
LAN LAN
PC
ServerEthernet
Page 27 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Storage Area Network
(SAN)
Edge Network
Core Network
Storage Server
SONET/SDH
Fibre Channel
28. Bringing it all together?
Core
Operator wants:
• Reduce Opex
• Realize revenue-earning services
• Use bandwidth of Core Network X
Customer expects:
• QoS & BW at low costs
• Native Data Interfaces
• Use & Improve what he knows!
LAN
Voice
Page 28 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Edge
• Use bandwidth of Core Network
• Low investment immediate ROI
• Close the edge bottleneck!
X
SAN
Solution:
Make SONET/SDH flexible & data aware at the edge and
still use the existing core!
Edge
Manufacturer needs:
• ...to develop solutions...fast!
29. Worldwide Optical Network Equipment Market
10,000.0
12,000.0
14,000.0
16,000.0
18,000.0
MillionsofU.S.Dollars
NewGen
Traditional SDH/SONET
Page 29 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
0.0
2,000.0
4,000.0
6,000.0
8,000.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
MillionsofU.S.Dollars
Traditional SDH/SONET
Source: Gartner
30. Mass market Carrier Class market
Asynchronous Synchronous
Ethernet vs. SONET/SDH
Ethernet SONET / SDH
Page 30 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Dynamic Bandwidth Fixed Bandwidth
Connection less Connection oriented
Best Effort Service High Quality of Service
How to solve all these challenges?
37. Concatenation?
Contiguous Concatenation
Offers concatenated payloads in fixed, large steps
One towing truck (POH) for all containers
All containers are on one path thru the network
C4 C4 C4 C4
Page 37 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
C-4-4c 599.040 Mbit/s
C-4-16c 2.396 Gbit/s
C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s
C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s
Contiguous ConcatenationVirtual Concatenation
Offers structures in a fine granularity
Every container has its own towing truck (POH)
Every container might take a different path
VC-4-4v
VC-4 #1VC-4 #2VC-4 #3VC-4 #4
VC-4-4c
38. VC Nomenclature
VC-n
Virtual Container n
n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
-X
Number of
virtually
v
Indictor for
Virtual
Page 38 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
Defines the type of virtual
containers, which will be
virtually concatenated.
virtually
concatenated
containers
All X Virtual Containers
form together the
“Virtual Concatenated
Group” (VCG)
Virtual
Concatenation
v = virtual
concatenation
c = contiguous
concatenation
Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!
39. High and Low Order VC
VC-4
High Order Virtual Concatenation
• refers to virtually concatenated...
VC-3 containers
Page 39 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
VC-11
VC-12
VC-2
Low Order Virtual Concatenation
• refers to virtually concatenated...
containers
40. VCG Granularity
Minimum
VCGs:
VC-4-1v Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s
VC-4-2v Payload Size 299,52 Mbit/s
VC-4-Xv Granularity
VC-4
Example High Order VC:
VC-4 Container Size 150,3 Mbit/s
VC-4 Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s
Page 40 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
VCG Payload
Capacity
Maximum
VC-4-2v Payload Size 299,52 Mbit/s
VC-4-7v Payload Size 1048,3 Mbit/s
VC-4-256v Payload Size 38338 Mbit/s
41. Minimum
VCG Granularity
VCGs:
VC-12-1v Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s
VC-12-2v Payload Size 4,352 Mbit/s
VC-12-Xv Granularity
Example Low Order VC:
VC-12 Container Size 2,240 Mbit/s
VC-12 Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s
VC-12
Page 41 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
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VC-12-2v Payload Size 4,352 Mbit/s
VCG Payload
Capacity
Maximum
VC-12-5v Payload Size 10,88 Mbit/s
VC-12-64v Payload Size 139,26 Mbit/s
42. VC Granularity and max. Capacity
Nomenclature Granularity Max. Capacity
VC-4 –n v 149 M - 38.3G
VC-3 –n v 48 M - 12.7 G
VC-4
VC-3
Page 42 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
VC-12 –n v 2.2 M - 139 MVC-12
Maximum Concatenation: = 256 containers
Max. Capacity: = 256 x granularity
43. VC Rate Efficiencies
Ethernet (10M) VC3 20% VC-12-5v 92%
Fast Ethernet (100M) VC-4 67% VC-12-46v 100%
Data Rates Efficiency w/o VC using VC
ESCON (200M) VC-4-4c 33% VC-3-4v 100%
Fibre Channel (800M) VC-4-16c 33% VC-4-6v 89%
Page 43 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
100M Ethernet STM-1
= 64 x VC-12
VC-12-5v
VC-12-46v
2x 10M Ethernet
VC-12-5v
8x E1 Services
Example:
More services integrated- by using VC!
