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Anjali Kale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.31-34
www.ijera.com 31 | P a g e
Finite Element Based Stress Analysis of Seat Belt Using
Integrated Force Method
Anjali Kale1
, Dr. G. S. Doiphode2
1
M.E. Student (Department of Applied Mechanics, The Maharaja Sayaji rao University of Baroda, Vadodara
Gujarat-390001, INDIA)
2
Associate Professor (Department of Applied Mechanics, The Maharaja Sayaji rao University of Baroda,
Vadodara Gujarat-390001, INDIA)
ABSTRACT
Integrated force method (IFM) has been developed for solving various continuum mechanics problems, where
all the internal forces are taken as independent variables. The system equilibrium equations (EE's) are
mathematically concatenated with the MATLAB based compatibility conditions (CC's) to form the global set of
equations. This paper explains the solution strategy of prototype seat-belt component using integrated force
method. Actual seat belt component is taken here to verify IFM based FE element are readily used which is
named as REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D where 5F and 13F reflects number of internal unknowns and 8D and
16D are number of total displacements respectively. The results for “Von Mises Stress” and Maximum
Displacement using IFM based formulation and compared with ANSYS.
Keywords – IFM, Seatbelt Component, REC_5F_8D, REC_13F_16D, ANSYS
I. INTRODUCTION
An Integrated Force Method (IFM) was
proposed by Patnaik (1973) for the analysis of
discrete and continuous systems. As, the present
stiffness method dominates the structural analysis
field. IFM provides alternative formulation to the
stiffness method [4]. In this paper the seat belt tongue
part is analyzed by 2D plane stress analysis. Proposed
structures are as shown in Fig.1 a and Fig. 1 b.
Fig.1 a seat belt component Fig.1 b seat belt
tongue (all dimension in inch)
IFM based readymade elements REC_5F_8D
and REC_13F_16D are used for this type of two-
dimensional problem of structural mechanics using
Integrated Force Method.
In Past IFM have been successfully applied for
cantilever deep beam problem using REC_5F_8D
element [1] using IFM in two dimensional category.
Also, Circular plate with different boundary
conditions using triangular elements has been
analyzed using continuum analysis by IFM [3].
Determination of “Von Mises Stress” is also worked
for both elements methods.
II. BASIC THEORY OF INTEGRATED FORCE
METHOD
The main behavioral parameters of either
discrete or continuum structures are the internal
forces, and displacements. For the purpose of
analysis the model can be designated by two
attributes „n‟ and „m‟, such as structure (n, m). The
number of force unknowns or force degree of
freedom (fdof) is „n‟. Likewise; the number of
displacement degree of freedom (ddof) is „m‟. Once
„n‟ forces {F} are evaluated, „m‟ displacements {X}
can be back calculated from the known forces and
vice versa. From the theory of elasticity, Saint
Venant formulated the compatibility conditions in the
field of an elastic continuum, but he overlooked the
conditions on the boundary, [5] which have since
been formulated by S. N. Patnaik. Augmentation of
Saint Venant‟s conditions with these boundary
compatibility conditions completed the classical
formulation, which is referred as “Completed
Beltrami Michell‟s Formulation (CMBF)”.
The basic concept of IFM is expressed by
following symbolic equation:
Or (1)
Where, [B] is the (m × n) equilibrium matrix,
[C] is the (r × n) compatibility matrix,
[G] is the (n × n) concatenate flexibility
matrix,
{P} is the m-component load vector, and
{δR} is the r-component effective initial
deformation vector,
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Anjali Kale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.31-34
www.ijera.com 32 | P a g e
From forces {F} the displacements can be back
calculated using the following formula;
(2)
; Where [J] = m rows of [[S]-1
] T
.
Thus, main important task in IFM based analysis
is to develop the following three major governing
matrices;
a) The equilibrium matrix [B], which works as a
link between internal forces and external
loads;
b) The compatibility matrix [C], which governs
the deformations by [C]{β} = 0, and
c) The global flexibility matrix [G], which relates
deformations to forces.
