MODERN ERA OF MEDICAL FIELD: E-HEALTH

International Journal on Bioinformatics & Biosciences (IJBB) Vol.7, No.1, March 2017
DOI:10.5121/ijbb.2017.7101 1
MODERN ERA OF MEDICAL FIELD: E-HEALTH
Sandeepak Bhandari
Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Akademija, Kaunas, Lithuania.
ABSTRACT
E-Health is alluded to as utilizing of information and communication technologies (ICT) in restorative field
to control treatment of patients, research, and wellbeing training and checking of general wellbeing. The
reason for this paper is thusly to investigate an institutionalized system for E-Health challenges confronted
by e-wellbeing A rundown of both e-wellbeing difficulties are given and a proposed structure is likewise
accommodated E-Health and could give direction in the execution of e-wellbeing To understand the
motivation behind the paper, an inductive substance examination procedure was taken after. The
fundamental outcomes were that in spite of the fact that the difficulties exceeds the advantages in the gave
records, there is still trust that through appropriate ICT arrangements the advantages of e-wellbeing can
develop all the more quickly. This can prompt to enhanced e-wellbeing administration conveyance and
nationals in nations can all profit by this.
KEYWORDS
Introduction, ICT,EHR,PHR, Proposed architecture and Challenges.
1. INTRODUCTION
E-Health is the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for health. The E-
Health unit works with partners at the global, regional and country level to promote and
strengthen the use of information and communication technologies in health development. It is
the means to deliver responsive healthcare tailored to the needs of the citizen. The Electronic
Health Record (EHR) is a fundamental building block of all of these applications. The EHR
allows the sharing of medical records between care providers across disciplines, institutions and
geographic boundaries-Health can be used in different ways by:
• The citizen/patient utilizes e Health when he looks for data on the web, utilizes self-
administration instruments, takes an interest in electronic groups, and demands a moment
feeling.
• Primary Care includes the use of ICT by the Primary Health Care Team (PHCT) for
patient management, medical records and electronic prescribing. Healthcare professionals
can also call upon e Health for their Continuing Medical Education.
• Home Care incorporates mind administrations which are conveyed by home care experts
through broadcast communications to a patient in the home.

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• Hospitals may call upon ICT for planning coordination, persistent organization, research
facility data, radiology, drug store, nursing, electronic informing between the doctor's
facility and other human services performing artists for correspondence of clinical and
authoritative information, and telemedicine and second conclusions, in any claim to fame.
In 1999 a national study of telemedicine in Australia led to the promotion of the concept of 'e-
health', the health sector's equivalent of 'e-commerce'. A new study explored the view that, with
the convergence of technologies and the consequent increase in ability to perform multiple
functions with those technologies, it is unwise to promote telemedicine in isolation from other
uses of technologies in health-care [1].
2. TERMS USED IN E-HEALTH.
• ICT
• EMR/HER
• TRANSMURAL CARE
• PHR
• BORN DIGITAL
2.1 ICT
ICT stands for Information and communication technologies. It is an amplified term for data
innovation (IT) which focuses on the part of brought together correspondences and the mix of
media communications (phone lines and remote signs), PCs and in addition fundamental
endeavour programming, middleware stockpiling, and varying media frameworks, which
empower clients to get to, store, transmit, and control data.
2.2 EMR /HER
EMR stands for Electronic Medical Record and EHR stands for Electronic Health Record. Both
terms have same importance and utilized for same reason. It alludes to the systematized gathering
of patient and populace electronically-put away wellbeing data in an advanced organization.
These records can be shared crosswise over various human services settings. Records are shared
through system associated, venture wide data frameworks or other data systems and trades. EHRs
may incorporate a scope of information, including socioeconomics medicinal history, drug and
sensitivities, inoculation status, research center test outcomes, radiology pictures, key signs,
individual insights like age and weight, and charging data.
2.3 Transmural Care
Intra and Extra mural, refers to transmural care. It can be characterized as deal with patient some
time recently, amid and after the doctor’s facility remains. This element makes contrast between
ordinary wellbeing and e-wellbeing and this component of e-wellbeing is truly advantageous for
patient as they will get take mind even after treatment.