Gigabit Ethernet (1G) VC-4-16c 42% VC-4-7v 85%
45. Virtual Concatenation - Benefits
VC
Economical
Re-use core
network equipment
invest only at the
edge
Efficient &
Scalable
Fine granularity &
multi-path capability
Page 45 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
VC
BENEFITS
Well-known
SONET/SDH is well
engineered & reliable
& trained
Low
Investment
deployment only on
customer demand
Fast ROI
46. Challenges ahead...
How can path bandwidth be increased or decreased?
Dynamic Bandwidth Provisioning
“..bring an additional truck on the road..”
VC-3 #1VC-3 #2
VC-3 #?
Page 46 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
VC-4 #1VC-4 #3
FAILED
How can we ensure QoS for data services?
VCG - Protection one VC container fails - the whole Virtual
Concatenation Group (VCG) fails!
47. Bandwidth on demand
Bandwidth “Call-by-Call”
NG NG
Network Management
VC-12-3v
LCAS
Page 47 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Transport Network
NG NG
ISP
Customer’s LAN
Customer
rents a 6M Internet connection (VC-12-3v)
calls to get additional 2M!
Operator
will provision additional VC-12 path
..and will hitless add it to existing connection via LCAS!
+VC-12
LCAS
48. Bandwidth on demand
Bandwidth on Schedule
Transport Network
NG NG
100M 100M
900M900M
100M
900M
Page 48 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Location A Location B
Offer a fixed bandwidth schedule:
24/7 - Virtual Local Area Network service at 100M Ethernet
Every night for one hour - additional 900M ESCON service for data backup
New revenue opportunities at low traffic hours!
900M900M 900M
49. Bandwidth on demand
Ethernet Traffic
1st VC-12
2nd VC-12
3rd VC-12
Variable
VCG capacity
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation - pay as you grow!
Page 49 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
t
1 2 3 4
VCG capacity
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation:
Automatically, pre-provisioned VC capacity will be activated
No paid, but unused link capacity for the customer
Customized SLA possible!
Optimal bandwidth for the customer for min. $$
New revenues with pay per use & over-subscription!
51. Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Location B
Bandwidth Provisioning - today
Page 51 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Houston OrlandoHouston Orlando
Location A
50Mbit/s Ethernet Private Line (VC-3-1v/ STS-1-1v)
The customer now requires 100Mbit/s
But: Traffic will be interrupted to bring 100M into service!!
Operator manually sets up a 2nd path
using the network management system
100M = VC-3-2v / STS-1-2v
52. LCAS Overview
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Extension for
Virtual Conc.
carried in
H4/K4 byte
Add/Remove
bandwidth
uninterrupted
Page 52 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Adjustment
Scheme
End-to-end
Real-Time
Communication
Standardized ITU-T G.7042, referred by ANSI
Handshake
Protocol
between edge
NE
53. Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
LCAS - Add Bandwidth hitless
Location B
NE
NE
Page 53 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Houston OrlandoHouston Orlando
Operator manually provisions add. 50M path
Location A
Operator installs VC & LCAS edge equipment
LCAS protocol runs between the two edge NE!
NE negotiate - when the additional path gets valid and into
service!
LCAS Succeeds A connection with 100M is in service!
54. Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
LCAS
Cost Efficient
New NE necessary
only at the edge
Transparent to
core network
Enables Value
added services
Bandwidth on demand
”Soft” Protection
99.999% up-time
Page 54 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
LCAS
BENEFITS
Flexible &
scalable
Offers variable VC
bandwidth in real-
time!
Restoration
Virtual Concatenation
link protection &
recovery
55. Challenges ahead
Efficient & suited mappings for all diverse data clients!
“...one mapping fits all...?!?”
SONET/SDH
Page 55 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Rate adaptation between asynchronous clients and
synchronous transport network
Asynchronous
Rates
Synchronous
Rates
57. SONETMUX/DEMUX
NativeInterfaces
New SONET/SDH at the
Edge
?
VC LCASGFP
Ethernet
Ficon
Edge CoreAdaptation
Customer Operator
Page 57 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
SONET/
SDH
SONETMUX/DEMUX
NativeInterfaces
?