STEPS FOR THE ANALYSIS:
Step 1– Generating Equilibrium Equations
Step 2– Deformation Displacement Relations
Step 3– Compatibility Conditions
Step 4– Force Deformation Relations
Step 5– Coupling EE and CC
III. DEVELOPMENT OF [B], [C] AND [G]
Equilibrium Matrix [Be]:
Using MATLAB as programming tool for each
element, considering coarser discretization of tongue
part of seat belt by using FE based REC_5F_8D and
REC_13F_16D respectively as shown in following
Fig.1 c and Fig.1 d. [2]
(1) (2)
b = 0.1718 inches a = 0.1875 inches
b = 0.2031 inches
Fig.1 c Two different sizes of REC_5F_8D
(1) (2)
a = 0.1875 inches a = 0.1875 inches
b = 0.1718 inches b = 0.2031 inches
Fig.1 d Two different sizes of REC_13F_16D
Compatibility Matrix [CC]:
The compatibility matrix is obtained from the
deformation displacement relations ({β} = [B]T
{𝛿})
for REC_5F_8D element. In the DDRs, 35
deformations (which correspond to the 35 force
variables) are expressed in terms of 22 displacements
(𝛿1, 𝛿2,…., 𝛿22). It has 13 CCs that are obtained by
eliminating the 22 displacements from the 35 DDRs.
In REC_13F_16D element contains 91 deformations
(which correspond to the 91 force variables) are
expressed in terms of 59 displacements. It has 32
CCs that are obtained by eliminating the 59
displacements from the 91 DDRs. All the matrix
operations are carried out on the command prompt.
By writing proper path for the .m file it is connected
to the folder “CCPROG” on the desktop. Operating
the module of “mtechexamplemod(B)” demands
number of the compatibility conditions for making
the global equilibrium matrix square as depicted in
following Fig.1 e and Fig.1 f.
Fig.1 e operation related to compatibility
conditions for REC_5F_8D
Fig.1 f operation related to compatibility
conditions for REC_13F_16D
Flexibility Matrix [Ge]:
Using MATLAB as programming tool
generation of flexibility matrix (Ge) for each
element, considering coarser discretization in tongue
part of seat belt two sizes were taken into account.
The size of the flexibility matrix is of (5 × 5), which
is depends on modulus of elasticity, thickness of the
element and material properties respective.
IV. ANALYSIS OF SEAT BELT
The basic seat belt component after applying
horizontal symmetry is shown in Fig.1 g and Fig.1 h.
Anjali Kale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.31-34
www.ijera.com 33 | P a g e
Fig.1 g regular model of tongue with uniform
presure with boundary conditions
Fig.1 h regular model of tongue with uniform
presure with boundary conditions
The seat belt tongue is subjected to 1000 lbf
tension load. For analysis purpose that tension is
converted into uniform pressure of about 14000 psi
along the 0.75 inch vertical inside edge of the latch
retention slot.
The basic steps which included in calculation are
as mentioned below:
Step-0: Solution Strategy.
Step-1: Generation of an equilibrium matrix for the
system.
Step-2: Generate the compatibility conditions.
Step-3: Generation of flexibility matrix for the
system.
Step-4: Express the compatibility conditions in
terms of forces.
Step-5: Couple the equilibrium equations and
compatibility conditions to obtain the IFM equations,
and solve for the forces.
Step-6: Back calculate the displacements, if
required, from the Forces.
Looking to the problem by coarser discretization,
seven nos. of rectangular elements are generated.
Generation of equilibrium equations for the seven
elements of seat belt component proceed by standard
assembly procedure. The system equilibrium matrix
[B] of dimension (22 × 35) and (59 × 91) for
REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D elements
respectively are generated. As dimension of the
global equilibrium matrix shows sparse matrix, to
make it square matrix CCs are generated from the
elimination of DDRs. The global flexibility matrix
for the problem is obtained by diagonal concatenation
of the seven elemental flexibility matrices of
dimension (35 × 35) and (91 × 91) for REC_5F_8D
and REC_13F_16D respectively.
Von mises stress calculation is the extension part of
the results at notch which situated on right-hand edge
of the latch retention slot.
Von Mises stress for a two–dimensional plane stress
state (σ3 = 0), can be stated as in following equation:
(3)
The procedure for the von mises stress which is an
average value, at the notch is counted for the element
3, 4 and 5 as follows and also representation of it as
depicted in Fig.1. i.
