Image compression is the reduction or elimination of redundancy in data representation in order to achieve reduction in storage and communication cost. For this we use the simple computational method, 2D-DCT, using two 1D-DCT performed on matrix of (8X8). The DCT is a technique that converts a signal from spatial domain to frequency domain. Here we first convert the image into minimum code units. Then 2-D DCT is applied on each block. Then further process of Quantization, Zig-Zag approach and encoding is applied on the processed data. The architecture uses 3049 slices, 2,457 LUT, 46 I/Os of Xilinx Spartan-3 XC3S1600.

1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 08, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 186
An Implementation of Embedded System in Patient Monitoring System
J.M. Jayanthi gayathri1
V.saranya2
S.mahalakshmi3
V. Ramesh Kumar4
4
Assistant Professor
1,2,3,4
Adhiyamaan college of engineering, Hosur-109
Abstract— This paper deals with the measuring of multi –
parameter to measure ECG, temperature, evoked potential,
respiration rate which uses sensors to measure the patient
condition continuously in ICU. For each parameter it uses
separate sensors .this multi-channel parameter uses special
type of sensors called infracted rays (IR) which are not
harmful to human body. All this signals are collected from
the patient’s body then it is send to the computer and it is
diagnosed by the doctor .It reduces the work for the doctors
and it gives accurate values. If any abnormalities in the
patient’s body it produces alarm and it alerts the doctors.
This paper also deals with online videography i.e the
doctors can view the patient’s condition anywhere from the
hospital’s. Results are stored in the secondary storage
system in computer for future reference. the results are
obtained in the form of graph, waveforms.
Keywords: ICU, DNA, AFM
I. INTRODUCTION
The main objective of the paper is to reduce the size and
cost of the system and to increase the speed of the system by
using embedded system.
Electrocardiography is known as ECG, is a
diagnostic equipment to measure the functioning of heart.
ECG is used to record the electrical activity of heart. The
patient’s in ICU requires continuous monitoring of heart if
any changes in the heart condition e.g, in case of blockage
of heart vessel. It also provide information about the cardiac
disorders such as enlargement of heart vessels, inactive part
of heart vessels.
Heart rate measurement (or)heart pulse is used to
measure the number of heart beats per minute.Normally for
adult human Heart rate ranges from 60-100bpm in resting
condition. In case of Bradycardia (slow heart rate )ranges
below 60 bpm and for Tachycardia(fast heart rate) ranges
above 100bpm in resting condition. In human body Heart
rate is measured from wrist,neck and index of the finger by
using sensor.
Evoked potential is used to measure the electrical
potential from the brain. The Evoked potential normally
ranges fromMicrovolt to several Microvolts. Its function is
to record or stimulate the central nervous system structure.
Body temperature is to measure the normal
temperature of the human body.The normal body
temperature ranges from 37.0C to 36.8C.Body temperature
is measured from arm or in the ear.Body temperature varies
from person to person and from place to place in human
body.
Respiration rate is used the number of breaths for
every 60 seconds. Respiration rate is measured when the
person is at rest by counting number of breaths for every one
minute. In patient monitoring it involves the method of
capnography, pneumography. While measuring the
respiration rate patient shouldnot have any difficulties in
breathing.
Part 2 discuss about the electrodes and sensors used in
multi-parameter system.part 3 represents the proposed
multi-parameter system.Part 4 represents the software used
in multi-parameter system. Part 5 represents the results.Part
6 represents the conclusion of the paper.
II. SENSORS AND ELECTRODES DESCRIPTION
A. Sliver-Sliver Chloride Electode:
Evoked potential uses the silver-sliver chloride electrodes to
capture the signals from the nervous system of brain. silver-
silver chloride electodes is reusable electrode and its
requires minimal care. This electrode can be sterilized
easily. Ag/Agcl electrodes are nonpolarized electrodes
because it allows the current to flow between the electrolyte
and electrode.Gold electrode with gel are used to record the
EEG it has higher impedence than AgAgcl electrode. So
AGAGCL electrode is used to lower the impedence of the
electrode.