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2.4 PHR
PHR stands Personal health record (PHR) is an electronic application used by patients to maintain
and manage their health information in a private, secure, and confidential environment. PHRs are
overseen by patients. It incorporates data from an assortment of sources, including social
insurance suppliers and patients themselves. It help patients safely and secretly store and screen
wellbeing data, for example, slim down arrangements or information from home checking
frameworks, and in addition understanding contact data, determination records, medicine records,
sensitivity records, vaccination histories, and a great deal more.
2.5 Born Digital
It is types of record used by e-health to store information and data in digitized from (0, 1).
3. RELATED WORK
In this paper[1], author discuss that a national study of telemedicine in Australia led to the
promotion of the concept of ‘e-health’, the health sector's equivalent of ‘e-commerce’. A new
study explored the view that, with the convergence of technologies and the consequent increase in
ability to perform multiple functions with those technologies, it is unwise to promote
telemedicine in isolation from other uses of technologies in health-care. The major sources of
information for the study were the presentations and discussions at five national workshops held
to discuss the findings of the original report on telemedicine. Nineteen case studies were
identified. The case studies showed that with the convergence of technologies telehealth is
becoming part of e-health. The cost-effectiveness of both telehealth and telemedicine improves
considerably when they are part of an integrated use of telecommunications and information
technology in the health sector.
In this paper [2,] authors discuss that E-Health research is at an early stage of development. E--
Health research and the information collected from such research are complex. On the off chance
that outlined, created, and utilized ideally, eHealth applications can possibly connect wellbeing
variations, encourage investigation of populace level information to empower fitting of social
insurance conveyance, and speed the interpretation of revelations into practice—progresses that
parallel progressive advancements in biomedical science as atomic focusing of medications and
the mapping of the human genome. Like other biomedical advances, eHealth applications have
the potential for both advantages and damages. The last incorporate the possibility to imperil
understanding protection, increment wellbeing abberations, lead patients far from successful
medications, and extend the computerized separate. The dormant force of this blossoming
medium requires analysts from various segments (industry, government, and the scholarly world)
to team up on how best to tackle the specialized capacities of developing data advances to bolster
the social and social substances in which individuals work and live, while improving the
framework capacity to address the wellbeing needs of people
In this paper [3] authors emphasize the myriad ways in which computers are used in biomedicine
to ease the burdens of information processing and the means by which new technology promises
to change the delivery of health care. The rate at, and degree to, which such changes are
acknowledged will be resolved to a limited extent by outside strengths that impact the expenses
of creating and actualizing biomedical applications and the capacity of clinicians, patients, and

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the human services framework to accumulate the potential advantages. Creators compress a few
worldwide strengths that are influencing biomedical figuring and that will decide the degree to
which PCs are acclimatized into restorative practice: (1) new improvements in PC equipment and
programming; (2) a continuous increment in the quantity of experts who have been prepared in
both clinical drug and biomedical informatics; and (3) progressing changes in social insurance
financing intended to control the rate of development of therapeutic consumptions. The new
equipment innovations have made capable PCs economical and along these lines accessible to
doctor's facilities, to offices inside clinics, and even to individual doctors. The wide determination
of PCs of all sizes, costs, and abilities makes PC applications both alluring and available.
Innovative advances in data stockpiling gadgets are encouraging the reasonable stockpiling of a
lot of information, in this manner enhancing the plausibility of information escalated applications,
for example, the all-computerized radiology division. Institutionalization of equipment and
advances in system innovation are making it less demanding to share information and to
incorporate related data administration works inside a doctor's facility or other medicinal services
association.
In this paper [4] authors discussed and research related to EHRs and presents several
methodologic challenges. They evaluating the impact of an EHR are often conducted in complex,
operational environments that do not accommodate blinding of study subjects to the intervention
and often do not allow for creation of a simultaneous control arm. What's more, the effect on
patients is aberrant and passed on through clinicians who are the immediate framework clients.
Along these lines, while the measurements of EHR effect are regularly tolerant based parameters,
the examination of this effect needs to mull over the truth that the patient-level measures are not
autonomous of the clinician utilizing the EHR. The way that the EHR has various levels of effect
has repercussions both for deciding the unit of examination in these reviews and for deciding how
contemplate subjects ought to be randomized. Understanding of effect is likewise intricate in that
the EHR can influence the human services framework in an assortment of ways. Thusly, EHR
affect should be translated with regards to different partner bunches for whom the effect may
have distinctive repercussions (e.g., tolerant versus payer points of view).
All the more for the most part, EHR designers, evaluators, and clients need a wide vision of
EHRs as supporting general wellbeing, investigate, individual wellbeing administration
(especially interminable malady administration), and clinical care. They ought to likewise bolster
the advancement of a national wellbeing data foundation as a system for empowering information
administration for general wellbeing and research past the fringes of an individual association.
Specialists who depend on individual particular information for their investigations to make new
learning that advances medicinal services conveyance, general wellbeing, and individual
wellbeing administration need to eloquenthow currentarrangements hinder their capacity to work
and in this way moderate potential headways that could influence the soundness of natives and
the productivity of the wellbeing framework. It is likely that enactment will be expected to
address this specific issue.