Fig.1 i Von mises stress location at latch retention
slot
Individual force values as per element types (i.e.
REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D) are worked out
from above procedure of IFM. Von mises stress are
calculated at junction of the three different elements.
The purpose of failure theories is to extend the
strength values obtained from uniaxial tests to multi-
axial states of stress which exists in practical existing
engineering structures.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The maximum displacement in pull direction is
about 0.0016 inches which occurs at expected at the
center of the right-hand edge of the latch retention
slot for both types of rectangular plane stress FE
elements. The von mises stress value is 98, 067.31
psi and 1, 13, 430 psi for REC_5F_8D and
REC_13F_16D respectively using IFM. For better
understanding of IFM formulation results it can be
compared with ANSYS (Workbench 14.5). Result
obtained for maximum displacement in Pull direction
by the ANSYS (Workbench 14.5) is 0.00189 inches
and von mises stress value is 73,795.201 psi
(Regular Coarser meshing).
VI. CONCLUSION
The IFM always exhibits good performances for
better stresses and nodal displacement with coarser
discretization. IFM provides a strong motivation to
reexamine the relative merits of the force and
displacements methods within the context of the
finite element idealization. Procedure wise IFM and
Anjali Kale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.31-34
www.ijera.com 34 | P a g e
FEM are seems to the same but IFM proves to be
more correct as error due to differentiation of
displacement polynomial is totally removed which is
available in FEM procedure.
REFERENCES
[1] S. N. Patnaik, D. A. Hopkins and Halford,
Integrated force method solution to
indeterminate structural mechanics problems,
NASA/TP—2004-207430
[2] I. Kaljevic, S. N. Patnaik and D. A. Hopkins,
Development of finite elements for two-
dimensional structural analysis using the
integrated force method, Computers &
Structures, Vol. 59, No.4, pp.691-706, 1996
[3] S. N. Patnaik and M. S. Nagraj, Analysis of
continuum by the integrated force method,
Computers & Structures, Vol. 26, No.6,
pp.899-905, 1987
[4] S. N. Patnaik, R. M. Cornoneous and D. A.
Hopkins, Recent Advances in the method of
forces: integrated force method of structural
analysis, Advances in engineering Software,
Vol. 29, No. 3-6, pp. 463-474, 1998
[5] S. N. Patnaik and K. T. Joseph, Generation of
the compatibility matrix in the integrated force
method, Computer methods in applied
mechanics and engineering, 55, (1986)

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  • 1. Anjali Kale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.31-34 www.ijera.com 31 | P a g e Finite Element Based Stress Analysis of Seat Belt Using Integrated Force Method Anjali Kale1 , Dr. G. S. Doiphode2 1 M.E. Student (Department of Applied Mechanics, The Maharaja Sayaji rao University of Baroda, Vadodara Gujarat-390001, INDIA) 2 Associate Professor (Department of Applied Mechanics, The Maharaja Sayaji rao University of Baroda, Vadodara Gujarat-390001, INDIA) ABSTRACT Integrated force method (IFM) has been developed for solving various continuum mechanics problems, where all the internal forces are taken as independent variables. The system equilibrium equations (EE's) are mathematically concatenated with the MATLAB based compatibility conditions (CC's) to form the global set of equations. This paper explains the solution strategy of prototype seat-belt component using integrated force method. Actual seat belt component is taken here to verify IFM based FE element are readily used which is named as REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D where 5F and 13F reflects number of internal unknowns and 8D and 16D are number of total displacements respectively. The results for “Von Mises Stress” and Maximum Displacement using IFM based formulation and compared with ANSYS. Keywords – IFM, Seatbelt Component, REC_5F_8D, REC_13F_16D, ANSYS I. INTRODUCTION An Integrated Force Method (IFM) was proposed by Patnaik (1973) for the analysis of discrete and continuous systems. As, the present stiffness method dominates the structural analysis field. IFM provides alternative formulation to the stiffness method [4]. In this paper the seat belt tongue part is analyzed by 2D plane stress analysis. Proposed structures are as shown in Fig.1 a and Fig. 1 b. Fig.1 a seat belt component Fig.1 b seat belt tongue (all dimension in inch) IFM based readymade elements REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D are used for this type of