B. Resistance Temperature Detector(Rtd)
RTD is used to measure the temperature sensor that operates
principle that a body’s electrical resistance changes with
temperature. RTD is made up of nickel, copper, platinum
material. The material made up of RTD has two layer’s
inner and outer layer. RTD inner layer is a resistive coil
made up of ceramic insulator. RTD outer layer is a resistive
material made up of glass or ceramic material which is
insulated . This material is used to measure the different
body temperature.
C. Thermistor
Thermistor works as thermal resistor and it is also called as
special solid temperature sensor. It works on the principle of
ohm’s law (i.e) voltage is proportional to current and varies
with temperature. Thermistor is made up of polymer or
cermaics.It is more accurate and interchangeable.
D. Blood Oxy Sensor
Blood oxygen sensor is a non-invasive method and it is used
to measure a person’s oxygen saturation. A sensor is placed
on a patient’s body usually at fingertip (or) earlobe. It gives
the percentage of blood with loaded oxygen. The sensor’s
utilizes an electronic processor and a pair of LED’S. The
LED’S wavelength ranges from 660-940 nm. This sensor is
portable and serves as a remainder to check blood oxygen
levels.
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The block diagram of the system is Illustrated in below
figure 3.1.The system uses sensors to collect signal from
the patient’s body. This signal’s are preamplified to reduce
baseline-wander, power line interference noise. The
parameters are converted to digital values by an embedded
microcontroller. An alarm circuit is connected to device and
it produce alarm when there is any abnormalities in patient’s
condition.

2. An Implementation of Embedded System in Patient Monitoring System
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 08/2014/045)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 187
Fig. 3.1: System Description
A. Sensors
The system consists of different sensors and it is used to
convert the quantities into the electrical signals that can be
read by the physician r by the instrument. A sensor is a
device which receives signal when it connected to patient’s
body.A sensor’s sensitivity indicates how much the sensor’s
output changes with respect to the measured input valve. To
maintain accuracy in sensor it is calibrated against know
standrads.
B. Signal Conditioner
Signal conditioner is used to desgined to manipulate an
analog signal to meet the requirement of next stage for
future processing. It is used to improve the strength of
received signal . For our circuit it ranges from 0v to 1000mv
and it is amplified to 5volts. It meets the requirements of the
next processing stage.
C. Microcontroller Unit
The MC unit in our system is PIC16F877A is used for
signal processing. PIC is the enhanced version of embedded
controller. Microcontroller are designed for embedded
applications. Microcontroller are used to receive and
transmit data from the signal conditioner.
D. RS 485
RS 485 is communication bus that can be used to form
simple network to multiple devices. The common
communication interface for long distance is RS 485. It is a
serial communication cable of length 4000feet and it can
transfer information from one device to many computers. It
can able to carry data of 10Mbits/s.
E. Personal Computer
PIC is linked to PC through the RS-485 cable. The signals
which is received from the patient is compared with the
stored data in computer. Data can be stored in memory
devices and the output can be displayed in the form of
tabular column. The stored data in PC can be used for the
future reference.It gives the GUI for the system.
The network of the system is assembled and it is
shown in the fig3.2
IV. .SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
The GUI used for the system is visual basics6.0
A. Visual basics 6.0
VB 6.0 is major tool that is similar to windows application.
It is a programming language and it is supported until
windows 7. It is governed by an event processor.Nothing
happens until the signal is detected .Once the signal is
detected, the code is executed to that particular signal.
Some features of visual basics 6.0:
 Auto width
 Reduce the programme coding and the coding is
simply
 Many method of file system is available
 Many styles is customized
 Look and feel technology and many color schemes
is available
 It is more gradient to normal and highlighted
environment
 All components have customized gradient mode.
 Hyperlinks to create web resources in URLS, web
addresses
V. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The program is coded in VB 6.0. the code is programmed
for measurement of ECG, evoked potential, respiration rate,
Body temperature. A certain limit is specified in program
for all parameters. The code is simulated and the program is
verified.
Fig. 5.1: Output window
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper implements embedded in multi parameter
monitoring system has been introduced. Each parameter
uses separate sensors for monitoring the patient’s
condition.The patient’s condition can be diagnosed by
doctors in any part of the hospital.the obtained result is more
accurate. The proposed system has the following advantages
namely system cost and size is reduced, speed and length of
the cable is increased and data can be transferred from one
device to many computers.
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3. An Implementation of Embedded System in Patient Monitoring System
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 08/2014/045)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 188
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