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4. PROPOSED DESIGNED FRAMEWORK FOR E-HEALTH
Figure1: Proposed Framework for E-health
USER LAYER/USER INTERFACE LAYER
Online ServicesOffline/Emergency
Services
HEALTH LAYER
Dentists, Laboratories, Pharmacies, Medical Specialists,
Hospitals, Private Insures, Government
ELECTRONIC LAYER
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
SHARED
DATABASE
EMR & PHR

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Different creators characterized and composed structure for E-Health in various routes from
alternate points of view and every one of them have their own needs. In this examination,
another, straightforward and viable structure proposed for E-wellbeing called three layers
engineering/system of E-Health. In this system every layer draws in with different layers
specifically or in a roundabout way. The system is basic and straight so that work of every layer
can be see effectively and work of every layer never given way with another. Another critical
property of this structure is that Independent. Its imply that if there is have to roll out
improvements one layer of system of E-Health that won't influence alternate layers and every
other layer ought to work ordinarily. Three layers system of E-Health comprises taking after
layers with shared database.
• USER LAYER/USER INTERFACE LAYER
• HEALTH LAYER
• ELECTRONIC LAYER
4.1 User Layer/User Interface Layer
The first layer of three layers framework of E-Health is USER LAYER/USER
INTERFACELAYER It is layer by which client collaborate with E-Health. This layer goes
about as front end of E-wellbeing. This layer ought to be outlined in a manner that each kind and
level of client can utilize and take the upsides of administrations gave by E-wellbeing. To make
this layer more compelling great GUI(Graphical User Interface) can be utilized to make it easy to
use. In this system, two sorts of administrations gave by client layer to be specific Online
Services and Offline/Emergency Services. In Online administration client can connect with E-
wellbeing and check the diverse administrations gave by E-wellbeing and one can get to his/her
Personal wellbeing record (PHR) after production of record on E-wellbeing and get data in
regards to his/her wellbeing reports, Medical test and some more. At some point there is crisis
circumstance for client like mischance so it is critical for E-wellbeing that Emergency
administrations ought to be given to handle this sort of circumstance. Crisis administrations like
arrangement through Telephone call, Ambulance benefit by giving crisis number to client without
use of system since Offline Service.
4.2 Health Layer
The middle and intermediate layer is HEALTH LAYER. This layer go about as transitional
between USER LAYER and E-LAYER (third layer).This layer is centertherapeutic layer i.e. this
layer is in charge of wellbeing administrations gave to client who collaborate with E-Health by
client. This layer utilize the administrations gave by Electronic layer and give administrations to
the User layer. This layer comprise different medicinal administrations like Dentists,
Laboratories, Pharmacies, Medical Specialists, Hospitals. This layer is additionally in charge of
patients care amid, prior and then afterward the treatment it is called transmural mind. As
opposed to restorative administrations to the patient there ought to be extra and critical upheld
gave to the patients/clients, if there should arise an occurrence of, there is some kind of problem
with patients amid treatment by giving therapeutic guarantees through Private Insures
organizations or Government. Like User layer this layer likewise access to shared database and
transfer all the data and information identified with the administrations, booked for arrangement,
specialist's points of interest and other critical data required by the clients/patients ought to be
additionally available to them. This layer is likewise in charge of the bona fide administrations