two- dimensional problem of structural mechanics using Integrated Force Method. In Past IFM have been successfully applied for cantilever deep beam problem using REC_5F_8D element [1] using IFM in two dimensional category. Also, Circular plate with different boundary conditions using triangular elements has been analyzed using continuum analysis by IFM [3]. Determination of “Von Mises Stress” is also worked for both elements methods. II. BASIC THEORY OF INTEGRATED FORCE METHOD The main behavioral parameters of either discrete or continuum structures are the internal forces, and displacements. For the purpose of analysis the model can be designated by two attributes „n‟ and „m‟, such as structure (n, m). The number of force unknowns or force degree of freedom (fdof) is „n‟. Likewise; the number of displacement degree of freedom (ddof) is „m‟. Once „n‟ forces {F} are evaluated, „m‟ displacements {X} can be back calculated from the known forces and vice versa. From the theory of elasticity, Saint Venant formulated the compatibility conditions in the field of an elastic continuum, but he overlooked the conditions on the boundary, [5] which have since been formulated by S. N. Patnaik. Augmentation of Saint Venant‟s conditions with these boundary compatibility conditions completed the classical formulation, which is referred as “Completed Beltrami Michell‟s Formulation (CMBF)”. The basic concept of IFM is expressed by following symbolic equation: Or (1) Where, [B] is the (m × n) equilibrium matrix, [C] is the (r × n) compatibility matrix, [G] is the (n × n) concatenate flexibility matrix, {P} is the m-component load vector, and {δR} is the r-component effective initial deformation vector, RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
  • 2. Anjali Kale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.31-34 www.ijera.com 32 | P a g e From forces {F} the displacements can be back calculated using the following formula; (2) ; Where [J] = m rows of [[S]-1 ] T . Thus, main important task in IFM based analysis is to develop the following three major governing matrices; a) The equilibrium matrix [B], which works as a link between internal forces and external loads; b) The compatibility matrix [C], which governs the deformations by [C]{β} = 0, and c) The global flexibility matrix [G], which relates deformations to forces. STEPS FOR THE ANALYSIS: Step 1– Generating Equilibrium Equations Step 2– Deformation Displacement Relations Step 3– Compatibility Conditions Step 4– Force Deformation Relations Step 5– Coupling EE and CC III. DEVELOPMENT OF [B], [C] AND [G] Equilibrium Matrix [Be]: Using MATLAB as programming tool for each element, considering coarser discretization of tongue part of seat belt by using FE based REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D respectively as shown in following Fig.1 c and Fig.1 d. [2] (1) (2) b = 0.1718 inches a = 0.1875 inches b = 0.2031 inches Fig.1 c Two different sizes of REC_5F_8D (1) (2) a = 0.1875 inches a = 0.1875 inches b = 0.1718 inches b = 0.2031 inches Fig.1 d Two different sizes of REC_13F_16D Compatibility Matrix [CC]: The compatibility matrix is obtained from the deformation displacement relations ({β} = [B]T {𝛿}) for REC_5F_8D element. In the DDRs, 35 deformations (which correspond to the 35 force variables) are expressed in terms of 22 displacements (𝛿1, 𝛿2,…., 𝛿22). It has 13 CCs that are obtained by eliminating the 22 displacements from the 35 DDRs. In REC_13F_16D element contains 91 deformations (which correspond to the 91 force variables) are expressed in terms of 59 displacements. It has 32 CCs that are obtained by eliminating the 59 displacements from the 91 DDRs. All the matrix operations are carried out on the command prompt. By writing proper path for the .m file it is connected to the folder “CCPROG” on the desktop. Operating the module of “mtechexamplemod(B)” demands number of the compatibility conditions for making the global equilibrium matrix square as depicted in following Fig.1 e and Fig.1 f. Fig.1 e operation related to compatibility conditions for REC_5F_8D Fig.1 f operation related to compatibility conditions for REC_13F_16D Flexibility Matrix [Ge]: Using MATLAB as programming tool generation of flexibility matrix (Ge) for each element, considering coarser discretization in tongue part of seat belt two sizes were taken into account. The size of the flexibility matrix is of (5 × 5), which is depends on modulus of elasticity, thickness of the element and material properties respective. IV. ANALYSIS OF SEAT BELT The basic seat belt component after applying horizontal symmetry is shown in Fig.1 g and Fig.1 h.