That’s “ New SONET/SDH “
Virtual
Concatenation
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
Generic
Frame
Procedure
LAPS
Ficon
Escon
Fibre
Channel
58. GFP Overview
Generic
Frame
Data En-
capsulation
for various
services
Rate
Adaptation
Mechanism
Page 58 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Frame
Procedure
Asynch.
clients over
synchronous
networks
Standardized
ITU-T G.7041
referred by
ANSI
59. SANs
FICON
ESCON
Ethernet
DVI
HDLC
Frame Relay POS
DATA (IP, IPX, MPLS,...)
RPR
FibreChannel
Voice Video
Private
Lines
The Big picture
Page 59 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
ATM
HDLC
Fiber
GFP-T
SONET/SDH
WDM / OTN
GFP-F
GFP
60. GFP - Layer Model
GFP - Client Specific Aspects
(payload dependent)
GFP - Common Aspects
Ethernet IP/PPP
Fibre
Channel
OthersClients
GFP
Frame Mapped Transparent Mapped
ESCON
Page 60 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
GFP - Common Aspects
(payload independent)
SONET/SDH
VC-n Path
OTN
ODUk Path
Others
(e.g. Fibre)
Transport
61. Generic Frame Procedure
G.7041 Generic Frame Procedure defines
Client encapsulation - for transport over SONET/SDH or
OTN networks
Frame formats - for various clients
Mapping Procedures - for client signals into GFP
Page 61 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Why do we need a new framing procedure?
simple and scalable traffic adaptation for different
transport rates
flexible approach for data transmission which requires stringent
delay, QoS
63. Core Header
GFP Frame Overview
Client Payload Field
Payload Headers gives type
of client and supports client
specific management
procedures
Includes CRC detection &
correction
Length 4 to 64 byte
Payload
Headers
Core Header contains the
length of the payload area
and start of frame info
and CRC-16 error detection
& correction
Length 4 byte
Page 63 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
Payload
Area
8 bit
GFP Payload Area transports
higher layer specific
information
Length 4 to 65535 byte
Client Payload Field
contains
client frames (GFP-F) or
client characters (GFP-T)
Client
Payload
Information
Optional Payload FCS
protects the client payload
information field
CRC-32 Length 4 byte
Optional
Payload FCS
GFP gets scrambled before transmission!
65. GFP Operation Modes
GFP-T (Transparent Mapped):
Client characters are directly mapped in GFP-T
00
GFP-F (Framed Mapped):
For packet oriented clients, e.g. Ethernet
One Client Packet = packed in one GFP frame (1:1)
Minimal overhead
Page 65 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
GFP IDLE Frame:
Rate Adaptation (“stuffing”)
GFP Management Frame:
under study
Client characters are directly mapped in GFP-T
frames e.g. Fibre Channel
Fixed length GFP frames
Minimal Latency
66. GFP Operation Modes
1GigE
GFP-F
Frame by Frame
GFPEthernet FrameGFP GFP GFP EthGFPGFPEth. Frame
variable
Page 66 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
GFP-T
1GigE IDLELE EthEth. Frame IDLEEthernet Frame
TransparentGFP TransparentGFP TransparentGFP GFP
GFP GFP Header or IDLE frames
Block by Block
fixed
GFP
67. GFP-F Client vs. Transport Rate
Variable Client Rate
GFP-F
Mbit/s
F
I
F
O
IDLEs
+
M
a
p
p
e
Constant Transport Rate
Mbit/s
Page 67 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
t
O
GFP-F Mapper
+e
r t
GFP-F IDLEs
Client
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
IP
PPP
68. GFP-T Client vs. Transport Rate
M
a
p
p
Decoder
/ Coder
100+x %
GFP-T
Mbit/s
Constant Client Data Rate
100 %
Mbit/s
Constant Transport Rate
Page 68 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
GFP-T Mapper
p
e
r
/ Coder
t
Effective Payload
Client IDLEs
Fibre Channel
ESCON
FICON
Gigabit Ethernet
10 GigE
Anything!
t
GFP Overhead
Effective Payload
Client IDLEs
69. Generic Frame Procedure
GFP
Reliable
Easy & stabile
algorithm
Header Correction
Expandable
with no need for
new transport
equipment
Page 69 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.
GFP
BENEFITS
New
Opportunities
Technological &
Economical
Compatible
works with basically
any higher layer
service and lower
layer network!
70. Granularity at VC12 level in Switch Matrix to ensure compactness and
effective use of container capacity.
DCC Transparency to ensure Network management in Multi Vendor
Environment
Open interface for NMS - CORBA
Additional issues – for New GEN. SDH
Page 70 May 2007 SPCNL / SLW / SCM TR
Copyright Siemens Public Communication Networks (Pvt.) Ltd., 2007. All rights reserved.