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ought to be given to the patients; it incorporates the all-around qualified and experienced
specialists and legitimate treatment by utilizing present day innovations.
4.3 Electronic Layer
The third and final layer of E-Health is ELECTRONIC LAYER. It is the layer on which E-
Health is based. It is the layer which is in charge of digitization of wellbeing framework by
utilizing Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).It is the layer which make, create
and dealt with the common databased which is utilized by different layers . Data and
correspondences advancements (ICTs) can assume a basic part in enhancing human services for
people and groups. By giving new and more proficient methods for getting to, conveying, and
putting away data, ICTs can connect the data isolates that have risen in the wellbeing part in
creating nations—between wellbeing experts and the groups they serve and between the makers
of wellbeing exploration and the specialists who require it. Through the advancement of
databases and different applications, ICTs likewise give the ability to enhance wellbeing
framework efficiencies and avoid therapeutic mistakes.
For instance, a physician in a remote rural hospital is initially unable to diagnose a patient with a
complex array of symptoms. However, using his MEDLINE search training and the hospital’s
Internet connection, he is able to diagnose and successfully treat the patient for a tropical disease
the patient picked up while traveling abroad.
5. CHALLENGES FOR E-HEALTH
E-Health is exceptionally hard to characterize in correct way. Distinctive creators, diverse
Organization and boards of trustees characterized E-Health in different ways-wellbeing term first
time proposed, by national investigation of telemedicine in Australia in 1999.Later different
creators, scientist characterized it in their own specific manners. E-wellbeing is digitization type
of wellbeing to give wellbeing administrations online by actualizing Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) in restorative field but there are number of challenges for E-
Health, it includes:
• Privacy
• Effective Medical treatment
• Acceptance of E-Health
• Money related Barriers
• Trouble learning and utilizing the product
• Institutionalizing of health information systems
• Lack of appropriate software
• Difficult to handle EMR/HER
5.1 Privacy
Privacy can be characterized as security of individual information on the web. It is a wide term
that alludes to an assortment of variables, systems and advances used to ensure touchy and private
information, correspondences, and inclinations. Protection is compulsory in this day and age.
Everybody need to keep his/her secret information and protection secure from other.So.it is vital

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that E-Health ought to outlined in a way that it is fit for keep security of clients, patients,
specialists and everybody who is a piece of E-wellbeing specifically or indirectly.So.it is one of
the enormous difficulties enemy E-Health to give protection who are the piece of E-wellbeing.
High and most recent security strategies ought to be utilized to give protection.
5.2 Effective Medical Treatment
E-wellbeing is utilization of data and correspondence advances in medicinal field to give
successful wellbeing administrations to patients on the web. It is one of the greatest difficulties
confronted by the E-Health due to absence of fitting programming and innovations for the diverse
medical issues. As opposed to procedures required for restorative issue, in some cases there is
absence of specialists who can utilize the product or E-Health fittingly.
5.3 Acceptance Of E-Health
E-Health is first time proposed in 1999, so a large portion of the general population doesn’t have
mindfulness with respect to E-Health. So huge numbers of the general population don't
acknowledge E-Health in restorative field and willing to utilize E-Health to get treatment on ,in
some country places it is extremely hard to actualize data and correspondence innovations in
medicinal field due to ignorance of data advances, required venture for foundation in E-Health. In
creating nations it is exceptionally hard to actualize E-Health on account of inaccessibility of
web, specialists and individuals don't willing to acknowledge E-Health as a result of ignorance.
5.4 Money Related Barriers
E-health required research, foundation, specialists and expert individuals which prompted to
immense venture and required financed bolster. So it is impractical for each nation now to
execute E-Health in medicinal field. For example, in creating nations there is absence of get to
administrations online in view of nonattendance of web .To give offices of web gigantic venture
is required which prompt to enormous capital prerequisite.
5.5 Trouble Learning And Utilizing The Product
E-Health programming is extremely perplexing and exceptionally uncommon individuals are
specialists in them and it is extremely hard to learn them, on the grounds that the advancements
changes quick. So E-Health is constantly endured in light of nonappearance of specialists. On
other in the event that somebody to learn programming the learning expense is excessively costly
on the grounds that few individuals know about that. On the off chance that specialists are
accessible however at some point patients don't consent to acknowledge the utilization of
programming or item for wellbeing reason.
5.6 Institutionalizing Of Health Information Systems
The human services conveyance framework today utilizes a wide range of data frameworks from
various merchants, both inside a solitary association and over different associations. For instance,
a healing center may have a lab framework from one merchant, a drug store framework from
another seller, and a patient care documentation framework from a third merchant. Doctors
associated with the healing facility likewise have diverse frameworks in their workplaces, yet