  • 3. Anjali Kale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.31-34 www.ijera.com 33 | P a g e Fig.1 g regular model of tongue with uniform presure with boundary conditions Fig.1 h regular model of tongue with uniform presure with boundary conditions The seat belt tongue is subjected to 1000 lbf tension load. For analysis purpose that tension is converted into uniform pressure of about 14000 psi along the 0.75 inch vertical inside edge of the latch retention slot. The basic steps which included in calculation are as mentioned below: Step-0: Solution Strategy. Step-1: Generation of an equilibrium matrix for the system. Step-2: Generate the compatibility conditions. Step-3: Generation of flexibility matrix for the system. Step-4: Express the compatibility conditions in terms of forces. Step-5: Couple the equilibrium equations and compatibility conditions to obtain the IFM equations, and solve for the forces. Step-6: Back calculate the displacements, if required, from the Forces. Looking to the problem by coarser discretization, seven nos. of rectangular elements are generated. Generation of equilibrium equations for the seven elements of seat belt component proceed by standard assembly procedure. The system equilibrium matrix [B] of dimension (22 × 35) and (59 × 91) for REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D elements respectively are generated. As dimension of the global equilibrium matrix shows sparse matrix, to make it square matrix CCs are generated from the elimination of DDRs. The global flexibility matrix for the problem is obtained by diagonal concatenation of the seven elemental flexibility matrices of dimension (35 × 35) and (91 × 91) for REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D respectively. Von mises stress calculation is the extension part of the results at notch which situated on right-hand edge of the latch retention slot. Von Mises stress for a two–dimensional plane stress state (σ3 = 0), can be stated as in following equation: (3) The procedure for the von mises stress which is an average value, at the notch is counted for the element 3, 4 and 5 as follows and also representation of it as depicted in Fig.1. i. Fig.1 i Von mises stress location at latch retention slot Individual force values as per element types (i.e. REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D) are worked out from above procedure of IFM. Von mises stress are calculated at junction of the three different elements. The purpose of failure theories is to extend the strength values obtained from uniaxial tests to multi- axial states of stress which exists in practical existing engineering structures. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The maximum displacement in pull direction is about 0.0016 inches which occurs at expected at the center of the right-hand edge of the latch retention slot for both types of rectangular plane stress FE elements. The von mises stress value is 98, 067.31 psi and 1, 13, 430 psi for REC_5F_8D and REC_13F_16D respectively using IFM. For better understanding of IFM formulation results it can be compared with ANSYS (Workbench 14.5). Result obtained for maximum displacement in Pull direction by the ANSYS (Workbench 14.5) is 0.00189 inches and von mises stress value is 73,795.201 psi (Regular Coarser meshing). VI. CONCLUSION The IFM always exhibits good performances for better stresses and nodal displacement with coarser discretization. IFM provides a strong motivation to reexamine the relative merits of the force and displacements methods within the context of the finite element idealization. Procedure wise IFM and
  • 4. Anjali Kale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.31-34 www.ijera.com 34 | P a g e FEM are seems to the same but IFM proves to be more correct as error due to differentiation of displacement polynomial is totally removed which is available in FEM procedure. REFERENCES [1] S. N. Patnaik, D. A. Hopkins and Halford, Integrated force method solution to indeterminate structural mechanics problems, NASA/TP—2004-207430 [2] I. Kaljevic, S. N. Patnaik and D. A. Hopkins, Development of finite elements for two- dimensional structural analysis using the integrated force method, Computers & Structures, Vol. 59, No.4, pp.691-706, 1996 [3] S. N. Patnaik and M. S. Nagraj, Analysis of continuum by the integrated force method, Computers & Structures, Vol. 26, No.6, pp.899-905, 1987 [4] S. N. Patnaik, R. M. Cornoneous and D. A. Hopkins, Recent Advances in the method of forces: integrated force method of structural analysis, Advances in engineering Software, Vol. 29, No. 3-6, pp. 463-474, 1998 [5] S. N. Patnaik and K. T. Joseph, Generation of the compatibility matrix in the integrated force method, Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering, 55, (1986)