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require access to information from the doctor's facility on their patients. In human services,
principles give a typical dialect and set of desires that empower interoperability amongst
frameworks as well as gadgets. In a perfect world, information trade construction and models
ought to allow information to be shared between clinician, lab, doctor's facility, drug store, and
patient paying little heed to application or application merchant keeping in mind the end goal to
enhance human services conveyance.
5.7 Lack Of Appropriate Software
In E-Health, there is absence of fitting programming for legitimate treatment. It is troublesome
for specialists to create fitting programming in light of the fact that these delicate products are
exceptionally mind boggling. There are different classes of programming which incorporates
Diagnostic programming Public wellbeing and bio observation, Dental administration and patient
record, Electronic wellbeing or restorative record ,Health framework administration,
imaging/perception and Medical data frameworks Health programming required part of research
with the goal that data is accessible in regards to the issue and arrangement then it is just
conceivable to build up the product.
5.8 Difficult to Handle EMR/EHR.
EMR stand for Electronic medical record, it is used to store all data and information related to E-
Health. EHR contains huge amount of data so it is very hard to handle this large amount of data.
E-Health requires that it handle EMR in such a way it is easy to update the data in EMR and
retrieval of data from EMR. Cottage Med, Free MED, Gaia EHR, GNU med and GNU Health are
the examples of HER.
6 . CONCLUSION
The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of E-health, challenges faced by E-Health and
a proposed three layer architecture/framework for E-Health. E-Health is first timeproposed in
1999.E-health is very beneficial for medical field if it is implemented successfully. The
difficulties that ought to be very respected before actualizing e-wellbeing incorporate budgetary
obstructions, absence of IT and clinical assets, the trouble of learning and utilizing e-wellbeing
programming, work force costs, institutionalization of Health Information Systems, time
challenges, the usage of e-wellbeing in provincial regions (availability), information protection,
interoperability, manageability, information quality, ease of use and the move from paper to
electronic wellbeing records.E-Health gives the equivalent medicinal offices similarly for all
individuals. Distinctive creators, association characterized E-Health in various ways. A three
layer design/system for E-Health is proposed. This structure is straightforward, free, and
successful for E-Health. It contains three layers to be specific client/UI layer, wellbeing layer and
Electronic layer and a common database.
Despite the fact that the difficulties exceeds the advantages in these rundowns, there is still trust
that through appropriate ICT arrangements which address every one of the difficulties
distinguished over, the advantages can develop all the more quickly. This can prompt to enhanced
e-wellbeing administration conveyance and natives in nations can all profit by this and take the
therapeutic field to the following level.

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FUTURE WORK
Could incorporate inquiring about in e-medical advantages and difficulties are experienced
E-wellbeing intercessions should likewise be possible to minimize e-wellbeing challenges
and to expand the advantages of e-wellbeing.
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